linguistics word formation

8. Hypocorisms

A particular type of reduction, favored in Australian and British English. In this process, a longer word is reduced to a single syllable, then -y or -ie is added to the end. Examples: Television → Telly , Australian → Aussie

9. Backformation

A very specialized type of reduction process. A word of one type (usually a noun) is reduced to form a word of another type (usually a verb). A good example of backformation is the process whereby the noun television first came into use and then the verb televise was created from it. Examples: Donate (from "donation"), Emote (from "emotion")Babysit (from "babysitter").

17. Multiple Processes

Meowmix 1, meow= onomatopoeia 2, mix= backformation so it comes from mixed, 3Becomes a compound

12. Eponyms

New words based on the name of a person or a place. Teddy Bear, derived from US president Theodore (Teddy) Roosevelt. Jeans (from the Italian city of Genoa where the type of cloth was first made)

11. Coinage

The invention and general use of totally new terms, or coinage, is not very common in English. Typical sources are trade names for commercial products that become general terms (usually without capital letters) for any version of that product. : Aspirin ,Vaseline, Zipper ,Granola, Kleenex, Let's take a polaroid!

4. Loan

Translation- A special type of borrowing or calque/ A direct translation of the elements of a word into the borrowing language. It's based on the translated form of the original word. EX Dutch wolkenkrabber - in english "cloud scraper" said to be origin of skyscraper

10. Conversion

Word stays the same but the noun becomes a verb. A change in the function of a word, as for example when a noun comes to be used as a verb (without any reduction), is generally known as conversion. Other labels for this very common process are "category change" and "functional shift." Examples: Bottle (noun) → We bottled the home-brew last night (verb), Butter (noun) → Have you buttered the toast? (verb), Vacation (noun) → They're vacationing in Florida. (verb)

5. Compounding

a joining of 2 separate words to produce a single form that has a new meaning. examples: Bookcase & Doorknob

14. Derivation

a large number of small "bits" of the English language that are not usually given separate listings in dictionaries. These small "bits" are generally described as affixes. Most common word-formation process to be found in the production of new English words. Affixes Examples: un-, mis-, pre-, -ful, -less, -ish, -ism

Prefixes

affixes that are added to the beginning of the word e.g. un-, mis-

Suffixes

affixes that are added to the end of the word e.g. -less, -ish

16. Infixes

affixes that are incorporated inside another word

18. Analogy

new words are formed to be similar in some way to existing words- hippie- yuppie

Acronyms

new words formed from the initial letters of a set of other words. The pronunciation consists of saying each separate letter. CD (" compact disk") NATO, Laser: light amplification by stimulated emission of radiation

3. Borrowing

one of the most common sources of new words in English is the process called borrowing which is taking over words from other language. Piano = Italian

2. Etymology

study of the origin and history of a word (many origins come from Latin or greek) Theo " God" + logia " study of"

6. Blending

take only the beginning of 1 word and join it to the end of the other word.

1. Neologism

very quickly understanding a new word (neo - new) Newish, blueish

7. Clipping

when a word of more than one syllable (facsimile) is reduced to a shorter form (fax), usually beginning in casual speech. Cigarettes = cigs, Chemistry = chem