Lesson 5: Food Production, Cities and states

early chiefdoms in Mesoamerica

- Olmec built a series of ritual centers on Mexico's southern gulf coast between 3200-2500b.p - High status Oaxaca wore mussel-shell ornaments. In return, the Olmec elites got mirrors and jade made from Oaxacan artisans - Oaxacan chiefdom developed irrigation systems, exported magnetite mirrors, stone masonry and architecture. - from 3,200-3,000 b.p. a great social change occured. - Mesoamerica's many chiefdoms were linked by trade and exchange. Chiefly centers were concentrating labor power, intensifying agriculture, exchanging trade goods, and borrowing ideas, including art motifs and styles. - - Many chiefdoms had dense populations, intensive agriculture, and settlement hierarchies that included hamlets, villages, and perhaps towns o These factors paved the way for even greater social and political complexity as states developed

advanced chiefdoms

- Tell Hamoukar, dates back more that 5,500 years. It suggest that advanced chiefdoms arose in northern areas of the Middle East independently of the better-known Mesopotamian city-states of southern Iraq - food preparation on this scale is evidence of a ranked society. - A Huge battle destroyed Tell Hamoukar around 5500 b.p. This site provides the earliest evidence for large-scale organized warfare in the ME.

chiefdom (12)

A society with a permanent political structure, hereditary leaders, and social ranking but lacking class divisions. - They were typically ranked in terms of genealogical distance from the chief. Chiefdoms are not divided into clearly defined social classes (social stratification)

The rise of the State

By 5700 b.p. in southern Mesopotamia, an expanding population and increased food production from irrigation were drastically altering the social landscape. Irrigation had allowed Ubbaid communities to spread along the Euphrates River. Travel and trade were expanding with water serving as the highway system Raw materials such as hardwood and stone, which S. Mesopotamia lacked, were imported from the north via river routes - Social differentiation increased. Priests and political leaders joined expert potters and other specialists. Supporting these non-food producers was a growing population of farners and herders - Economies were being managed by central leadership. Agricultural villages had grown into cities, some of which were ruled by local kings - The Uruk period established Mesopotamia as the "cradle of civilization" as they progressed in the process of state formation - Writing originated in Sumer around 5,600 b.p. used script to keep records, of trade trasnactions.

manioc (11)

Cassava; tuber domesticated in the South American lowlands.

Ancient baby bottles

5,000 y.a. found in Germany. were used for breast milk and wean children - also found that cow, sheep, and goats milk were being used

Mesoamerica domesticated

7,000 maize, beans, squash, peppers, pumkins, tomato turkey

SE Asia, Southern China domesticated

8,000 rice, cotton, eggplant, plantain, banana, yams, yaro chicken, pigs

6 key aspects of state formation

- 1) Changes in patterns of control over resources, resulting in social stratification, and (2) increasing regulatory concerns, fostering management by state machinery. Different agencies arise to handle particular tasks and concerns.

Full-fledged neolithic economy

- requires a minimal set of nutritious domesticates o Inventory of available plants and animals was too meager to maintain a Neolithic economy. And had to be supplemented by hunting and gathering o Jared Diamond argues the geography of the Old World facilitated the spread of plants, animals, and technology and is more difficult to travel North and South (americas) than east west (Eur-asia)

food production

-began in the Middle East 10,000 years ago -people became increasingly dependent upon producing food - primarly due to postglacial climate changes -water was sourced from rivers and valleys reducing population mobility - large game depleted, so food was sourced from water life and vegetation -population growth led to shortages on wild foods

Natufians (11)

A widespread Middle Eastern foraging culture (12,800-10,200 b.p.).

hilly flanks (11).

A woodland zone just north of the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers

Aztec (12)

The last independent Valley of Mexico state (thrived between 1325 and the Spanish Conquest in 1520).

teosinte (11).

Wild ancestor of maize; grows wild in southwestern Mexico

9. Which of the following features is not part of Carneiro's model for early state formation? A. long-distance trade B. social circumscription C. war D. geographic circumscription E. competition

a. long distance trade

7. What caused the collapse of the Maya state? A. disease B. desertification C. famine D. warfare E. All of the above.

d. warfare

Urban Life

in the early settlements, houses of mud and brick were built and rebuilt in the same place over generations. These sites today, yielded remains of ancient community life, including streets, buildings, terraces, courtyards, wells, and other artifacts

Food production risk

nutrition itself was better when people were collecting food more labor is required to produce food in the form of animal and plant domesticates

Genetical changes and domestication

o Domesticated plants are known are cultivars; their seeds, and often the entire plants are larger o Cultivars tend to product a higher yield per unit of area. o They also lose their natural dispersal mechanisms

Earliest evidence of bread making

o Natufian site (14,500-11,700b.p.) were two circular building with stone floors o Residents were making bread some 5,00 years earlier than the Neolithic Catalhoyuk o Made flour by grinding wild barley, wheat and oat along with tubers from aquatic plant belonging to the papyrus family

Africa domesticated

sweet potato, coffee, millet, watermelon goats, guinea fowl, donkeys, cats

social and political landscape in mexico

§ 1. Sufficiently separate and autonomous to adapt local zones and conditions § 2. Sufficiently interactive and competitive to borrow and incorporate new ideas and innovations as they arose in other regions

First Chinese state

- Shang dynasty dating back 3,750 b.p. - with wheat as its dietary staple. This state was characterized by urbanism, palatial architecture, human sacrifice, and a sharp division between social classes. Burials of the aristocracy were marked by ornaments of stone, including jade. Had elaborate writing system and possessed bronze metallurgy. Used chariots and took prisoners in warfare.

fall of states

A number of factoring that lead to a states demise include: regional conflict, invasion, disease, malnutrition, famine, deforestation, soil depletion and environmental degradation and water shortages. Desertification and drought appeared to led to famine, social chaos and the quick demise of the Old Kingdom in Egypt

settlement hierarchy (12)

Communities with varying size, function, and building types.

primary states (12)

States arising through competition among chiefdoms. Also know as archaic states or first-generation states. Formed in the context of competition among chiefdoms, meaning one conquered another and brought them to a larger political unit. Egypt, Mesopotamia, Indus River Valley, Northern China, Mesoamerica, and the Andes. Primary states emerged after generation of interaction among competing polities

Mesolithic (11)

Stone toolmaking, emphasizing microliths within broad-spectrum economies. - By 10,000 b.p. the glaciers retreated, People still hunted and this is when people began to stalk and trap animals such as deer, pigs, ox and other herd species and fish - microliths, dugout canoes, axes, chisels, gouges, bow and arrow. Dogs as retrievers

Pottery in the Middle East

o appeared 3,000-2,000 years after, rather than before farming. The diet in the Middle East didn't require pottery to cook, but China did

Introduction to dairy

- Animal milk only became reliable after people became farmers and herders. The gene variant that aides in milk digestion, became common around 4,500 b.p. - Dairy products were part of a widespread dietary change that helped fuel what is known as neolithic demographic transition. Birth rates increase and human populations grew significantly

Andes and the Inka

- As Mesopotamia and China, other early civilization relied on metallurgy. Across the globe in the Peruvian Andes, metalworking appeared around 4,000 b.p. Ancient Andeans were skilled workers of bronze, copper, and gold. - were well known for their pottery. Arts, crafts, and agricultural knowledge compared well with those of Mesoamerica at its height. The Andean civilization, like the Mesoamerican state formation, was truncated by Spanish conquest

Early Asian states

- The 4 great early river valley states of the Old World included: Mesopotamia, Egypt, India/Pakistan, and N. China. - The rise of the Indus River valley due to trade and the spread of writing from Mesopotamia may have played a role in the rise of the IRV around 4,600 b.p. o At its peak, IRV incorporated 1,000 cities, towns, and villages, spanning 280,000 miles. The state featured urban plannings, social stratification, and an early writing system which remains undeciphered. Maintained a system of weights, carefully planned residential areas with waste-water systems. Created products of ceramic vessels. IRV state collapsed, apparently because of warfare, around 3,900 b.p. Its cities were destroyed and abandoned. Skeletons of massacre victims have been found int the streets of Mohenjo-Daro

Zapotec Case (warfare and state formation

- first mesoamerican state, in the valley of Oaxaca - Monte Alban served as capital of this Zapotec polity for 1,200 years. The Zapotec polity was a chiefdom from 500-100 B.C.E. - Warfare plays a key role in primary state formation. In the valley of Oaxaca, armed conflict began as village-on-village raiding, with killing, burning, and captive taking but no permanent acquisition of territory - o . The first evidence for organized conquest warfare in Oaxaca occurs four centuries later, simultaneously with evidence for state formation

Sahel

- just south of the Sahara in western Africa. Farming towns started appearing in the Sahel around 2600 b.p. West Africa was rich in gold, precious metals, ivory, and other resources which was traded via camel throughout the Sahara region and cities of Sahel served as trading points throughout the area. Other kingdoms that developed such as Ghana, Mali, Songhay, and Kanaem-Bornu, together known as the Sahelian kingdoms - States also arose in the Western Africa south of Sahel. Between 1000 and 1500 c.e. local farming started consolidating into larger units, which eventually became centralized states. The largest and most enduring eing Benin, which is now southern Nigeria. Benin is known for its artistic creativity, expressed in terra-cotta, ivory, and brass sculpture

maize (11)

Corn; first domesticated in tropical southwestern Mexico around 8000 b.p.

1. The fertile crescent, an area where the earliest evidence of cultivation and domestication began, was in A. South America. B. southwest United States. C. Mesoamerica. D. Mexico. E. Middle East.

E. Middle East

Halafian (12)

Early (7500-6500 b.p.), widespread Mesopotamian pottery style

cuneiform (12)

Early Mesopotamian wedge-shaped writing, using stylus on clay - Writing and temples played key roles in the MEsopotamian economy. For the historic period after 5,600 b.p. there are temple records of economic activities. o Priests regulated manufacturing, trade, herding, farming, and grain storage. o Temples collected and redistributed meat, dairy, crops, fish, clothing, tools and trade.

early african states

Metallurgy (especially iron and gold) also played a role in the rise of African states. 2,000 years ago, iron smelting began to diffuse rapidly throughout Africa. Bantu migration began 2,100 b.p. and continued for more than a thousand years. migrating south into the rainforests of the Congo River and east into the African highlands spreading farming -

Bantu migration (africa)

Mwenemutapa empire. The southeast moving ancestors of the Mwenemutapa took iron smelting and farming to the region called Zimbabwe. This area was rich in gold, which the Mwenemutapa mined and traded with cities on the Indian Ocean around 1000 b.p. They developed a powerful kingdom based on trade. The first centralized state there was Great Zimbabwe

Chiefdoms and village autonomy

One line of evidence for such loss of village autonomy is that a common canal was used to irrigate several villages. Resulting in a way of resolving disputes among farmers over access to water, by appeal to a strong leader- a chief. - Futher evidence for the loss of village autonomy is the emergence of a two-tier settlement hierarchy, with small villages clustering around a large village. This pattern was present in northern Mesopotamia the Halafian period

Mesopotamia (12)

The area where the earliest states developed, between the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers. - This growing population supported itself through irrigation and intensive river valley agriculture. The First Middle Eastern towns appeared around 10,000 b.p. By 5,500 b.p., towns had grown into cities (some of the earliest Mesopotamian states were Sumer, including the city-states of Ur, Nippur, and Uruk [Sumer's capital]. Elam was located in SW Iran; its capital was Susa.

metallurgy (12)

The extraction and processing of metals to make tools.

Zapotec state (12)

The first Mesoamerican state, in the Valley of Oaxaca.

Holocene (11)

The geological epoch beginning around 11,700 b.p.; the transition from foraging to food production took place during the early Holocene.

6. Which plants and animals that were first to appear were not domesticated? A. barley B. sheep C. horses D. goats E. wheat

c. horses

3. What was the characteristic tool type of the Mesolithic? A. metallic spear B. chert blade C. microlith D. hand axe E. core

c. microlith

8. What is the most important primary variable in the origin of the state? A. food production B. warfare C. population growth D. urbanization E. metallurgy

c. population growth

The first farmers and herders in the middle east

during the neolithic, people started managing and modifying the characteristics of familiar plants and animals - By 7,500 y.a. most Mid. Eastern had turned into o more specialized fully neolithic economies base on fewer species which were domesticates

changes in population size

small populations could rely on collecting foods and procure secure, diverse diet with limited resources - As populations increased, the available plants and animals declined, this required more labor input in forms of fencing, cultivation, and fertilization

State formation in Mesoamerica

the processes of state formation that took place in the Middle East and Mesoamerica were comparable, beginning with ranked societies and chiefdoms and ending with fully formed states and empire. Temple complexes in the western hemisphere were constructed by Mesoamerican chiefdoms. They traded materials, such as obsidian, shells, jade, and pottery.

Ubaid pottery

- 7,000-6,000 b.p. - associated with advanced chiefdoms and perhaps the earliest states. It diffused rapidly over a large area, becoming much more widespread that the Halafian Style. - extended into N. Syria, where there is evidence for early urbanism, irrigation, long-distance trade, political leadership, and social differentiation dating more than 6,000 b.p

Neolithic (11)

- Economies based on food production (cultivated crops and domesticated animals). - began at least 12,000 y.a. - Revolutionary because in just a few thousand years, it transformed small, mobile groups into larger societies living in permanent settlements, and eventually cities - The transition from Mesolithic to Neolithic occurs when groups become dependent on domesticated plant and animals for more than 50% of their diet due to increases in populations - culture is identified on cultivation, sedentary (settled) life, and the use of ceramic vessels

- Morton Fried (1960) defined three kinds of societies, based on their degree of status differentiation.

- Egalitarian society: - Ranked Society (type 1 and 2) - stratification

Gobekli Tepe: an early ritual center

- Located in southeastern Turkey, Gobekli Tepe dates back to 11,600 b.p. and provides the world's earliest evidence for monumental architecture - Gobekli Tepe was a ritual center, rather than a village or town. Located atop a high limestone ridge, the site was chosen so that massive limestone blocks could be quarried and used to make upright post or pillars for ritual houses. - built by hunter and gatherers - The owners of these ritual houses eventually abandoned them, filling them in with dirt-perhaps to preclude their appropriation from outsiders - The marshaling of human labor demonstrated at this site foreshadows processes and events that would become much more common in chiefdoms and states

state formation in the middle east

- Neolithic Economies emerged in the middle east between 12,000-10,000 b.p - the center of population growth shifted from a zone of wheat and barley to adjacent areas where those grains were first domesticated. By 6,000 b.p population was increasing most rapidly in the alluvial plain of southern Mesopotamia

Neolithic in Europe:

- Neolithic was spread by the migration of farmers - Migrating farms reached the Mediterranean 8,500 y.a. it took them about 3,000 y.a. to reach Northwestern Europe - Cyprus colonized 10,600 y.a. shows evidence for farming and herding, sea travel, and a complex social and belief network - 7800 y.a. Italy began settling S. France

costs and benefits of food production

- People learned discoveries and inventions, trade and commerce by land and sea - Because it increased economic production and led to new social, scientific, and creative forms, food producers worked harder than foragers and on a less nutritious diet - Among population increase, public health declined in food-producing societies (diseases, protein deficiency, and dental caries) population size made it easier to transmit diseases (malaria, sickle-cell, and smallpox) - Poverty and social inequality increased. From slavery to crime, war, human sacrifice

Neolithic in Asia

- Regional trade network extended from the Middle east to the Indus valley of Pakistan and India - China developed farming on its own - By 7400 two varieties of grain support early farming communities - Paved the way for village life and eventually the Shang Dynasty (3600-3100) - Domesticated cattle, goats and sheep by 7000 b.p.

food production in the americas

- Spreading gradually through the American, early Paleoindians ancestors of Native Americans - Big game animals were hunted and many eventually became extinct - Early Peruvians and Bolivians ate llama meat and used llama wool - No cattle, sheep, or goats were domesticated when food production began - Diet consist of Maize, root crops (potato and manioc), beans and squash - Mesoamerica used crops to supplement hunting and gathering - Domestication was under way in the S. Andes of Peru by 5000 y.a.

Early Chiefdoms in Mesopotamia

- developed in the middle east by 7300 y.a. The first being Halafian and Ubaid culture, that began to spread

Japan jomon culture

- in Asia, 15,000 b.p. foragers were pursuing towards a. Broad-spectrum foraging economy - The Jomon hunted deer, pigs, bears, and antelope; gathered plants and nuts; ate fish and shellfish - o The worlds earliest pottery was made by foragers rather than farmers. Not only was evidence of fish and shellfish found in the ceramic remains but these pots were used for feasts in groups

Cities and States

- seem to be an effect of population growth, which led to land shortages, warfare and conquests followed. The winners were the military and religious classes, and the losers being slaves and serfs. - Far reaching trade and control of regional territories for diverse and specialized economic goods became important. - Control of water for irrigation, itself a scarce resource gave rise to competition and conquest

Neolithic in Africa:

- southern Egypt has revealed complexity in its neolithic economy and social systems - Nabta was first inhabited 12,000 were small seasonal camps of herders of domesticated cattle - By 9000 people were living at Nabta Playa year round - By 8800 they were making pottery - By 8100 sheep and goats had arrived in the middle east - By 7500 settlers incroduced a new social and ceremonial system - Perhaps organized by a religion or authority

explaining the neolithic

- they were able to domesticate a dozen plant species consisting of wheat, corn, rice, barley, sorghum, soybeans, potatoes, cassava, sugarcanes, sugar veets and bananas - The development of a full-fledged Neolithic economy required settling down - Was attractive when several species of plants and animals were available locally for foraging and eventually domestication - Climate change and the need for people to sustain themselves in marginal zones, hunter-gatherers started cultivating - When the Neolithic began, ME had a reasonable climate with highest species diversity - As in Mesoamerica with corn being supplement. The Middle eastern combined a caloric staple of wheat and barley

Halfian period

- was first found at Tell Halaf in the mountains of N. Syria. Halafain (7500-6500 b.p) refers to a delicate ceramic style. It also describes the period during which the elite level and the first chiefdoms emerged (7,000 b.p). - The earliest Middle Eastern pottery dates back more than 8,000 years. By 7,000 b.p. pottery had become widespread in that region Archaeologists consider pottery shape, finishing, decoration, and type of clay as features used for dating

Fertile Cresent

- we find the earliest evidence of cultivation of wheat, barley, grapes, olives, peas and the domestication of pigs, goats, sheep, cattle and dogs, about 10,000 years ago - during the period known as the Neolithic. The Fertile Crescent was an area in the Middle East that includes parts of present-day Lebanon, Iraq, Iran and Turkey

attributes of states

1. Early states arose from competition among chiefdoms, as the most powerful chiefdom conquered the others, extended its rule over a large territory, and managed to hold and rule the land and acquired land thru conquest. Any state controls a regional territory, Such as the Nile Valley or Valley of Mexico. 2. Early states had productive agricultural economies, which supported large and dense populations, often living in cities. Those economies usually featured some sort of water control or irrigation. 3. Early states used tribute and taxation to accumulate (at a central place or treasury) resources needed to support hundreds or thousands of specialists. Among the specialists supported by that treasury were the states rulers, its military and other government officials 4. States are stratified into social classes. In early states, the non-producing population consisted of a tiny elite, plus artisans, officials, priests, and other specialists. Most people were commoners. Slaves and prisoners constituted the lowest rung of the social ladder. Rulers stayed in power by combining personal ability, religious authority, economic control, and force. 5. Early States had imposing public buildings and monumental architecture, including temples, palaces, and storehouses. 6. Early states developed some form of record-keeping system, frequently a written script.

factors that contriuted to the formation of Primary states

1. Regulation of hydraulic economies- state officials managed irrigation and drainage. required more labor but helped more people 2. Regional Trade- All states have well-developed trade networks, and regional trade is a key factor that contributes to primary state formation. 3. Population, War and Circumscription- A. Physically circumscribed environments include small islands, arid areas, river plains, oases, and valleys with streams. Social circumscription exists when neighbors' societies block expansion, emigration, or access to outside resources.

Middle East domesticated

10,000 wheat, barley, grapes, olives, peas pigs, goats, sheep, cattle, dogs

Adean S America domesticated

4,000-5,000 potatoes, quinoa, peanuts, cotton, mainoc, lima beans llamas, alpacas, guinea pigs

empire (12)

A mature state that is large, multiethnic, militaristic, and expansive.

polity (12)

A political entity, such as a chiefdom or state.

state (12)

A society with a central government, administrative specialization, and social classes. - The first states appeared in Mesopotamia by 5500 b.p. & Mesoamerica about 3000 years later. Chiefdoms were precursors to states with privileged and effective leaders-chiefs- by 7000 b.p in the Middle East and 3200 b.p in Mesoamerica. There is evidence for the elite level of social and political organization, indicating a chiefdom or state. - The development and spread of Neolithic economies fueled population growth and established large group settlements. New tasks, activities and functions emerged from large group settlements. Political systems of authority were used to handle problems such as population growth, social groups proliferate, and economy increases in scale and diversity

ranked society (12)

A society with hereditary inequality but lacking social stratification

egalitarian society (12)

A society with rudimentary status distinctions.

bronze (12)

An alloy of copper and arsenic or copper and tin.

12. Name four regions where agriculture began, then name two plants and one animal domesticate from each place. If no animal evidence was found in that area, then name three plants.

Andean Region: potatoes, peanuts, alpacas Middle East: wheat, barley, pigs Mesoamerica: maize, beans, turkeys Southern China: rice, cotton, chickens

rise of the state

As competition increased in forms of warfare and conquest of large numbers of people, larger political units arose that we call states. States relied on food production, trade, region control, tributes and tac, economic class or caste stratification (workers, farmers, serfs, slaves, priests, military, nobles) - monumental architecture, temple, streets, trade centers, writings of some sort, etc.

5. What was the most significant contrast between Old and New World food production? A. heavy use of horses in the New World food production B. little or lack of animal domestication in the New World C. dependence on herding animals in the New World D. lack of animal domestication in the Old World E. domestication of mammoths in the Old World, but not the New World

B little or lack of animals domestication in the new world

2. During the broad-spectrum revolution, humans did not shift their attention to A. fish. B. animals that reproduce quickly. C. small-bodied animals. D. mammoths. E. a broader spectrum of animals, as opposed to specializing in the hunting of a few species.

D. mammoths

Broad spectrum revolution (11)

Foraging of varied plant and animal foods at the end of the ice age in which plant and animal life was hunted and gathered. - prelude to the Neolithic. Beginning around (15,000 b.p Middle East) (12,000 b.p. Europe) - It was revolutionary because, in the Middle East, it led to food production- human control over the reproduction of plants and animals

The rise of the State locations

Mesopotamia 5,500 y.a. Egypt 5,000 y.a. Harappan 4,500 y.a Shang Dynasty 3,500 y.a. Mayan in Peru 2,200 y.a Mesoamerica 2-3,000 y.a

Mesoamerica (11)

Middle America, including Mexico, Guatemala, and Belize

Vertical Economy

Middle eastern food production arose in 4 distinct environmetal zones: (1) high plateau (2) hilly flanks (3) piedmont steppe (4) alluvial desert. - ME had a vertical economy. Such that exploits environmental zones that alough close together in space, contrast with one another in altitude, climate, vegetation and resources - envornmental zones were linked by trade exchanging seeds leading to domestication

sedentism (11)

Settled (sedentary) life. a consequence of population growth and the need to begin produce foods and get more from less land

Teotihuacán (12)

The first Valley of Mexico state (100-700 C.E.); earliest Mesoamerican empire. - - rich in volcanic soils, but rainfall wasn't always reliable. climate and Frosts limited farmers in the Northern valley until quick growing maize was developed. Most people lived in the warmer and wetter southern part of the valley. The population began to increase and spread to the North. o By 1 c.e. Teotihuacan was a town of 10,000 people. Teotihuacan's growth reflected its agricultural potential. Perpetual springs permitted irrigation ofa large alluvial plain o Rural farmers supplied food for the growing urban population o Along with state organization at Teotihuacan went large scale irrigation, status differentiation and complex architecture. It grew as a planned city built on a grid pattern, with the Pyramid of the Sun at the center. o By 500 c.e. the population reached 125,000 making it larger than imperial Rome. o Farmers were one of its diverse specialized groups along with artisans, merchants, and political, religious, and military personnel.

smelting (12)

The high-temperature extraction of metal from ore.

stratification (12)

The presence of social divisions—strata—with unequal wealth and power.

Early burial sites of chiefdoms

Those chiefdoms left behind cemeteries where high-status people buried with distinctive items: vessels, statuettes, necklaces, and high-quality ceramics. - These goods were buried with children too young to have earned prestige on their own, who happened to be born into elite families. o In the village of Tell es-Sawwan, infant graves show a continuum of richness. Such signs of slight gradations in social status are exactly what one expects in ranked societies.

11. According to Childe there are ten key attributes of early cities and states. Please list six:

Writing was used for record keeping Predictive sciences developed including arithmetic, geometry, and astronomy The first cites were populated, more complex and larger than any previous settlements Early cities differed from villages in composition and function, within the city were full-time specialist craftsmen, transport workers, merchants, officials, and priests Each primary producer had to pay a tithe or tax to a deity or divines king who concentrated theses contributions in a central place Monumental buildings distinguished cities from villages, while also symbolizing the right of rulers to draw on the treasury and to command a labor force

Sedentism

a consequence of population growth and the need to begin produce foods and get more from less land

4. What are the main differences between wild and domesticated plants? A. The seeds of domesticated cereals are larger. B. Wild plants produce a higher yield per unit of area. C. Domesticated plants never lose their seed dispersal mechanisms. D. Wild pods hold together and do not shatter. E. None of the above.

a. The seeds of domesticated cerals were larger

vegeculture

care for plants developed during the mesolithic

10. A stratified society is one in which status differences are A. inherited and distributed along a continuum from the highest ranking to the lowest without breaks. B. not inherited. C. based on achievements and gender. D. inherited and divided sharply between distinct noble and commoner classes. E. inherited but not divided between noble and commoner classes.

d. inherited and divided sharply between distinct noble and commoner classes

Pottery---Earlier in China, later in the Middle East

earliest evidence--20,000 y.a -Jiiangxi, China and were used as simple cooking vessels. -o But plant cultivation did not reach china until 10,000 b.p.

13. List two advantages and two disadvantages of foraging (food collecting), and two advantages and two disadvantages of food-producing societies.

food collecting advantages: less disease, more variation disadvantages: food source is less reliable, forced into nomadic lifestyles to find dood food producing advantages: created new forms of political and social organization. increased economic production Disadvantages: poorer nutrition, more labor

ranked society type 1

individuals are ranked but villages are independent of one another.

Urban Centers

large, dense, polyethnic settlements, often with complex economic institutions. (markets and trades, crafting and control beyond the region of the city. social differentiation and inequality in the form of social classes and castes. Some were based on priesthood, religious class and some military class

- Steps toward food production

o Climate change: the ME climate became warmer and moister during the late Pleistocene and early Holocene, favoring the expansion of wild plants and animals. o Certain areas became so rich in plant and animal life that foragers could adopt sedentism- sedentary (settled) life in villages - Food production began in hilly flanks, because wild wheat and barley were so abundant there - Ali Kosh, a village in the piedmont steppe. By 9,000 b.p. residents were heading goats intensively, collecting various wild plants and harvesting wheat during the late summer and early spring

origin of private property

o Common property to private property was accompanied with the transition from foraging to food production o When resources are wild, dispersed, or mobile, a common property system works best o When food production came around, individuals and families began to work, claim and exclude others from fields and livestock o Farming did not out-produce broad spectrum foraging, when resources were abundant in the hilly flanks o Individuals who want to try farming nay have their innovative efforts thwarted by the value system of their traditional society o Sedentism made it easier to demarcate resources, such as dwelling and storage pits. They would stay close to consume it, excluding those who did not help with the labor o Once of critical mass of people adopted both the new property rights and the Neolithic economy, communities of farmers could out-produce foragers and spread widely as a result

food production and the state

o Middle eastern economies began more specialized, geared more towrd crops and herds. Some of the increasing populations spilled back int o the hilly flanks where people eventually had to intensify production by cultivating o By 7,000 .p. simple irrigation systems had developed, tapping springs in the foothills. By 6,000 b.p. more complex irrigation techniques hade agriculture possible in the arid lowlands of southern Mesopotamia o This was the state, a social and political unit featuring a central governments, extreme contrasts of wealth and social classes

Kent Flannery middle eastern eras transition to farming and herdig

o The era of seminomadic hunting and gathering (12,000-10,000 b.p.) encompassed the last stages of broad spectrum foraging. This was the period just before domestication o Next came the era of early dry farming and caprine domestication. Dry farming refers to farming without irrigation. The first domesticated plants were wheat and barley, and the first domesticated animals were sheep and goats o During the era of increased specialization in food production (7500-5500 bb.p) new crops were added to the diet along with more productive varieties of wheat and barley. Cattle and pigs were domesticated o By 5500 b.p agriculture extended ot the alluvial plain of the Tigris and Euphates river

adopting new subsistence strategy

o such as cultivation would be those having the hardest time maintaining their tradition subsistence base § productivity of early farmers was below that of the foragers they eventually replaces § We know that ME food production began in marginal areas rather than optimal zones and provide more of an incentive to innovate and experiment with early domestication § By 11,000 b.p ME climate turned drier and the optimal zones for foraging shrank. Whether propelled by climate change or merely the need to subsist in marginal areas seemed to have been the mother of invention

Mesolithic

period immediately preceding the food-producing period - Glacial melt into the forest and river valleys and depletion of big game, lead to limited resource along with an increased population growth - provided the stimulus to intensify technologies associated with food production and for producing more food on less land

Agriculture was a response

population growth. agricultural settlements used up the available arable land leading to competition and conflict. Eventually, when all available land was usurped, conquest became necessary and warfare ensued.

Catalhoyuk, Turkey

prospered from long distance trade including obsidian between 9,500 and 7,000 y.a. - sitting on top of a grassy mound is the largest settlement of the neolithic age - located near a river for rich soil and lush animal environment, irrigation was harnessed by 7,000 b.p. - up to 10,000 people lived in crowded mud-brick houses that had separate areas for ritual uses. the South side of the house was reserved for cooking and the remaining wall consisted of wall paintings - families were buried beneath their dwellings, allowing to 2-3 generations before burning and moving - families acted independently - The town never became a city with a centralized organization. Catalhoyuk never had leaders who controlled or managed trade and production. Food was stored and processed not collectively but more of a domestic scale

Clark Larsen and Catalhoyuk

reported on an examination and analysis of 742 human skeletons (Skull, teeth and bones). In a quarter of the skulls, the team identified healed fractures at the top or back of the cranium, suggesting that violent and unexpected head trauma was common. Overcrowding and poor health may suggest reason for the head trauma. - Teeth and bones revealed a high rate of infections, likely reflecting crowding and poor hygiene. Tooth decay was common and reflected residents grain-heavy diet. - Catalhoyuk also faced climate change, as the M.E. became drier and warmer, making farming increasingly challenging.

Consequenses of agriculture

sedentary lifestyle and the growth of settlements of people into urban centers. - land tenure and ownership, craft specialization, particularly pottery and eventually trade between regions. - the emergence of social classes, political centralization, large-scale religious organizations and activities - crowding, malnutrition, disease, warfare and competition.

NE U.S. domesticated

sunflower, squash, goosefoot, marsh elder

Jericho

the earliest town was Jericho, located in present-day Israel, at a well-watered oasis near the Dead Sea. Around 11,000 years ago Jericho was first settled by Natufian Foragers. Occupation in Jericho continued thereafter, through and beyond biblical times. - After the Natufian period, Jericho developed into an unplanned, densely populated town w/ round houses and about 2,000 people. Surrounding the town was a sturdy wall with a massive tower. May have been built as a flood barrier rather than for defense. Around 9,000 b.p., Jericho was destroyed and rebuilt with square houses. It was common to bury the dead beneath their homes - Pottery reached Jericho around 8,000 b.p.

Natufians

§ Nataufians collected wild cereals and hunted gazelle, had year round villages and could harvest enough grain to feed themselves for a year § They could no longer maintain nomadic lifestyles, because theyd need to stay close to their grain supply § Shows permanent architectural features and evidence for processing and storage of wild grains.

ranked society type 2

§ both individuals and villages are ranked, and there is loss of village autonomy. Smaller villages, no longer independent, have come under the authority of leaders who live in larger, higher-ranked villages. · According to Kent Flannery only this second type of ranked society, featuring loss of village autonomy, should be called a chiefdom. (Chiefdoms are marked by differences in rank among both individuals and communities