Lifespan Growth and Development Exam 3

The ________ is a setting that is as similar as possible to the one in which children who do not have a disability are educated. A) special learning environment (SLE) B) least restrictive environment (LRE) C) ideal learning environment (ILE) D) least discriminating environment (LDE)

B) least restrictive environment (LRE)

When asked why she participated with other students in a protest against treatment of women on her campus, Kai says that all human beings should have equal rights. According to Kai, the university has rules that are unfair to women; and she is morally against such discriminatory practices. Kai is likely operating at the ________ reasoning level of Lawrence Kohlberg's theory. A) preconventional B) postconventional C) unconventional D) conventional

B) postconventional

The growth spurt that characterizes pubertal change occurs approximately ________ for girls than for boys. A) one year earlier B) two years earlier C) one year later D) two years later

B) two years earlier

The belief that children should be encouraged to explore their world, and discover knowledge with the guidance and support of teachers is central to the ________ approach to learning. A) direct instruction B) constructivist C) social cognitive D) collaborative

B) constructivist

Individuals whose identity status can be described as identity ________ are undecided about occupational and ideological choices, and they are also likely to show little interest in such matters. A) achievement B) diffusion C) foreclosure D) moratorium

B) diffusion

Carol Dweck (2006) concluded that individuals have one of two mindsets, namely fixed mindset and ________ mindset. A) variable B) growth C) apathetic D) open

B) growth

The worldwide increase in intelligence scores that has occurred over a short period of time has been called the ________ effect. A) Flynn B) Wechsler C) Binet D) Goleman

A) Flynn

As opposed to the trend in young children, teenagers typically prefer to have: A) a large group of friends, some of whom are especially intimate. B) a smaller number of friendships that are more intense and intimate. C) friends that are all of the same sex. D) several friends, but only one "best" friend.

B) a smaller number of friendships that are more intense and intimate.

At which grade level does conformity to peers peak? A) Twelfth grade B) Sixth and seventh grades C) Tenth and eleventh grades D) Eighth and ninth grades

D) Eighth and ninth grades

Which of the following is the correct definition of intellectual disability? A) It is a condition of limited mental ability in which the individual (1) has a low IQ, usually below 70 on a traditional intelligence test; (2) has difficulty adapting to the demands of everyday life; and (3) first exhibits these characteristics by age 18. B) It is a condition of limited mental ability in which the individual (1) has a low IQ, usually below 50 on a traditional intelligence test; (2) has a lot of difficulty adapting to the demands of a competitive environment; and (3) first exhibits these characteristics by age 25. C) It is a condition of limited mental ability in which the individual (1) has a moderately-low IQ, usually above 50 on a traditional intelligence test; (2) has slight trouble adjusting to the demands of everyday life; and (3) first displays these characteristics by age 25. D) It is a condition of limited mental ability in which the individual (1) has a low IQ, usually above 70 on a traditional intelligence test; (2) has little or no trouble adjusting to the demands of a competitive environment; and (3) first displays these characteristics by age 5.

A) It is a condition of limited mental ability in which the individual (1) has a low IQ, usually below 70 on a traditional intelligence test; (2) has difficulty adapting to the demands of everyday life; and (3) first exhibits these characteristics by age 18.

Benjamin sits in the back of the room and very few of the children in class even know his name. He does not have any best friends, but he is not disliked by his classmates. Which of the following is Benjamin's probable peer status? A) Neglected B) Controversial C) Popular D) Rejected

A) Neglected

Louise is teaching her son to read by telling him the sounds that each alphabet stands for. What approach is she using? A) Phonics B) Whole-language C) Balanced-instruction D) Morphological

A) Phonics

Anorexic people use food as a means of: A) control. B) punishment. C) reward. D) gaining popularity.

A) control.

Lawrence Kohlberg studied moral development by: A) presenting children with a series of stories in which characters face moral dilemmas. B) observing children interact with each other when they were in conflict. C) interviewing families about how they have taught moral principles to their children. D) identifying the personality type related to high and low self-esteem in children.

A) presenting children with a series of stories in which characters face moral dilemmas.

A number of causes for ADHD have been proposed, including: A) high birth weight. B) cigarette and alcohol exposure during prenatal development. C) poor discipline at home. D) verbal and physical abuse during childhood.

B) cigarette and alcohol exposure during prenatal development.

Sally's mental age is 12, but her chronological age is 10. Sally's IQ is ________. A) 80 B) 120 C) 100 D) 200

B) 120

A child is presented with two identical balls of clay. The experimenter rolls one ball into a long, thin shape; the other remains in its original ball form. The child is then asked if there is more clay in the ball or in the long, thin piece of clay. If the child answers the problem correctly, but cannot use abstract reasoning yet, the child most likely is in which stage of Piaget's cognitive development theory? A) Sensorimotor stage B) Concrete operational stage C) Preoperational stage D) Formal operational stage

B) Concrete operational stage

Sabine has a severe impairment in reading and spelling ability. Identify the condition with which Sabine would most accurately be diagnosed. A) Dyscalculia B) Dyslexia C) Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder D) Dysgraphia

B) Dyslexia

According to a recent meta-analysis, which of the following program types was linked to a reduction in recidivism for juvenile offenders? A) Case management B) Family treatment C) Restorative justice D) Individual treatment

B) Family treatment

What is the most common cause of death for children in middle childhood? A) Child abuse B) Motor vehicle accidents C) Cancer D) Drowning

B) Motor vehicle accidents

Which of the following terms refers to domain-specific evaluations of the self? A) Self-esteem B) Self-concept C) Self-awareness D) Self-control

B) Self-concept

The most effective way to treat adolescent depression is: A) a combination of psychoanalysis and family treatment. B) a combination of drug therapy and cognitive behavior therapy. C) through antidepressant medication like Prozac. D) not with medication, but through cognitive behavior therapy.

B) a combination of drug therapy and cognitive behavior therapy.

In the United States, ________ percent of pregnancies to mothers 15 to 19 years of age are unintended. A) 23 B) 15 C) 82 D) 47

C) 82

Which theorist proposed the "storm-and-stress" view that adolescence is a turbulent time charged with conflict and mood swings? A) Jean Piaget B) Daniel Offer C) G. Stanley Hall D) Anna Freud

C) G. Stanley Hall

According to Erik Erikson, which of the following developmental stages is experienced by an individual during adolescence? A) Autonomy versus shame and doubt B) Initiative versus guilt C) Identity versus identity confusion D) Intimacy versus isolation

C) Identity versus identity confusion

Being overweight is defined in relation to a person's: A) height. B) weight. C) body mass index. D) waist circumference.

C) body mass index.

The type of thinking that produces many answers to the same question is called ________ thinking. This kind of thinking characterizes creativity. A) finite B) oblique C) divergent D) convergent

C) divergent

Bill wants to know how he can prevent drug abuse by his adolescent son. You would suggest that Bill: A) engage in lesser parental monitoring and control. B) cease to emphasize educational success. C) have family dinners most nights of the week. D) discourage his son from making more friends at school.

C) have family dinners most nights of the week.

Although Casey scores only about average on standardized intelligence tests, he has street smarts, excellent social skills, and good common sense. According to Sternberg, he has ________ intelligence. A) analytical B) interpersonal C) practical D) spatial

C) practical

Recent research has found that early-maturing girls are more likely than late-maturing girls to: A) be satisfied with their figures in late adolescence. B) be less popular with males their own age. C) smoke, drink, be depressed, and have an eating disorder, among other negative factors. D) be taller and thinner when they reach high school.

C) smoke, drink, be depressed, and have an eating disorder, among other negative factors.

Donna is concerned about her adolescent daughter's tendency to flare up at the mildest provocations. Donna says that her daughter refuses to see reason sometimes and seems unable to exercise much self-control. As a specialist in the development of adolescents, you would tell Donna that her daughter's behavior could partly be explained by the biological reason that: A) by the end of adolescence, individuals have fewer, less selective, less effective neuronal connections than they did as children. B) the prefrontal cortex—involved in reasoning and self-control—has developed fully by early adolescence. C) the amygdala—the seat of emotions such as anger—matures earlier than the prefrontal cortex in adolescents. D) the corpus callosum, where fibers connect the brain's left and right hemispheres, thickens in adolescence.

C) the amygdala—the seat of emotions such as anger—matures earlier than the prefrontal cortex in adolescents.

Who among the following would need to have good spatial abilities in order to be successful? A) A theologian B) A journalist C) A botanist D) An architect

D) An architect

Eight-year-old Ella can use scissors to cut small paper dolls out of construction paper, something she could not do at age 3. What best accounts for her improving dexterity? A) Increased bone ossification. B) Increased muscle development. C) Increased cortical thickening in the temporal lobe. D) Increased myelination of the central nervous system.

D) Increased myelination of the central nervous system.

For the majority of teens, adolescence is marked by: A) delinquency. B) a low self-esteem. C) stress and storm. D) a healthy self-image.

D) a healthy self-image.

In the United States, the average age of menarche has ________ since the mid-nineteenth century. A) increased marginally B) not changed C) increased significantly D) declined significantly

D) declined significantly

According to David Elkind, personal fable and imaginary audience are parts of adolescent: A) expression. B) solipsism. C) co-rumination. D) egocentrism.

D) egocentrism.

According to Harry Stack Sullivan, if adolescents fail to develop close friendships, they: A) become more social as they grow older. B) develop healthier self-esteem as adults than their peers. C) engage in less delinquent behavior. D) experience loneliness and a reduced sense of self-worth.

D) experience loneliness and a reduced sense of self-worth.

The majority of unintentional injuries in adolescence involve: A) sports-related injuries. B) homicide. C) firearms. D) motor vehicle accidents.

D) motor vehicle accidents.

The belief that one can master a situation and produce favorable outcomes is called: A) self-esteem. B) self-concept. C) self-confidence. D) self-efficacy.

D) self-efficacy.

About ________ as many boys as girls are classified as having a learning disability. A) one-third B) twice C) half D) three times

D) three times