Life Span and Development
What does nurture refer to in the nature vs. nurture debate?
environment and culture
Adolescents (ages 12-18) experiment with and develop a sense of who they are and what roles they want to play. What is the primary developmental task of this stage?
identity vs. confusion
The concept conservation refers to ________.
knowing that even if you change the appearance of something, it is still equal in size as long as nothing has been removed or added
Which of the following is not a developmental issue children face during the preoperational stage?
object permanence
Ego identity is our ________.
sense of self
a. fine motor skills development
stranger anxiety
A ________ is any environmental agent—biological, chemical, or physical—that causes damage.
teratogen
Which of the following does not occur during the concrete operational stage?
Children begin to use language.
Who developed the psychosocial theory of development?
Erik Erikson
Which of the following statements about parenting styles is true?
In some ethnic groups, authoritarian parenting is as beneficial as authoritative parenting.
Who believed that moral development, like cognitive development, follows a series of stages?
Lawrence Kohlberg
Which of the following illustrates conservation?
Scott knows that one piece of pizza cut into two slices is the same amount as cutting the same piece of pizza into three slices.
Who called the stages of development psychosexual stages?
Sigmund Freud
What does the normative approach ask regarding the lifespan?
What is normal development?
Children who are developing disorganized attachment to their caregivers most likely have been ________.
abused
Which concept refers to the persistent difference in grades, test scores, and graduation rates that exist among students of different ethnicities, races, and sexes?
achievement gap
Children whose parents have an authoritarian parenting style can be ________.
anxious, withdrawn, and unhappy
One-year-old Ainsley learned the schema for trucks because his family has a truck. When Ainsley sees trucks on television, she says, "Look mommy, truck!" This exemplifies ________.
assimilation
Which term refers to the adjustment of a schema by adding information similar to what is already known?
assimilation
Late maturing boys are ________.
at a higher risk of depression
Early maturing girls are ________.
at a higher risk of depression, substance abuse, and eating disorders
________ is a long-standing connection or bond with others.
attachment
________ development involves learning, attention, memory, language, thinking, reasoning, and creativity.
cognitive
Which of the following is a developmental issue children face during the concrete operational stage?
conservation
Annaliese knows that her friend is paying an online service to write a term paper. This bothers her, but she knows that if she tells the teacher everyone will think she is a snitch. She decides her friends' approval is more important, so she says nothing about the cheating. What stage of moral reasoning does this exemplify?
conventional
The continuous development approach views development as a ________.
cumulative process
What is the primary psychosocial milestone of childhood?
developing a positive sense of self
Crawling, walking, writing, dressing, naming colors, speaking in sentences, and starting puberty are all examples of ________.
developmental milestones
Specific normative events are also called ________.
developmental milestones
Theorists who view development as ________ believe that development takes place in unique stages.
discontinuous
Jory, a six year old, is picking out a card for his mother's birthday. He picks the card with a picture of Lightning McQueen, reasoning that since he loves Cars his mother does to. What does this exemplify?
egocentrism
Grasping a toy, writing with a pencil, and using a spoon are all examples of ________ motor skills.
fine
Children in the ________ stage can use abstract thinking to problem solve, look at alternative solutions, and test these solutions.
formal operational
Dorothy knows songs and rhymes by memory. She can name most colors and numbers, she can even write the letters of her name. Assuming she reached these cognitive and language development milestones at the average age, about how old is Dorothy?
four
When people reach their 40s, they enter the time known as middle adulthood, which extends to the mid-60s. This involves finding their life's work and contributing to the development of others through activities such as volunteering, mentoring, and raising children. What is the primary developmental task of this stage?
generativity vs. stagnation
Balancing, running, and jumping are all examples of ________ motor skills.
gross
During the elementary school stage (ages 6-12), children begin to compare themselves to their peers to see how they measure up. They either develop a sense of accomplishment or they feel inadequate when they don't measure up. What is the primary developmental task of this stage?
industry vs. inferiority
Which of the following is a developmental issue children face during the formal operational stage?
moral reasoning
________ skills refer to our ability to move our bodies and manipulate objects.
motor
Madeline is seven months old. Her mother is eating a cookie and Madeline wants some. Her mother hides the cookie under a napkin, but Madeline is not fooled. She knows the cookie is still there. What does this exemplify?
object permanence
During the ________ stage, children understand events and analogies logically, and they can perform simple mathematical operations.
operational
Carissa's parents let her stay up as late as she wants. She is allowed to pick out her own clothes and decide when and what she wants to eat. Her parents act more like her friends than authority figures. What kind of parenting style is this?
permissive
________ development involves growth and changes in the body and brain, the senses, motor skills, and health and wellness.
physical
In ________ thinking, decisions are made based on situations and circumstances, and logic is integrated with emotion as adults develop principles that depend on contexts.
postformal
Elroy decided not to cheat on the exam because he would fail the class if he was caught. What stage of moral development does this exemplify?
pre-conventional
According to Jean Piaget, in what stage do children begin to use language?
preoperational
________ development involves emotions, personality, and social relationships.
psychosocial
It is hard to tell how Guy's father will respond to Guy. Sometimes he is responsive to Guy's needs, but he is just as likely to ignore Guy. At 18 months old, Guy clings to his father, but he is just as likely to reject his father if his father tries to play with him. Guy becomes angry when his father leaves, and Guy is difficult to comfort even after his father returns. What kind of attachment is this?
resistant
________ are concepts (mental models) that are used to help us categorize and interpret information.
schemata
Umberto is a one year old, and his mother is sensitive and responsive to his needs. He is distressed when his mother leaves him, and he is happy to see her when she returns. What kind of attachment is this?
secure
Between birth and one year, infants are dependent on their caregivers; therefore, caregivers who are responsive and sensitive to their infant's needs help their baby to develop a sense of the world as a safe, predictable place. What is the primary developmental task of this stage?
trust vs. mistrust
A(an) ________ begins as a one-cell structure that is created when a sperm and egg merge.
zygote