Lecture Exam 5
_____ are the interconnected, fluid-filled cavities within the brain.
ventricles
The organs responsible for static and dynamic equilibrium are collectively known as the _____ apparatus.
vestibular
Nerve impulses from the cochlear hair cells and crista ampullaris of the inner ear are carried by cranial nerve _____
vestibulocochlear VIII
_____ is the cranial nerve that is a sensory nerve for equilibrium and hearing. (Include name and number)
vestibulocochlear VIII
Which of the below structures carries action potentials caused by sound transduction? a. cochlea b. pinna c. tympanic membrane d. Organ of Corti e. vestibulocochlear nerve
vestibulocochlear nerve
The posterior cavity is filled with a jelly like fluid called _____
vitreous humor
Control centers for coughing, sneezing, vomiting, and swallowing are located in the medulla oblongata.
True
Different somatic sensations are detected by different types of receptors
True
Dynamic equilibrium is the equilibrium that detects sudden movement and aids in maintaining balance.
True
_____ receptors are both alpha and beta and bind norepinephrine.
adrenergic receptors
_____ receptors are receptors found throughout the body that bind norepinephrine.
adrenergic receptors
The first-order neurons of the olfactory pathway are _____ neurons called olfactory receptor cells.
bipolar
Choroid plexuses are specialized capillaries in the CNS that: 1) are covered by ependymal cells, 2) are located in the walls of the ventricles, 3) are located in the dural venous sinuses, 4) are the sites for reabsorption of CSF, and 5) are derived from the arachnoid layer of the meninges a. 3, 4, 5, b. 1, 2, 4, 5 c. 1, 2 d. 2, 3, 4
1, 2
The cranial nerves containing neurons of the gustatory pathway are: 1) facial (VII), 2) vagus (X), 3) glossopharyngeal (IX), 4) trigeminal (V), and 5) abducens (VI) a. 1, 3, 5 b. 2, 3, 4 c. 1, 2, 3 d. 1, 4, 5 e. 1, 2, 3, 5
1, 2, 3
The neurotransmitter acetylcholine binds with which of the following types of receptors? 1) alpha, 2) beta, 3) nicotinic, and 4) muscarinic a. 1, 2, 3, 4 b. 1, 2 c. 3, 4 d. 3 only
3, 4
Which of the cells listed below is/are components of the choroid coat of the retina? 1) amacrine cells, 2) bipolar cells, 3) cones, 4) epithelial cells, and 5) rods a. 1, 2 b. 1, 2, 4 c. 2, 3, 5 d. 3, 5 e. 4
4
Which is the correct order of events of sound transmission through the ear? 1) sound waves strike the tympanic membrane, 2) the ear ossicles vibrate, 3) cochlear hair cells of the organ of Corti vibrate, 4) the perilymph in the cochlea moves, and 5) sound waves enter the external auditory canal a. 5, 4, 3, 2, 1 b. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 c. 5, 1, 2, 4, 3 d. 5, 2, 1, 3, 4
5, 1, 2, 4, 3
How many extrinsic eye muscles are responsible for moving the eye? a. 10 b. 12 c. 6 d. 4 e. 20
6
The brain must have an almost continuous supply of ________. a. oxygen b. glucose c. fatty acids d. A and B are correct e. A, B, and C are correct
A and B are correct
Which of the following is not a feature of the external ear? a. eustachian (auditory) tube b. auricle c. oval window d. tympanic membrane e. A and D f. A and C
A and C
During REM sleep a. most dreaming occurs b. most somatic motor neurons are inactive c. the RAS is inhibited by adenosine d. A and B are correct e. A, B and C are correct
A, B and C are correct
A network of neurons that extends from the upper part of the spinal cord, throughout the brain stem, and into the lower part of the diencephalon a. is the reticular formation b. plays a role in regulating muscle tone c. helps to maintain consciousness d. B and C are correct e. A, B, and C are correct
A, B, and C are correct
If a person can see and hear, but does not have a startle reflex, a clinician would suspect damage to the a. superior colliculus b. inferior colliculus c. tectum d. A and B are correct e. A, B, and C are correct
A, B, and C are correct
Release of acetylcholine will a. stimulate the heart b. dilate bronchioles c. increase digestion d. A and B are correct e. A, B, and C are correct
A, B, and C are correct
Sensory receptors can be classified by a. type of stimulus detected b. location c. structure d. A and B are correct e. A, B, and C are correct
A, B, and C are correct
The thalamus a. relays sensory information to correct regions of the cerebral hemispheres b. relays motor information from the cerebellum and basal ganglia to the cerebrum c. plays a role in consciousness d. A and B are correct e. A, B, and C are correct
A, B, and C are correct
Which of the following does NOT occur during sleep? a. ANS is stimulated b. decrease of heart rate c. decrease of blood pressure d. skeletal muscles can not contract e. dream during REM
ANS is stimulated
Which of the below responses is NOT caused by the sympathetic division. a. increased heart rate b. airway constriction c. Decreased blood flow to kidneys and gastrointestinal tract d. Increased blood flow to skeletal and cardiac muscle, liver and fat e. Increased blood glucose level
Airway constriction
_____ is the illness that causes memory loss, depression, disorientation, dementia, hallucinations, and finally death.
Alzheimer's disease
The basal ganglia a. consist of the substantia nigra and putamen b. helps to start and stop movement c. does not function properly in Parkinson disease d. B and C are correct e. all are correct
B and C are correct
Which of the following is found in the frontal lobe? a. Wernicke's area b. Broca's area c. gustatory cortex d. olfactory cortex e. all of the above
Broca's area
Which of the following is NOT controlled by the hypothalamus? a. Hunger b. Thirst c. Blood calcium d. Emotional behavior e. Body temperature
Blood calcium
This consists of the medulla oblongata, pons, and midbrain. a. Brain stem b. Cerebrum c. Cerebellum d. Diencephalon e. Dura mater
Brain stem
_____ this area of the frontal lobe of the brain coordinates motor speech. Injury allows understanding of spoken words but the individual is unable to speak.
Broca's area
Which cranial nerve is responsible for facial expression? a. Oculomotor b. Trigeminal c. Spinal accessory d. Facial e. Vagus
Facial
A nerve is a single cell in the nervous system that transmits an impulse.
False
A person is only truly in a coma when all reflex activity ceases.
False
Adaptation of sensory receptors involves decreasing the receptor potential as a stimulus decreases in intensity.
False
Capillaries are unnecessary in nervous tissue of the CNS due to the existence of cerebrospinal fluid, which fulfills the functions of blood.
False
Cholinergic neurons are named after the neurotransmitters that they release, the catecholamines.
False
Cranial nerve V is the facial nerve.
False
Cranial nerve VI is the facial nerve.
False
Cranial nerves, like spinal nerves, are all mixed nerves.
False
During periods of rest and recovery, the sympathetic activity to glands and smooth muscles predominates over parasympathetic activity.
False
In bright light, impulses from sympathetic neurons cause a constriction of the pupil due to contraction of the radial muscle fibers of the iris.
False
In the retina, cones are more numerous than rods.
False
Long-term memory is stored in a particular region of the hippocampus.
False
Most brain tumors are formed from neurons.
False
Most people have conscious control over their autonomic nervous system.
False
Motor neurons carry impulses from the periphery to the brain or spinal cord.
False
Olfactory receptor cells are unipolar neurons.
False
Olfactory receptors are mechanoreceptors.
False
Optic nerve II is the facial nerve.
False
Optic nerve III is the facial nerve.
False
People would benefit from losing the ability to perceive pain.
False
Perception is the conscious or subconscious awareness of changes in the internal or external environment.
False
Sensory neurons carry impulses from the brain or spinal cord to the periphery.
False
Serotonin stimulates other neurons to release endorphins.
False
Small openings in the roof of the third ventricle allow passage of CSF into the subarachnoid space.
False
Static equilibrium is the equilibrium that detects sudden movement and aids in maintaining balance.
False
Taste receptors are found only on the tongue.
False
Temperature receptors adapt slowly.
False
Temperature receptors do not adapt.
False
The blood-cerebrospinal fluid layer does not allow any substances from the blood to enter the CSF.
False
The choroid plexus is the fluid produced in the lateral ventricle.
False
The dorsal root ganglion contains the cell bodies of motor neurons.
False
The general senses require separate cells found in an organ specialized for detection of that sensation
False
The lateral cerebral sulcus primarily separates the temporal lobe from the parietal lobe.
False
The oculomotor nerve is a mixed nerve with both motor and sensory functions.
False
The olfactory nerve is a mixed nerve with both motor and sensory functions.
False
The optic nerve is a mixed nerve with both motor and sensory functions.
False
The parasympathetic division will send signals to the heart of a person in a convenience store that is being burglarized at gunpoint.
False
The pineal gland is attached to the hypothalamus by the infundibulum.
False
The primary difference between a sensory and a mixed cranial nerve is that a mixed cranial nerve has its origins within the CNS and the spinal cord.
False
The primary information carried by the spinocerebellar tracts is pain and temperature.
False
The primary neurological function of all three pairs of cerebellar peduncles is to relay information between the cerebellum and the skeletal muscles.
False
The same number of cranial nerves are involved in transmitting sensations in both olfaction and gustation.
False
The septum pellucidum is the lining of the third ventricle.
False
The stapes transmits vibrations to the round window of the inner ear.
False
The utricle and saccule contain the sensory receptors associated with the sense of dynamic equilibrium.
False
Transduction of a somatic sensory stimulus involves generation of an action potential.
False
Visceral pain occurs when nociceptors in internal organs, skeletal muscles, tendons, or joints are stimulated.
False
When the ciliary muscles contract the lens thickens causing a far away focus.
False
When the ciliary muscles relax the lens thickens causing a close focus.
False
When the ciliary muscles relax the lens thickens causing a far off focus.
False
_____ are proprioceptors located at the junction of a tendon and a muscle.
Golgi tendon organs
_____ are proprioceptors which have a thin capsule of connective tissue enclosing a few bundles of collagen fibers.
Golgi tendon organs
_____ is an inherited illness associated with personality changes, loss of coordination, rapid jerky movements that are involuntary and without purpose, and finally death.
Huntington's disease
These are found in the articular capsules of synovial joints. a. Golgi tendon organs b. Gamma motor neurons c. Muscle spindles d. Kinesthetic receptors e. Tactile receptors
Kinesthetic receptors
Which of the following is considered a rapidly adapting receptor? a. Meissner corpuscle b. Merkel disc c. Pacinian corpuscle d. both A and B e. all of the above
Meissner corpuscle
Which of the following is considered a receptor for fine touch? a. Meissner corpuscles b. Merkel disc c. Pacinian corpuscle d. Osmoreceptors e. Photoreceptors
Meissner corpuscles
This type of sensory receptor responds to stimuli resulting from physical or chemical damage to tissue. a. Encapsulated nerve endings b. Free nerve endings c. Separate cells d. Nociceptors e. Chemoreceptors
Nociceptors
Visceral pain results from stimulating a. Nociceptors b. Chemoreceptors c. Exteroreceptors d. Proprioceptors e. None of the above
Nociceptors
Receptors for pressure and vibration that consist of an oval multi-layered capsule surrounding a dendrite, and that are located in the skin as well as subcutaneous and submucosal tissues, are called _____
Pacinian corpuscle
_____ is an illness associated with a decrease in dopamine. The symptoms include tremors of the hands, slowed movements, and muscle rigidity.
Parkinson's disease
This structure is responsible for secondary control of respiration. a. Spinal cord b. Midbrain c. Pons d. Thalamus e. Cerebellum
Pons
Identify the incorrect statement. a. Proprioceptive sensations allow us to estimate the weight of certain objects b. Proprioceptive sensations are from slowly adapting receptors c. Proprioceptive sensations have receptors embedded in muscles and tendons d. Proprioceptive sensations allow us to determine position of body structures e. Proprioceptive sensations promote activity of the gustatory region of the brain
Proprioceptive sensations promote activity of the gustatory region of the brain
Circumventricular organs of the hypothalamus, pineal gland, and pituitary gland lack a blood-brain barrier and are thought to be the sites of entry of HIV into the brain.
True
This conducts impulses from the brain stem and spinal cord to the thalamus. a. First order neuron b. Second order neuron c. Third order neuron d. Both A and B e. None of the above
Second order neuron
Where are cold receptors found? a. Stratum Lucidum b. Dermis c. Stratum basale d. Stratum Corneum e. Hypodermis
Stratum basale
This area contains neurons that release dopamine. a. Substantia nigra b. Olive c. Inferior colliculi d. Cerebral peduncles e. Apneustic area
Substantia nigra
Which of the following statements about the ventricles of the brain is FALSE? a. A membrane called the septum pellucidum separates the anterior portions of the two lateral ventricles. b. The third ventricle is between the left and right halves of the thalamus. c. The lateral ventricles connect to the third ventricle via the lateral apertures. d. The walls of all of the ventricles contain choroid plexuses that produce cerebrospinal fluid.
The lateral ventricles connect to the third ventricle via the lateral apertures.
Which of the following is true for olfactory hairs? a. They are cilia of olfactory receptors . b. They are dendrites of olfactory neurons. c. They are cilia of the supporting cells. d. They produce mucus in the olfactory glands.
They are cilia of olfactory receptors .
The main function of muscle spindles are a. To determine tension of the tendon b. To pick up referred pain c. To perceive cutaneous sensations d. To measure muscle length e. To pick up muscle fatigue
To measure muscle length
A generator potential produces action potentials and a receptor potential causes release of neurotransmitters.
True
A nerve is a group of fibers in the nervous system that transmits impulses.
True
Glaucoma, the most common cause of blindness in the United States, results from abnormal build-up of aqueous humor in the anterior chamber of the eye.
True
Hypothalamic axons extend to the pituitary gland and secrete hormones. Therefore, it is considered to be a part of both the nervous and endocrine systems.
True
Loss of olfactory receptors is a permanent injury.
True
Nerve impulses from taste receptors can travel in the facial, glossopharyngeal, and vagus nerve.
True
Nicotinic receptors and muscarinic receptors both interact with acetylcholine.
True
Olfactory receptors are chemoreceptors.
True
Oxygen, carbon dioxide, glucose, and most anesthetics readily pass through the blood-brain barrier.
True
Pain sensation is detected by slowly adapting receptors.
True
Pigmented nuclei in the midbrain called substantia nigra control subconscious muscle activities.
True
Proprioception is the sense that provides an awareness of body positions and movements of parts of the body.
True
Sensation differs from perception in that perception involves activity of the cerebral cortex.
True
Serotonin stimulates other neurons to release enkephalins.
True
Some physiological responses require activation of both the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions of the autonomic nervous system.
True
Stimulation of nociceptors in the skin gives rise to superficial somatic pain.
True
Sympathetic activity will increase blood flow to the heart and skeletal muscles
True
Taste buds consist of supporting cells, gustatory receptor cells, and basal cells.
True
Taste receptors are found though out the mouth, but are concentrated on the tongue.
True
Tears contain an enzyme that functions to reduce the chances of developing an eye infection.
True
Temperature receptors adapt rapidly.
True
The Sympathetic division is associated with excitement or embarrassment.
True
The autonomic nervous system operates by reflex arcs.
True
The caudate nucleus and lentiform nucleus are examples of basal ganglia in the cerebrum.
True
The dorsal root ganglion contains the cell bodies of sensory neurons.
True
The fingertips, hands, and lips are supplied with both rapidly adapting and slowly adapting touch receptors.
True
The general senses are detected by receptors on the dendritic nerve endings of first-order-sensory neurons.
True
The hypothalamus has a large regulatory role in the brain.
True
The hypothalamus is the major control and integration center of the autonomic nervous system.
True
The osseous (bony) labyrinth contains perilymph.
True
The perception of taste will be significantly altered by obstructions of the nasal cavity (e.g. nasal congestion).
True
The primary auditory area and the primary olfactory areas are located in the temporal lobe of the cortex; the primary visual area is located in the occipital lobe.
True
The primary reason that the sympathetic division of the ANS produces immediate responses within the body is based on the concept of divergence.
True
The receptors for pain, temperature, itch, and tickle are all free nerve endings.
True
The reticular activating system (RAS) is a part of the reticular formation. The primary function of the descending fibers of the RAS is to maintain muscle tone.
True
The space within the eye between the lens and the cornea is the anterior cavity.
True
The stapes transmits vibrations to the oval window of the middle ear.
True
The transverse fissure separates the cerebrum from the cerebellum.
True
The utricle and saccule contain the sensory receptors associated with the sense of static equilibrium.
True
Visceral senses and somatic senses are grouped together in the class called general senses.
True
When the ciliary muscles contract the lens thickens causing close focus.
True
Which cranial nerve is responsible for regulating visceral activity? a. Oculomotor b. Trigeminal c. Spinal accessory d. Facial e. Vagus
Vagus
The cranial nerve known as the _____ contains motor fibers and sensory fibers that connect to most organs of the thoracic and abdominal cavities.
Vagus X
Which of the following is not found in the frontal lobe? a. Wernicke's area b. primary motor areas c. frontal eye field d. Broca's area
Wernicke's area
The cranial nerve that originates from both the brain and the spinal cord is the _____
accessory XI
Which of the following neurotransmitters does not bind to adrenergic receptors? a. adrenaline b. acetylcholine c. epinephrine d. norepinephrine
acetylcholine
The decrease in level of sensitivity of a receptor to a long-lasting stimulus is called _____
adaptation
Autonomic receptors that bind the neurotransmitter norepinephrine are called _____ receptors.
adrenergic
The hypothalamus a. produces hormones b. plays a major role in regulating homeostasis, visceral activity and temperature c. regulates certain emotions like rage, sexual arousal, aggression, pain and pleasure d. regulates eating and drinking behavior e. all are correct
all are correct
The receptors for pain: a. are free nerve endings called nociceptors. b. may be stimulated by chemicals released by injured tissues. c. respond to any type of stimulus if it is of sufficient intensity. d. all of the above
all of the above
Which of the following is a way that cerebral spinal fluid contributes to homeostasis? a. Mechanical protection b. Chemical protection c. Circulation d. Both a and b e. All of the above
all of the above
A midsagittal section of the brain would pass through which of the following: a. longitudinal fissure. b. corpus callosum. c. falx cerebri. d. all of the above.
all of the above.
Which of the following is not a function of the basal ganglia? a. control subconscious contraction of skeletal muscles b. influence attention, memory and planning c. help initiate and terminate movements d. assist in regulating emotional behaviors e. all the above are functions of the basal ganglia
all the above are functions of the basal ganglia
The space between the cornea and iris filled with vitreous humor is called the _____.
anterior chamber
This is the space that is found between the cornea and the iris and is filled with aqueous humor. a. anterior chamber b. anterior cavity c. posterior chamber d. posterior cavity e. pupil
anterior chamber
Which of the following thalamic nuclei is correctly matched with its function? a. anterior nucleus; emotions and memory b. lateral geniculate nucleus; taste c. medial geniculate nucleus; voluntary motor actions d. ventral posterior nucleus; vision
anterior nucleus; emotions and memory
Ciliary body produces the fluid of the eye known as _____
aqueous humor
White matter arranged in a treelike pattern in the cerebellum is called _____.
arbor vitae
Visual sensations from images focused on the side of the retina tend to be blurred because there ____ a. are no rods in this region. b. are more cones than rods in this region. c. are more rods than cones in this region. d. is an optic disk located on the side.
are more rods than cones in this region.
_____ is the part of the peripheral nervous system that functions by itself unconsciously.
autonomic nervous system
____ are stimulated by changes in pressure or movement of fluid. a. proprioceptors b. baroreceptors c. stretch receptors d. all of the above e. none of the above
baroreceptors
This protects the brain by preventing passage of harmful substances and pathogens. a. dura mater b. arachnoid mater c. cerebrospinal fluid d. blood brain barrier e. all of the above
blood brain barrier
Which of the following is (are) adrenergic receptor(s)? a. alpha 1 b. alpha 2 c. nicotinic d. muscarinic e. both alpha 1 and alpha 2 f. both nicotinic and muscarinic
both alpha 1 and alpha 2
Which of the following is (are) not a cholinergic receptor(s)? a. alpha 1 b. alpha 2 c. nicotinic d. muscarinic e. both alpha 1 and alpha 2 f. both nicotinic and muscarinic
both alpha 1 and alpha 2
Which of the following is (are) not adrenergic receptor(s)? a. alpha 1 b. alpha 2 c. nicotinic d. muscarinic e. both alpha 1 and alpha 2 f. both nicotinic and muscarinic
both nicotinic and muscarinic
Lower motor cell bodies have their cell bodies in the _________________ and their axons in the ____________________. a. ganglia, brain b. spine, brain c. brain, head d. brain, spine e. spine, ganglia
brain, head
Which is a function of the abducens (VI) nerve? a. conveys sensory impulses from the facial region and anterior scalp b. turns eyeball laterally via lateral rectus muscle c. causes movement of eyelid and eyeball, constriction of pupil d. causes movement of eyeball
causes movement of eyeball
Which is a function of the oculomotor (III) nerve? a. conveys nerve impulses related to smell b. conveys nerve impulses related to vision c. causes movement of eyelid and eyeball, constriction of pupil d. causes movement of eyeball via superior oblique muscle
causes movement of eyelid and eyeball, constriction of pupil
Which of the following continuously receives sensory information from the utricle and saccule, monitors the information, and subsequently sends impulses to the motor cortex of the cerebrum? a. cerebellum b. medullar oblongata c. hypothalamus d. pons e. thalamus
cerebellum
The _____ is a passageway through the midbrain. It connects the third and fourth ventricles.
cerebral aqueduct
_____ circulates through the ventricles of the brain.
cerebral spinal fluid
In what part of the brain would you find the corpus striatum? a. midbrain b. medulla oblongata c. hypothalamus d. cerebrum
cerebrum
In what part of the brain would you find the insula? a. thalamus b. medulla oblongata c. hypothalamus d. cerebrum
cerebrum
here are two destinations in the brain for proprioceptive information: the _____ and the _____
cerebrum, cerebellum
_____ receptors are both nicotinic and muscarinic.
cholinergic receptors
_____ receptors are receptors found throughout the body that bind acetylcholine.
cholinergic receptors
Cerebrospinal fluid is produced by ____ and functions to ____ a. dura mater; maintain a stable ionic concentration in the CNS. b. choroid plexuses in the ventricles; protect the brain from blows to the skull. c. arachnoid mater; provide a pathway to the blood for waste substances. d. capillaries in the dura mater of the ventricles; provide moisture to the surface of the brain tissue.
choroid plexuses in the ventricles; protect the brain from blows to the skull.
In bright light, the _____ muscles of the iris contract, causing a decrease in the size of the pupil.
circular
The hearing receptors are most closely associated with the ____ a. ampulla b. cochlear hair cells c. utricle d. saccule
cochlear hair cells
The photoreceptors that have color vision and detect sharp images are _____.
cones
_____ are receptor cells that are less sensitive to light but provide color vision.
cones
Which is the correct order of structures and fluids that light must pass through to reach the photoreceptor cells. a. conjuctiva, cornea, aqueous humor, pupil, vitreous humor, ganglion cells, bipolar cells, photoreceptor cells b. cornea, conjuctiva, aqueous humor, pupil, vitreous humor, ganglion cells, bipolar cells, photoreceptor cells c. conjuctiva, cornea, vitreous humor, pupil, aqueous humor, ganglion cells, bipolar cells, photoreceptor cells d. conjuctiva, cornea, aqueous humor, pupil, vitreous humor, bipolar cells, ganglion cells, photoreceptor cells e. conjuctiva, cornea, aqueous humor, pupil, vitreous humor, ganglion cells, photoreceptor cells, bipolar cells
conjuctiva, cornea, aqueous humor, pupil, vitreous humor, ganglion cells, bipolar cells, photoreceptor cells
This lies between the lens and the retina. a. vitreous humor (chamber) b. pupil c. iris d. cornea e. aqueous chamber
vitreous humor (chamber)
Which is a function of the hypoglossal (XII) nerve? a. conveys impulses from taste buds on the posterior one-third of the tongue b. conveys impulses to visceral, cardiac, and skeletal muscles c. conveys motor impulses to laryngeal and pharyngeal muscles, and to the sternocleidomastoid and trapezius muscles d. controls movement of the tongue during speech and swallowing
controls movement of the tongue during speech and swallowing
_____ is when several rods come together and send their impulses along the same nerve fiber.
convergence
Which is a function of the vestibulocochlear (VIII) nerve? a. conveys sensory impulses from the facial region and anterior scalp b. turns eyeball laterally via lateral rectus muscle c. conveys impulses from the taste buds on the anterior two-thirds of the tongue d. conveys impulses associated with hearing and equilibrium
conveys impulses associated with hearing and equilibrium
Which is a function of the glossopharyngeal (IX) nerve? a. conveys impulses from taste buds on the posterior one-third of the tongue b. conveys impulses to visceral, cardiac, and skeletal muscles c. conveys motor impulses to laryngeal and pharyngeal muscles, and to the sternocleidomastoid and trapezius muscles d. controls movement of the tongue during speech and swallowing
conveys impulses from taste buds on the posterior one-third of the tongue
Which is a function of the facial (VII) nerve? a. conveys sensory impulses from the facial region and anterior scalp b. turns eyeball laterally via lateral rectus muscle c. conveys impulses from the taste buds on the anterior two-thirds of the tongue d. conveys impulses associated with hearing and equilibrium
conveys impulses from the taste buds on the anterior two-thirds of the tongue
Which is a function of the vagus (X) nerve? a. conveys impulses from taste buds on the posterior one-third of the tongue b. conveys impulses to visceral, cardiac, and skeletal muscles c. conveys motor impulses to laryngeal and pharyngeal muscles, and to the sternocleidomastoid and trapezius muscles d. controls movement of the tongue during speech and swallowing
conveys impulses to visceral, cardiac, and skeletal muscles
Which is a function of the accessory (XI) nerve? a. conveys impulses from taste buds on the posterior one-third of the tongue b. conveys impulses to visceral, cardiac, and skeletal muscles c. conveys motor impulses to laryngeal and pharyngeal muscles, and to the sternocleidomastoid and trapezius muscles d. controls movement of the tongue during speech and swallowing
conveys motor impulses to laryngeal and pharyngeal muscles, and to the sternocleidomastoid and trapezius muscles
Which is a function of the olfactory (I) nerve? a. conveys nerve impulses related to smell b. conveys nerve impulses related to vision c. causes movement of eyelid and eyeball, constriction of pupil d. causes movement of eyeball via superior oblique muscle
conveys nerve impulses related to smell
Which is a function of the optic (II) nerve? a. conveys nerve impulses related to smell b. conveys nerve impulses related to vision c. causes movement of eyelid and eyeball, constriction of pupil d. causes movement of eyeball via superior oblique muscle
conveys nerve impulses related to vision
Which is a function of the trigeminal (V) nerve? a. conveys sensory impulses from the facial region and anterior scalp b. turns eyeball laterally via lateral rectus muscle c. causes movement of eyelid and eyeball, constriction of pupil d. causes movement of eyeball via superior oblique muscle
conveys sensory impulses from the facial region and anterior scalp
This is the transparent coat that covers the iris. a. retina b. choroid c. tunic d. ciliary body e. cornea
cornea
This portion of the fibrous tunic is clear and transparent and continuous with the sclera. a. choroid coat b. ciliary body c. sclera d. cornea e. conjunctiva
cornea
____ is the deep bridge of nerve fibers connecting the left and right cerebral hemispheres. a. cerebral peduncles b. cerebellar peduncles c. limbic system d. thalamus e. basal ganglia f. corpus callosum
corpus callosum
_____ nerves originate from the underside of the brain.
cranial
Which structure within the ampulla contains hair cells that are involved in dynamic equilibrium? a. organ of Corti b. macula c. otolithic membrane d. crista ampullaris e. vestibular apparatus
crista ampullaris
Evaluation of which brain waves might indicate a brain injury in an awake adult? a. alpha waves b. beta waves c. theta waves d. delta waves e. alpha and beta waves
delta waves
Both visceral and somatic afferent neurons have cell bodies located in the: a. lateral horn b. dorsal root ganglion c. ventral horn d. dorsal column
dorsal root ganglion
Venous blood drains into the ______ before leaving the cranium via the jugular veins? a. subdural space b. subarachnoid venous space c. dural venous sinuses d. B and C e. all of the above
dural venous sinuses
_____ equilibrium is controlled by an equilibrium organ called the crista ampullaris and detects sudden movement and aids in maintaining balance.
dynamic
The types of cells that make a taste bud are _____ cells.
epithelial
Cerebrospinal fluid contains all of the following except: a. erythrocytes b. lymphocytes c. water d. electrolytes
erythrocytes
The olfactory (I) nerves consist of approximately 40 bundles of axons of olfactory neurons that extend through foramina in the cribriform plate of the _____ bone.
ethmoid
The _____ connects the inner ear to the pharynx.
eustachian tube
The disorder called glaucoma is usually caused by ____ a. clouding of the lens b. clouding of the lens capsule c. excessive accumulation of vitreous humor. d. excessive accumulation of aqueous humor.
excessive accumulation of aqueous humor
Which of the following is the pathway of sound waves from the auricle to the spiral organ of Corti? a. external auditory canal ? tympanic membrane ? maleus ? incus ? stapes ? oval window ? perilymph b. external auditory canal ? tympanic membrane ? stapes ? incus ? maleus ? secondary tympanic membrane ? endolymph c. eustachian tube ? tympanic membrane ? incus ? maleus ? stapes ? oval window ? endolymph d. internal auditory canal ? tympanic membrane ? eustachian tube ? maleus ? incus ? stapes ? secondary tympanic membrane ? perilymph e. internal auditory canal ? tympanic membrane ? maleus ? incus ? stapes ? secondary tympanic membrane ? Perilymph
external auditory canal ? tympanic membrane ? maleus ? incus ? stapes ? oval window ? perilymph
The cranial nerve responsible for taste and facial expression that is a mixed nerve is ____ a. vestibulocochlear VIII. b. facial VII. c. abducens VI. d. trigeminal V. e. glossopharyngeal IX. f. trochlear IV.
facial VII.
Which of the following describes the individual layers of the wall of the eyeball, from the outermost layer to the innermost layer: a. vascular tunic, fibrous tunic, sensory tunic b. fibrous tunic, sensory tunic, vascular tunic c. sensory tunic, vascular tunic, fibrous tunic d. fibrous tunic, vascular tunic, sensory tunic e. sensory tunic, fibrous tunic, vascular tunic f. vascular tunic, sensory tunic, fibrous tunic
fibrous tunic, vascular tunic, sensory tunic
Which of the following is not true about rods? a. have rhodopsin b. recognize the general outline c. black and white vision d. good vision in dim light e. found in the fovea centralis f. none of the above (all are correct)
found in the fovea centralis
The _____ is the region of sharpest vision within the retina.
fovea centralis
In what lobe of the cerebrum would you find the primary motor area? a. occipital lobe b. temporal lobe c. parietal lobe d. frontal lobe
frontal lobe
Which of the following types of cells is the first to receive a light ray as it travels through the retina? a. bipolar cell b. ganglion cell c. pigmented epithelium d. photoreceptor cell e. rods
ganglion cell
_____ is the cranial nerve that has sensory input for taste and motor output for swallowing and gagging. (Include name and number)
glossopharyngeal IX
These cells provide for the sense of taste. a. olfactory hair cells b. tastant cells c. basal stem cells d. general receptor cells e. gustatory cells
gustatory cells
Which of the following is not a proprioceptor? a. hair root plexus b. hair cells of the inner ear c. Golgi tendon organ d. muscle spindle
hair root plexus
Which statement is false in reference to the cranial meninges? a. have the same basic structure as the spinal meninges b. have three layers of the dura mater c. are continuous with the spinal meninges d. are named the dura mater, arachnoid mater, and the pia mater
have three layers of the dura mater
High CSF pressure can result in a condition known as a. arachnoid granulation b. rhombencephalon c. hydrocephalus d. A and B are correct
hydrocephalus
Which of the following cranial nerves is responsible for the movement of your tongue while chewing, swallowing, and speech? a. accessory b. trigeminal c. abducens d. trochlear e. hypoglossal f. glossopharyngeal
hypoglossal
_____ is the motor cranial nerve that controls the tongue during chewing, swallowing, and speech. (Include name and number)
hypoglossal XII
_____ is an endocrine gland in the brain that secretes releasing hormones that affect the anterior pituitary gland.
hypothalamus
Which of the following responses is a result of sympathetic stimulation? a. decreased heart rate b. pupillary constriction c. increased digestive secretions d. increased rate and depth of breathing
increased rate and depth of breathing
The _____ colliculi of the midbrain contain reflex centers for sudden movements of the head and trunk in response to auditory stimuli; the _____ colliculi contain reflex centers for movements of the eyes, head, and neck in response to visual stimuli.
inferior, superior
The colored portion of the eye that has a diaphragm composed of mostly connective tissue and smooth muscle is called the _____
iris
The main function of this structure is to regulate the amount of light entering the eyeball through the pupil. a. retina b. cornea c. iris d. choroid e. tunic
iris
Which statement about the cerebellum is true? a. tracts of gray matter within it are called arbor vitae b. the cerebellar peduncles attach it to the cerebrum c. the cerebellar lobes are also called tentorium cerebelli d. its prime function is to 'fine tune' motor function e. the sagittal fissure separates it from the cerebrum
its prime function is to 'fine tune' motor function
The _____ secretes tears and has a series of ducts that carries tears into the nasal cavity.
lacrimal gland
The _____ system of the brain seems to cause pleasant or unpleasant feelings about experiences (emotional center).
limbic
The area of the brain called the _____ consists of connected masses of gray matter and is involved in short-term memory formation and emotions.
limbic system
Which component of the brain is referred to as the "emotional brain" as it plays primary role in a wide range of emotions? a. basal ganglia b. frontal lobe of the cerebrum c. corpus callosum d. limbic system e. cerebral cortex
limbic system
Which of the following sympathetic responses is mismatched with its body part? a. iris of eye - dilation of pupil b. liver - increased glycogen synthesis c. stomach - decreased motility d. hair follicles - contraction of arrector pili muscles e. adipose tissue - increased lipolysis
liver - increased glycogen synthesis
The term used for an increased memory response to an event is: a. synesthesia b. long-term potentiation c. memory consolidation d. plasticity e. bradykinesia
long-term potentiation
Lacrimal fluid (tears) contains water, mucus, salts, and a protective antibacterial enzymes called _____.
lysozymes
The yellow spot at the center of the posterior portion of the retina, called the _____ , contains a depression called the fovea centralis which contains only cone photoreceptors.
macula lutea
Two nuclei in the posterior hypothalamus that serve as relay stations for reflexes related to the sense of smell are the _____
mammillary bodies
Medulla nuclei are a. masses of gray matter b. masses of white matter c. both a and b d. decussation of the pyramid e. none of the above
masses of gray matter
Alpha and beta adrenergic receptors a. are sensitive to epinephrine b. have several subclasses c. mediate response to the sympathetic nervous system d. A and B are correct e. A, B, and C are correct
mediate response to the sympathetic nervous system
The regions of the brain stem involved in the control of respiration are the: a. medulla and pons. b. pons and midbrain c. midbrain and medulla d. midbrain, pons, and medulla
medulla and pons.
The _____ is the part of the brain stem that includes the cardiac and vasomotor centers.
medulla oblongata
The cardiovascular center and the medullary rhythmicity area of the respiratory center are located in the brain stem region called the _____
medulla oblongata
In what part of the brain would you find the cerebral peduncles? a. midbrain b. medulla oblonggata c. hypothalamus d. cerebrum
midbrain
This structure is responsible for somatic (startle) reflexes in response to loud sounds. a. spinal cord b. midbrain c. pons d. thalamus e. cerebellum
midbrain
Which part of the brain stem contains the cerebral peduncles? a. medulla oblongata b. pons c. midbrain d. pyramids e. none of the above is correct
midbrain
Taste receptors are ____ a. found only on the tongue b. unable to reproduce c. modified connective tissue cells d. modified epithelial cells
modified epithelial cells
Circumventricular organs in the wall of the third ventricle lack a blood-brain barrier. This enables them to: a. facilitate the circulation of cerebrospinal fluid in the ventricles. b. monitor the chemical composition of the blood. c. secrete cerebrospinal fluid into the ventricles. d. all of the above
monitor the chemical composition of the blood.
Which of the following develop as specialized muscle fibers? a. Golgi tendon organs b. hair cells of the inner ear c. muscle spindles d. joint kinesthetic receptors
muscle spindles
_____ and Golgi tendon organs are proprioceptors which contain dendrites of slowly adapting sensory neurons.
muscle spindles
_____ are proprioceptors which are innervated by gamma motor neurons.
muscle spindles
Muscle spindle receptors are stimulated more when ____ a. muscles are metabolically active and produce oxygen. b. muscle tension increases c. muscle tension decreases d. muscle tension stays the same
muscle tension decreases
The Golgi tendon organ is stimulated more when ____ a. muscles are metabolically active. b. muscle tension increases. c. muscle tension decreases. d. muscle tension stays the same.
muscle tension increases.
Obstruction or blockage of the nasolacrimal duct will prevent drainage of tears into the: a. aqueous humor b. vitreous humor c. nasal cavity d. ciliary body
nasal cavity
The primary visual area is located in which lobe of the brain? a. frontal b. occipital c. parietal d. flocculonodular e. posterior
occipital
_____ is the cranial nerve, a motor nerve, associated with the movement of the eyeball, iris, and lens. (Include name and number)
oculomotor III
All cranial nerves, except for _____ and the optic (II), originate from the brain stem.
olfactory I
Olfactory epithelium consists of _____ supporting cells, and basal cells .
olfactory receptors
The _____ is where the nerve fibers and blood vessels leave the eye and become the optic nerve. It lacks receptor cells and is sometimes referred to as the blind spot.
optic disk
Cochlear hair cells are found in the _____ in the inner ear.
organ of Corti
Which of the following is primarily responsible for sensation of hearing? a. organ of Corti b. ampulla c. saccule d. utricle e. semi circular canals
organ of Corti
The best example of referred pain is: a. shoulder pain while throwing a baseball b. pain still present several minutes after stubbing your toe c. pain felt into the left arm during a heart attack d. pain down your leg from a pinched nerve in your back
pain felt into the left arm during a heart attack
The tiny elevations on the surface of the tongue are called _____
papillae
The _____ division of the ANS is mostly responsible for regulating restorative, energy-conserving body activities.
parasympathetic
The _____ division of the autonomic nervous system functions mainly to allow for regenerative rest periods under less stressful situations.
parasympathetic
In what lobe of the cerebrum would you find the primary somatosensory area? a. occipital lobe b. temporal lobe c. parietal lobe d. frontal lobe
parietal lobe
The postcentral gyrus is in the _____ lobe of the cortex; it contains the primary _____ area. a. parietal, somatosensory b. parietal, motor c. frontal, somatosensory d. frontal, motor
parietal, somatosensory
Melatonin is the hormone that is released by the _____ which is an endocrine gland found in the brain that affects circadian rhythms in animals.
pineal gland
Which of the following glands is directly controlled by hormones produced by the hypothalamus? a. kidney b. pituitary c. thymus d. pancreas e. pineal
pituitary
In what part of the brain would you find the pneumotaxic and apneustic areas? a. thalamus b. limbic system c. cerebellum d. pons
pons
Proprioception means awareness of a. Visual acuity b. crude perception of temperature c. color vision d. position e. blood gasses
position
Which statement best describes the location of the cerebellum? a. anterior to cerebrum and anterior to brain stem b. posterior to brainstem and inferior to cerebrum c. superior to cerebrum and posterior to brainstem d. superior to brainstem and posterior to cerebrum
posterior to brainstem and inferior to cerebrum
Which of the following somatic sensations has an encapsulated nerve ending as its sensory receptor? a. tickle b. pain c. heat or cold d. pressure e. itch
pressure
Sensory information that arrives in the brain from tracts in the spinal cord is relayed by the thalamus along _____ fibers to the cerebral cortex. a. association b. commissural c. projection d. none of the above
projection
Which of the following is a sensation that is not carried by the spinothalamic pathways? a. pain b. itch c. tickle d. proprioception
proprioception
Which of the following pairs of terms is incorrectly matched? a. exteroceptors; at or near the surface of the body b. proprioceptors; in walls of blood vessels c. cutaneous receptors; in skin and mucous membranes d. interoceptors; in internal organs (viscera)
proprioceptors; in walls of blood vessels
The blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier: a. is the same thing as the blood-brain barrier. b. is due mainly to tight junctions between endothelial cells of the capillaries throughout the brain tissue. c. protects the neurons of the brain from potentially harmful substances in the blood. d. is another name for cranial meninges.
protects the neurons of the brain from potentially harmful substances in the blood.
Which of the below responses is NOT caused by the parasympathetic division. a. decreased heart rate b. airway dilation c. pupil dilation d. increased digestion e. increased urine production
pupil dilation
In dim light, the _____ muscles of the iris dilates, causing an increase in the size of the pupil.
radial
_____ is pain that feels like it is coming from a part other than the part being stimulated.
referred pain
Which is a true statement regarding the effects of aging on the brain? a. brain mass and conduction velocity stay the same b. conduction velocity increases and brain mass decreases c. the number of synapses remains constant and conduction velocity remains constant d. reflex times increase and brain mass declines e. the number of synapses decreases and reflex time decreases
reflex times increase and brain mass declines
This helps maintain consciousness. a. reticular activating system b. pons c. substantia nigra d. olive e. inferior peduncles
reticular activating system
If a person is unable to show signs of consciousness or is in a coma it is likely that the ____ has been injured. a. basal ganglia b. Broca's area c. superior colliculi d. reticular formation e. Wernicke's area
reticular formation
In what part of the brain would you find the medial and lateral geniculate nuclei? a. thalamus b. medulla oblongata c. hypothalamus d. cerebrum
thalamus
Small masses of gray matter that are scattered throughout the brain stem and the inferior part of the diencephalon and whose function is to influence muscle tone and to cause arousal from sleep are collectively referred to as the _____
reticular formation
This is a netlike region of white and gray matter that extends through the brain, maintaining consciousness. a. pons b. medulla oblongata c. midbrain d. reticular formation e. decussation of pyramids
reticular formation
The _____ contains the photoreceptors in the eye and is a nearly transparent sheet of tissue continuous with the optic nerve
retina
The _____ is a nearly transparent sheet of tissue containing the photoreceptors in the back of the eye.
retina
Which of the following is part of the inner tunic of the eye? a. ciliary body b. retina c. choroid coat d. sclera
retina
A lesion to the _____________ side of the midbrain would eliminate motor function to the entire left side of the body (hemiplegia). a. right b. left
right
_____ are receptor cells that are more sensitive to light for good night vision.
rods
_____ is an illness involving excess dopamine activity in the brain causing delusions, distortions of reality, paranoia, and hallucinations.
schizophrenia
A layer of dense connective tissue that covers all of the eyeball except the cornea is called _____. a. choroid coat b. conjunctiva c. sclera d. retina e. iris
sclera
This structure protects the inner parts of the eyeball. a. sclera b. pupil c. iris d. cornea e. retina
sclera
If a person has damage to the visual association area, they will a. not be able to see b. see, but be unable to understand what they is viewing c. not be able to remember visual experiences from the past, like the color of their first car d. B and C are correct e. A and C are correct
see, but be unable to understand what they is viewing
If you are looking for your glasses and you find them on top of your head, you have experienced a ____ a. change in the pressure receptor concentration. b. change in the pressure receptor location. c. damage to your sensory receptors. d. sensory adaptation
sensory adaptation
The output of the ANS does NOT control a. exocrine glands b. skeletal muscle c. cardiac muscle d. smooth muscle e. endocrine glands
skeletal muscle
Which stimulus does not stimulate the reticular activating system (RAS)? a. an alarm clock b. pain c. smoke d. bright light e. movement of the limbs
smoke
The stimulation of nociceptors in skeletal muscles and joints gives rise to deep _____ pain.
somatic
_____ equilibrium is controlled by receptors in the saccule and utricle respond to gravity and report changes in head position maintaining stability and balance when the body is still.
static
Infection of a sebaceous ciliary gland can result in: a. blood shot eyes b. inhibition of crying c. sty d. tumor e. blindness
sty
Select the best description for the lacrimal glands: a. near the external opening of the external auditory canal b. embedded in tarsal plate of eyelid c. superior and lateral to the eyeball d. in connective tissue underneath the olfactory epithelium e. at the base of the follicles of the eyelashes
superior and lateral to the eyeball
The _____ division of the autonomic nervous system functions at times of stress. It is the "fight or flight" response.
sympathetic
The output component of the ANS has two divisions: _____ and _____
sympathetic, parasympathetic
In what lobe of the cerebrum would you find the primary auditory area? a. occipital lobe b. temporal lobe c. parietal lobe d. frontal lobe
temporal lobe
This is the major relay station for most sensory impulses that reach the primary somatosensory areas of the cerebral cortex from the brain stem and the spinal cord. a. thalamus b. hypothalamus c. epithalamus d. pons e. midbrain
thalamus
Which of the following is a part of the diencephalon? a. thalamus b. medulla oblongata c. superior colliculi d. olfactory cortex
thalamus
The tectum of the midbrain bears four rounded elevations: a. called substantia nigra. b. that control subconscious muscle activities. c. that transmit all sensory and motor information between the upper and lower brain regions. d. that control reflex movements in response to visual and auditory stimuli.
that control reflex movements in response to visual and auditory stimuli.
Which of the following is not true when comparing the direct and indirect motor pathways? a. the direct motor pathways are also called the pyramidal pathways b. the indirect motor pathways consist of three major tracts c. the lateral corticospinal tracts are a component of the direct motor pathways d. 90% of the axons decussate in the medulla oblongata in the direct motor pathways e. the rubrospinal tracts are a part of the indirect motor pathways
the indirect motor pathways consist of three major tracts
Which statement is false about the medulla oblongata? a. the cardiovascular center regulates heart rate b. the nuclei of the medulla oblongata are masses of white matter where neurons synapse c. some nuclei are involved with coughing swallowing, and sneezing d. the medullary rhythmicity center adjusts breathing
the nuclei of the medulla oblongata are masses of white matter where neurons synapse
_____ is the receptor organ associated with the cochlear hair cells of the inner ear.
the organ of Corti
Which of the following effects does not occur during the fight-or-flight response? a. the pupils constrict b. the airways increase in diameter c. blood vessels to skeletal muscles dilate d. heart rate speeds up e. blood pressure increases
the pupils constrict
Memory is best defined as: a. the reinforcement that results from frequent retrieval of a piece of information b. the capability for change while learning c. the way in which information is stored and retrieved d. the ability to attain new information or skills
the way in which information is stored and retrieved
This fluid filled space is located in the midline of the brain beneath the corpus callosum. a. central canal b. cerebral aqueduct c. lateral ventricle d. fourth ventricle e. third ventricle
third ventricle
Cranial nerve V is also known as the _______________nerve a. trochlear b. oculomotor c. trigeminal d. vagus e. abducens
trigeminal
This cranial nerve is a mixed nerve that has sensory input from the face, eyes, and mouth. This nerve also has motor control over mastication (chewing), viscera, pharynx, larynx, and esophagus. a. vagus b. accessory c. hypoglossal d. glossopharyngeal e. facial f. trigeminal g. trochlear
trigeminal
Which of the below structures acts to convert sound waves to vibrations? a. cochlea b. pinna c. tympanic membrane d. Organ of Corti e. vestibulocochlear nerve
tympanic membrane
If the reticular formation is injured, the affected person might exhibit signs of a. hyperactivity b. increased metabolism c. increased sympathetic system responses d. unconsciousness, or coma
unconsciousness, or coma
Olfactory receptors a. are second-order, multipolar neurons. b. are also called basal cells. c. use olfactory hairs to transduce chemical signals from odorants. d. A and B are correct e. A, B and C are correct
use olfactory hairs to transduce chemical signals from odorants.
There are two types of thermoreceptors: _____ receptors in the dermis of the skin, and _____ receptors located in the stratum basale of the epidermis.
warm, cold
