Lifespan Development-HDFS 2400W

Which sense is the most developed at birth?

Hearing

Justin is an infant that is able to use distraction and seeking help when he is frustrated. What can we predict about his mother's parenting strategies?

His mother provides more guidance in helping him regulate his emotions

Which of the following would be considered the earliest schema a newborn has?

Inborn motor responses

How does disequilibrium lead to cognitive growth?

Individuals experience a mismatch between existing schemas and reality, which is confusing, so they are motivated to modify their cognitive schemas to match reality

Which of the following statements is consistent with the core knowledge perspective?

Infants are born with several innate knowledge systems that enable early rapid learning

Which statement is true regarding the maturational view of motor development?

Infants from around the world display roughly the same sequence of motor milestones

How do infants who are considered to be quick learners perform on habituation tasks?

Infants who learn quickly look away from an unchanging stimulus more quickly.

Olivia is an infant taking part in the Strange Situation. When her mother comes back in the room, she ignores her mother and fails to greet her, even when her mother calls her name. When her mother tries to pick her up, she turns away. What attachment type is Olivia's behavior consistent with?

Insecure-avoidant attachment

Max is a baby who hears his father's voice and turns his head in the direction of the sound. He also tries to track where his father is in the room with his eyes. What is this an example of?

Intermodal perception

According to research, which individual will likely show the greatest amount of plasticity following a brain injury?

Janessa, who is 6

Which culture tends to raise babies to be more passive, less irritable and vocal, and more easily soothed when upset?

Japan

Jennifer is an infant who has begun to put all the spoons in a pile and all the forks in a pile when her mother is doing dishes. She also will put the toy cars together and the stuffed animals together in boxes in her playroom. Based on what we know about categorization in infants, how old is Jennifer?

Jennifer is most likely just turning 15 months old.

Which of the following is an example of gender typing?

Jessica says that girls are smart and boys are stupid

Kenzie is an infant that sucks her thumb when she is anxious. She also chews on toys when she sees other children fighting. As she gets a little older, she will go to her room when her brothers start fighting. Why does Kenzie do all of these behaviors?

Kenzie is engaging in emotional regulation

_____ is a fine, down-like hair that covers the fetus's body.

Lanugo

Which of the following characteristics is part of the behavioral style of a difficult child?

Responds poorly to novelty in food, situations, routines, and strangers

Carter is an infant taking part in the Strange Situation. He was wary of the stranger when she entered the room. When his mother left, he cried and the stranger tried to comfort him unsuccessfully. When his mother came back into the room, he smiled at her and reached to her. His mother picked him up and he stopped crying and soon was able to sit on the floor and play with the toys. What attachment type is Carter's behavior consistent with?

Secure attachment

What area of development does the internal working model of attachment influence in children?

Self-concept or sense of self

What technique used to study infant categorization involves a researcher recording an infant's patterns of touching when shown objects?

Sequential touching

Rachel is a baby who is described as more inactive than most other babies. She tends to be fairly moody. She doesn't respond very intensely to anything. Rachel is very hesitant when she meets new people, but she will accept them after a little while. When her mother introduces new foods, Rachel doesn't like them at first. She needs to try them multiple times before she will eat. What temperamental style does Rachel have?

Slow to warm up

According to _____, observational learning is one of the most powerful ways in which we learn.

Social learning theory.

_____ occurs when the lower part of the neural tube fails to close.

Spina bifida

______ are master cells that have the capacity to generate into muscle cells, blood cells, brain cells, and more.

Stem cells

What concept is defined as a characteristic, predictable style that is influenced by inborn tendencies toward arousal and stimulation, and experiences with adults and contexts?

Temperament

The most often used standardized measure of infant intelligence is:

The Bayley Scales of Infant Development III (BSID-III)

What is critical for selecting information to process in working memory?

The ability to focus and switch attention

What is the most important determinant of infant attachment?

The caregiver's ability to consistently and sensitively respond to the child's signals

Which time period in a child's life is considered to be a very important time in terms of experience and neural development?

The first three years of life when connections are forming between neurons

What cognitive skill results in an infant's ability to attend to and learn from television and video?

The information processing skill of attention.

Carrie's mother gives her a big smile and says "good job" every time Carrie says "thank you." Which perVoluntary reaching is an example of:spective on language development is this an example of?

The learning perspective

Joanne is an infant who is taking the Bayley Scales of Infant Development. She is asked to drink from a cup, is observed sitting in an upright position, and asked to climb stairs. Which of the scales is she being assessed on?

The motor scale

Which perspective on language development accounts for children's unique utterances and the unusual grammatical mistakes they make in speaking?

The nativist perspective

What is the name of the experimental task in which an infant interacts with an adult who first engages in normal social interaction and then suddenly becomes unresponsive?

The still-face interaction paradigm

What developmental task of infancy may influence several components of temperament, including rhythmicity, distractibility, intensity of reaction, and attention?

The task of learning how to regulate attention and emotions

In order for a toddler to be able to experience self-conscious emotions, they must be able to do all of the following except:

The toddler must be able to use social referencing

How would a researcher study depth perception?

The visual cliff

Recent research on the A-not-B error suggests that the reason 10-month-olds fail to recover the hidden toy is not because they lack object permanence but instead:

They have an immature motor system

How do researchers typically study infant attention?

They use preferential looking procedures and habituation procedures

Cassie is an infant who has a mother that is very sensitive to her needs and responds to her every time she cries. Cassie grows into a toddler that loves to explore her environment and is very independent. What would Erikson say that Cassie developed in her first year of life to behave like she does as a toddler?

Trust

What does Chomsky think is housed in the language acquisition device (LAD)?

Universal grammar

_____ is a greasy material that protects the fetal skin from abrasions, chapping, and hardening that can occur with exposure to amniotic fluid.

Vernix caseosa

_______ sociocultural theory focuses on how culture is transmitted from one generation to the next through social interaction

Vygotsky's

Professor Norris is interested in how children from different cultures acquire the cognitive skills necessary to be productive members of society. His research focuses on how adults and peers communicate culturally relevant knowledge, as well as the emphasis different cultures place on play and work. Professor Norris's research is consistent with ______ theory.

Vygtosky's

Maddie watches her mother hide her favorite toy behind the couch. After she gets down from her high chair after lunch, she crawls over to the couch and gets her toy. What part of memory is Maddie using?

Working memory

Today, most developmental scientists believe that people are __________ their own development.

active contributors to

Which area shows the largest gender difference between boys and girls?

aggression

Research on children's suggestibility indicates that:

although children are more vulnerable than adults, even 4 year olds can resist suggestions

A neural tube defect called _______ occurs when the top part of the neural tube fails to close.

anencephaly

Upon hearing a loud burst of thunder, 5-year-old DeShaun exclaims, "The sky is mad and is yelling!" DeShaun's statement is an example of _______.

animism

When presented with conservation tasks, young children center on the ______ of an object without realizing that the process can be reversed.

appearence

A lasting emotional tie between two people who each strive to maintain closeness to the other and act to ensure that the relationship continues is called:

attachment.

Jon's parents are warm and sensitive. They hug him and praise him every day. His parents also are strict in rule setting. When Jon got his first bicycle, they sat down with him and talked about safety and the rules associated with bike riding. They asked Jon what he thought would be a fair distance to ride away from the house and together came up with a route he could take. What type of parenting style describes Jon's parents?

authoritative

Which parenting style results in a child displaying confidence, cooperation, self-esteem, social skills, and high academic achievement?

authoritative parenting style

The view that males have adapted to become more aggressive and competitive because these traits were advantageous in securing a mate and having babies is consistent with a _____ explanation of gender differences.

biological explanation

The _______ is a fluid-filled sphere with cells forming a protective circle around an inner cluster of cells from which the _____ will develop.

blastocyst; embryo

Preterm babies are:

born before their due date.

Baby Li is participating in a research study in which his physical growth is measured once a day. Li's parents were surprised to find out that monthly measurements of height showed gradual increases, but daily measurements revealed growth spurts that sometimes lasted up to 24 hours. This example supports the assertion that physical growth is:

both continuous and discontinuous

Globally, _____ accounts for 30 to 50% of HIV transmission in newborns.

breast-feeding

One of the most important criticisms of Freud's theory is that it:

cannot be directly tested

Grouping different stimuli from a common class is called:

categorization

______ refers to the tendency to focus on one part of a stimulus or situation and exclude all others.

centration

Vicky is a parent who does not know a lot about child development. She expects her child to be able to do more than she is developmentally capable of. Vicky has low self-esteem, poor coping skills, and is unhappy most of the time. She yells at her children almost every day. What are Vicky's children at risk for?

child maltreatment

Each time Isabella sits down to feed her baby a bottle, she gently strokes the baby's head. One day, Isabella began stroking her daughter's head and noticed that the baby started sucking, even though it wasn't feeding time. The baby's association between having her head stroked and the presentation of food is an example of _______.

classical conditioning

Ajee, who was adopted from Kenya at the age of 6, experienced chronic malnutrition from birth until the time of her adoption. Ajee is at-risk for:

cognitive deficits

Millennials, or young people reaching adulthood around the year 2000, are a generation born around the same time. Millennials are an example of a _______.

cohort

Jeffrey tells other children to get out of his yard in a mean voice. His friends cheer him on and praise him for being tough. When his sister asks him to stop being mean, he ignores her. Jeffrey's behavior is consistent with which explanation of gender role development?

contextual explanation

From an information processing perspective, development is ______ and entails changes in the efficiency and speed with which we think.

continuous

Natalie and Greta are pretending to be superheroes. They are on the playground finding victims to save (which are really just their peers that they are pretending to save). They are able to get five other children to join along. Natalie, Greta, and their peers are engaging in:

cooperative play

Which discipline technique is most likely to result in a child showing higher rates of emotional and social problems than other children?

corporal punishment

In each of Erikson's psychosocial stages, an individual faces a(n) ______ that must be resolved.

crisis or conflict

In the 1950s and early 1960s, many women were prescribed thalidomide to prevent morning sickness. This drug, often taken in early pregnancy, was associated with:

deformities of the arms and legs

The _______ becomes the skin, nails, hair, teeth, sensory organs, and the nervous system.

ectoderm

When 3-year-old Aaron takes his sister's doll away, she begins to cry. After being scolded by his father, Aaron insists that he didn't do anything to make his sister cry. Aaron's inability to understand why his sister is upset is an example of _____.

egocentrism

Parents who use a(n) _______ conversational style have 3-year-olds who engage in longer conversations about events, remember more details, and tend to remember the events better at age 5.

elaborative

During the _____ period, all of the organs and major body systems are formed.

embryonic

Marla is 4 weeks pregnant. She is in the ______ period of pregnancy.

embryonic

The ______ becomes the digestive system, liver, lungs, pancreas, salivary glands, and respiratory system.

endoderm

Mrs. Lopez is a brain-based educator. When directing her lessons to the left hemisphere, she will have her students:

engage in reading and writing

Following winter break, Ms. Young asks her preschool class what they did over the holidays. Ms. Young is assessing her students':

episodic memory

Travis has worked for the same company for almost ten years. He dislikes his boss, often works overtime without pay, and sees little opportunity for advancement. Travis's work stress has started to affect his personal life. He frequently argues with his wife and has little patience for his 2-year-old son. Travis is easily irritated when his son whines or makes a mess, which creates even more stress in the household. According to Bronfenbrenner's theory, the influence of Travis's work stress on his son's development falls within the _____.

exosystem

When the brain depends on experiencing certain basic events and stimuli at key points in time in order to develop normally, it is called:

experience-expectant brain development

Darrius can button his shirt, pour juice into a glass, and draw pictures with crayons. These abilities are called ______.

fine motor skills

Between the ages of 4 and 5, children's drawings reflect the convergence of:

fine motor skills and cognitive development

Lauren (a girl) told her grandma that she is a boy because she likes to wear "boy shirts" and wants to be a football player. Lauren does not yet understand:

gender constancy

Activities, attitudes, skills, and characteristics that are considered appropriate for males or females are:

gender roles

The cognitive-developmental explanation of gender role development that emphasizes information processing and environmental influences is called:

gender schema theory

Critics have argued that Vygotsky's theory places too little emphasis on:

genetic and biological factors.

The majority of women over the age of 35:

give birth to healthy babies.

The match between a child's temperament and the parent's temperament and child-rearing methods is called:

goodness of fit.

The ability to control the large movements of the body is called:

gross motor development

Voluntary reaching is an example of:

gross motor development

_______ is a form of sensitive teaching in which the partner is attuned to the needs of the child and helps him or her to accomplish more than the child could do alone.

guided participation

Scientists generate _____, or proposed explanations for a given phenomenon, that can be tested by research.

hypotheses

Because development is multidirectional, at all ages, individuals can compensate for losses by:

improving existing skills and developing new ones.

Most people have no memories prior to age 3. This phenomenon is known as ________.

infantile amnesia

Kevin's parents have set the rule that he must clean up his toys every night as part of his bedtime routine. One night, he fell asleep before he cleaned up. He woke up crying after he realized that he didn't put his toys away before bedtime. What stage is Kevin illustrating?

initiative versus guilt

Maddie really wants to paint at the easel. She walks up to Jeffrey who is painting and takes his paint brush. What type of aggression is Maddie engaging in?

instrumental aggression

While vacuuming the playroom, Jackson's mother set his train track on a table. Seeing that the track had been moved, Jackson became upset and complained that his track was ruined. After Jackson's mother returned the track to the floor, Jackson continued to fuss, arguing that his trains would no longer work on the track. Jackson's inability to understand that moving the track from the table to the floor restored it to the original state is an example of _______.

irreversibility

A cesarean section:

is a surgical procedure that removes the fetus from the uterus through the abdomen

Bianca recently found out that she's pregnant. Prior to confirming the pregnancy, Bianca was a heavy smoker. However, she plans to cut back to no more than five cigarettes a day. Bianca:

is at risk for having a low birth weight baby.

A malnutritive disease that is characterized by lethargy, wrinkled skin, and a bloating and swelling of the stomach, face, legs and arms is called:The loss of unused neural connections is a process called:

kwashiorkor

Children's performance on false belief tasks is closely related with _____ development.

language

Research indicates that picky eating:

may be relatively stable individual traits

The ______ becomes the muscles, skeleton, circulatory system, and internal organs.

mesoderm

_____ refers to knowledge of how the mind works and the ability to control the mind.

metacognition

Denise has been using cocaine throughout her pregnancy. Denise's baby is at risk for:

microcephaly and neurobehavioral disturbances.

According to Bronfenbrenner's bioecological model, your family, peers, and school represent your:

microsystem

Throughout the lifespan, we change physically, cognitively, and psychosocially. This illustrates the notion that development is _____.

multidimensional

At the beginning of her first human development course in college, Vi wondered, "Am I the person I am today because of heredity, or did I become who I am because of my environment?" Vi's question reflects the ________ issue in lifespan development.

nature-nurture

Explanations that rely on ______ indicate that inborn genetic endowments or heredity, maturational processes, and evolution are causes of developmental change. In contrast, explanations that point to ______ suggest that individuals are molded by the physical and social environment in which they are raised.

nature; nurture

Academically oriented preschool programs that emphasize academics over self-directed exploration:

negatively influence motivation and learning

A newborn baby is also called a(n) _____.

neonate

The creation of new neurons is called:

neurogenesis

The understanding that objects continue to exist outside of sensory awareness is called:

object permanence

Shelly often serves her young children cereal for breakfast. What should Shelly know about cereals marketed to children?

over two-thirds do not meet U.S. nutrition standards for food served in schools

As baby Sanjay's physical development improves, he is able to crawl around and explore his environment. This advances his cognitive development, as he learns about the size and shape of objects, as well as how they function. His newfound crawling skills also contribute to changes in Sanjay's psychosocial development. For example, he may experience anger when he picks up a breakable object, only to have one of his parents take it away. In addition, Sanjay experiences happiness when his parents encourage his motor efforts and frustration when they remove him from an unsafe area, such as the stairs. This example shows that the three areas of development ________.

overlap and interact

Maecy was prenatally exposed to marijuana and cocaine. Both of her parents continue to struggle with substance abuse. At age 5, Maecy is at risk for:

overly harsh discipline

One criticism of brain-based education is that it:

oversimplifies complex theories and research

Amanda is sitting next to Ben in the block area. They are both building their own tower. They are not talking to one another and they are not sharing blocks. Amanda and Ben are engaging in:

parallel play

Marty's mother drank during her pregnancy. She often consumed a beer in the evenings, followed by an occasional glass of wine. Marty is shorter and lighter than his peers, he has a below-average head circumference, and has difficulty attending to directions. Marty most likely has:

partial fetal alcohol syndrome.

Parents who permit their children to make their own decisions at an early age, often before they are able, engage in a(an):

permissive style parenting

Renee, pregnant for the first time, wonders how the developing organism receives nutrients and oxygen and rids itself of waste. This principal organ of exchange between the mother and the developing organism is the ______.

placenta

The malleability or changeability of development is called ______.

plasticity

The lowest level of Kohlberg's moral stages is ______.

preconventional reasoning

Created in 1965 by the federal government, _________ was designed to provide economically disadvantaged children with nutritional, health, and educational services during their early years.

project Head Start

Changes in personality, emotions, views of oneself, social skills, and interpersonal relationships with family and friends are called _____ development.

psychosocial

____ memory is the ability to generate a memory of a stimulus encountered before without seeing it again.

recall

Ten-month-old Tauji is a happy, laid-back baby. He often smiles and laughs and is rarely cranky unless he is hungry or tired. Due to his easy temperament, Tauji's parents and other adults enjoy interacting with him. He receives frequent hugs and kisses which, in turn, results in more positive interactions. The interaction between Tauji's behavior and the supportive environment in which he is being raised is an example of:

reciprocal determinism.

The ability to recognize a stimulus one has encountered before is called _____ memory.

recognition

Fetal alcohol spectrum disorders:

refer to the continuum of effects of exposure to alcohol

Each time 3-year-old Maddy uses her potty chair, her father puts a sticker on a chart. After earning five stickers, Maddy gets to pick out a small toy at the store. Maddy's father is using ______ to increase the likelihood that Maddy will continue to use the potty chair.

reinforcement

MacKenzie is a 2-year-old who gets along well with her peers. When she saw another child upset because he didn't have a cookie, she gave him her cookie. Her mother gave her a hug and told her how proud she was of her for sharing her cookie. MacKenzie experienced a form of:

reinforcement

Excluding someone from social activities, withdrawing friendship, spreading rumors, or humiliating the person is known as _____ and is more common in _____.

relational aggression; girls

When serious defects occur during the embryonic period, they often:

result in spontaneous abortion

While working on a puzzle with his 3-year-old daughter, Jon demonstrates how to put the outside pieces of the puzzle together first, followed by matching up the puzzle shapes and colors. After his daughter observes for a bit, she begins to pick up pieces and tries to match them together. When she appears confused or looks to her father, Jon points to where the piece should go. Jon's modeling and support illustrate Vygotsky's concept of ________.

scaffolding

A concept, idea, and way of interacting on the world is called a(an):

schema

When asked about her bedtime routine, 4-year-old Zoe says, "I put on my jammies, we brush teeth, and then read a book." Zoe's description is an example of ______.

scripts

A child's self-description is called a(an):

self-concept

Jenny tells everyone that she is 4 years old and is blonde with blue eyes. Sometimes she tells people that she has a black dog and a white cat. She also tells people how high she can jump. What is this called?

self-concept

When children demonstrate independence and act purposefully, they are primed to develop a healthy sense of

self-esteem

In the information processing system, the first step in getting information into the mind is:

sensory memory

When he engages in planning behavior, 4-year-old Cario is likely to:

skip important steps

The concern or sorrow for another person is called:

sympathy

The loss of unused neural connections is a process called:

synaptic pruning

Follow-up research on Piaget's preoperational stage indicates that most 4-year-olds understand:

that inanimate objects are not alive

The indifferent gonad develops into:

the male or female genitals

During the embryonic period:

the organism is especially vulnerable to damage from teratogens

In contrast to Freud's theory, Erikson focused on the role of ___________ in shaping development.

the social world, society, and culture

Effective scaffolding works within __________, the gap between the child's competence level, what he can do alone, and what he can do with assistance.

the zone of proximal development

Cleavage refers to the process in which:

the zygote splits down the middle, forming two identical cells.

A _____ is a way of organizing a set of observations or facts into comprehensive explanations of how something works.

theory

Which theory addresses the advancement of perspective taking that allows for greater empathetic and prosocial behavior?

theory of mind

_____ refers to children's awareness of their own and other people's mental processes.

theory of mind

Many fine motor skills are difficult for young children because:

they involve both hands and both sides of the brain

Piaget's tests of preoperational thinking _______ young children's cognitive abilities.

underestimated

Andrew's parents are very strict. They expect Andrew to obey them, and he is not allowed to question what they say or he is punished. His parents yell at him often and when he disobeys they spank him. What type of parenting style describes Andrew's parents?

uninvolved

Which of the following accurately describes what happens to unused synapses in the brain?

unused synapses are pruned and neurons are reserved for future use.

According to the experts, how do children learn best?

when they are reinforced for good behavior

When asked to recall a list of 10 items, 4-year-old Chase:

will rely on scripting to remember the items

The germinal period is also known as the period of the ______.

zygote

Felipe's wife is pregnant with their first baby. Felipe is anxious to have a boy and wants to know when he'll be able to see the external genital organs on an ultrasound. The genital organs will become apparent at about ____ weeks.

12

Which growth pattern explains why a toddler catches a ball with both of his or her arms instead of with only one hand?

Proximodistal

Eileen is pregnant with her first child. She wonders when she will be able to feel the fetus moving. The doctor will tell her the fetal movements can be felt between ____ to ____ weeks.

17; 20

Diane has been a neonatal nurse for over 30 years. She is often asked questions about the age of viability. The period begins at about ___ weeks after conception.

22

Which sensorimotor substage involves patterns of repetition with objects and is more oriented to the infant's environment?

3: Secondary Circular Reactions

The risk of Down syndrome increases sharply, especially after age ____.

40

Newborns spend about ___% of their sleep time in REM.

50%

In which sensorimotor substage are infants capable of deferred imitation?

6: Mental Representations

According to Piaget, at what age does an infant develop object permanence?

8 to 12 months

Which type of baby is most likely to receive mixed reactions from others?

A difficult baby

_____ theories describe development and behavior as a result of the interplay of inner drives, memories, and conflicts of which we are unaware and cannot control.

Psychoanalytic

_____ development includes the maturation of our thought processes and the tools that we use to obtain knowledge, become aware of the world around us, and solve problems.

Cognitive

What do infants' motor schemas transform into as they develop cognitively?

Cognitive schemas or thoughts

Which of the following is a criticism of the information processing perspective ?

Computer models cannot capture the complexity of the human mind

Carter is 3 years old. His mother breast-fed his baby sister. Carter's mom was at work and he was home with his grandmother. Carter took one of his stuffed animals and put it under his shirt. His grandmother asked him what he was doing and he replied, "I am feeding my baby." Which of the following does this illustrate?

Deferred imitation

Which of the following statements about teratogens is true?

Different teratogens can cause the same birth defect, and a variety of birth defects can result from the same teratogen.

Which type of brain development is required for infants to develop normally?

Experience-expectant brain development

Insecure attachment at 12 months of age has been shown to predict:

Externalizing behavior problems

Olivia is an infant with parents who provide her with stimulating toys, read to her every day, and take her on walks where she can see, hear, smell, and touch various things in her environment. What can we conclude about Olivia's neural development?

Olivia will experience higher than average levels of synaptogenesis.

Tara is a four-year-old girl who is very polite. Ever since she was able to talk, her mother expected her to say please and thank you. When Tara would behave politely, her mother would praise her. Tara's behavior was shaped through:

Operant conditioning.

At which age does myelination proceed the most rapidly?

From birth to age 4

What type of studies would a researcher employ to gather information about infant memory?

Habituation studies

Hannah, age 5, lives in a low-income neighborhood. Which of the following statements about Hannah's gross motor development is true?

Hannah is at risk for poor gross motor skills

How do researchers know that infants can integrate touch and vision early in life?

After infants are allowed to suck on either a smooth or a bumpy pacifier, they prefer to look at the one they had previously sucked on

_____ use during pregnancy has been identified as the leading cause of developmental disabilities.

Alcohol

Which of the following behaviors is an example of deferred imitation?

Alex is a 12-month-old who was watching his older brother put blocks into an ice cream bucket. A week later, Alex was sitting next to an ice cream bucket and started putting blocks into the bucket.

Which of the following is a criticism of Piaget's cognitive-developmental theory?

Piaget assumed that all cognitive-developmental stages are universal.

How did Piaget believe infants think about an object?

Piaget believed that infants must experience an object through both the visual and tactile senses

Which statement below is consistent with the maturational view of motor development?

Preterm infants reach motor milestones later than do full-term infants

Andrew, a 3-month-old baby, is participating in an experiment using the visual cliff. When the researcher places him facedown on the deep side of the visual cliff, he quiets and shows a decrease in heart rate. When he was placed on the shallow side of the cliff, his heart rate didn't decrease. Why did Andrew react this way?

Andrew noticed the difference between the shallow and deep drops, but he didn't yet associate fear with deep drops.

At what age can infants discriminate happy faces from fearful ones?

At birth

Jack's mother made some cookies. Jack asks if he can have one. His mother tells him that he needs to wait until after lunch. Jack isn't happy about it, but he complies with his mother and waits to eat his cookie until he is done with lunch. Based on what we know about delay of gratification and age, how old does Jack need to be?

At least 18-36 months of age

Why does transient exuberance occur in the early years of life?

Because the brain makes more connections than it needs in preparation to receive any and all conceivable kinds of stimulation that an infant may encounter.

At which age do infants begin to display emotional expressions such as anger, sadness, joy, surprise, and fear?

Between 2 and 7 months of age

When does the social smile emerge?

Between 6 and 10 weeks

What age are children when they are in the trust versus mistrust stage?

Birth to 12 months

The theorist who developed attachment theory is:

Bowlby

According to ________ theory, development results from the ongoing interactions among biological, cognitive, and psychological changes within the individual and his or her changing context.

Bronfenbrenner's bioecological

Which of the following is not an example of a benefit of breast-feeding?

Carol breast-fed her child for 6 months and gets the flu at much lower rates than her friends who did not breast-feed.

John is a child who visited his grandma's house when he was a toddler. He went on a typical summer weekend with his parents. Casey is a child who visited her grandma's house when she was a toddler. She got to pick out a puppy from a litter her grandma's dog had. Which of the children will remember the visit to grandma's house?

Casey, because she was familiar and comfortable at her grandma's house and she was very excited to be getting a puppy so there was emotional engagement in the visit

Which growth pattern explains why an infant's head at birth is one third the size of its body?

Cephalocaudal

____ is the most obvious indicator of development.

Change

Margaret is a kindergarten teacher. She has a student who behaves in a very passive manner. The student is overly compliant, misses class often, and has difficulty concentrating. The student is very hesitant to engage with peers and watches everything that goes on as if he is on alert. What should Margaret do?

Margaraet should call the students parent's and report her concerns.

Which of the following illustrates secondary circular reactions?

Michael kicks his legs while lying in his crib to make a mobile move.

Why is it difficult to determine the effects of prenatal exposure to cocaine and heroin?

Most of these babies were exposed to other substances, making it difficult to isolate the effect of each drug on prenatal development.

Carson and Olivia are first-time parents. They participated in a program in which they received education prior to their son's birth, and they are currently taking a course in which they learn about the baby's perceptual and behavioral capacities. Carson and Olivia are participating in a program that utilizes the ________.

NBAS

Which culture is more likely to raise babies into autonomous beings and tend to be more active and stimulating?

North American

Which of the following statements is true regarding the cultural influences on emotional development?

North American infants learn to express positive emotions

Which of the following statements does not reflect the reciprocal nature of temperament?

Not all babies fit squarely into any of the three categories of temperament but display a mix of characteristics

Rebecca was very distracted by her toy bunny when her mother was trying to get her dressed in the morning, so her mother took the bunny and put it behind the couch pillow. Rebecca crawled over to the couch and moved the pillow to get the bunny. According to Piaget, what cognitive advance has Rebecca developed?

Object permanence

Trevor is an infant who is happily playing with a toy train. His father picks him up for his nap. Trevor fusses because he wants his train. His father takes the train and puts it under the blanket on the floor. Trevor doesn't look for the train and lets his father take him to his room to nap. According to Piaget, what cognitive concept is Trevor not yet capable of?

Object permanence