list 2

In a group of five individuals, two report annual incomes of $10,000, and the other three report incomes of $14,000, $15,000, and $31,000, respectively. The mode of this group's distribution of annual incomes is a. $10,000. b. $15,000. c. $16,000. d. $31,000. e. $80,000.

a. $10,000.

23. Which of the following correlation coefficients expresses the weakest degree of relationship between two variables? a. -0.12 b. +1.00 c. -0.99 d. +0.25 e. -0.50

a. -0.12

Which of the following researchers used the case study method, carefully observing one exceptional individual in depth to reach conclusions that might be true of all of us? a. Jean Piaget b. James Randi c. Jane Goodall d. William James e. John b. Watson

a. Jean Piaget

The belief that weather conditions signal the onset of arthritis pain best illustrates a. an illusory correlation. b. operational definition. c. the hindsight bias. d. overconfidence. e. random sampling.

a. an illusory correlation.

Bar graphs allow researchers to a. compare groups. b. generalize from samples. c. demonstrate significance. d. visualize correlation. e. avoid bias.

a. compare groups

The enduring traditions, attitudes, and behaviors shared by a large group of people constitutes their a. culture. b. normal curve. c. wording effects. d. statistical significance. e. operational definition.

a. culture.

When Mr. Adams calculated his students' algebra test scores, he noticed that two students had extremely low scores. Which measure of central tendency is affected most by the scores of these two students? a. mean b. standard deviation c. mode d. median e. range

a. mean

To study the development of relationships, Dr. Rajiv carefully observed and recorded patterns of verbal and nonverbal behaviors among boys and girls in the school yard. Which research method did Dr. Rajiv employ? a. naturalistic observation b. replication c. the survey d. the case study e. experimentation

a. naturalistic observation

To accurately infer cause and effect, experimenters should use a. random assignment. b. naturalistic observation. c. standard deviations. d. correlation coefficients. e. scatterplots.

a. random assignment

Variation is to central tendency as ________ is to ________. a. range; median b. median; mean c. mode; mean d. scatterplot; bar graph e. correlation; scatterplot

a. range; median

Which research method would be most appropriate for investigating the relationship between the religious beliefs of Americans and their attitudes toward abortion? a. the survey b. naturalistic observation c. the case study d. experimentation e. random assignment

a. the survey

Which of the following correlation coefficients expresses the strongest degree of relationship between two variables? a. +0.10 b. -0.67 c. 0.00 d. -0.10 e. +0.59

b. -0.67

During the past year, Zara and Ivan each read 2 books, but George read 9, Ali read 12, and Marsha read 25. The median number of books read by these individuals was a. 2. b. 50. c. 10. d. 12. e. 9.

b. 50

Formulating testable hypotheses before conducting research is most directly useful for restraining a thinking error known as a. random sampling. b. the hindsight bias. c. overconfidence. d. illusory correlation. e. random assignment.

b. Hindsight Bias

Why would the median, rather than the mean, be the appropriate measure of central tendency in determining housing values in a particular community? a. The median is useful for measuring how much values deviate from one another. b. The median is minimally affected by extreme scores. c. The median is best used to sort values into groups. d. The median allows you to examine the gap between the lowest and highest value. e. The median allows you to generalize from representative samples to the general population.

b. The median is minimally affected by extreme scores.

An experiment was designed to study the potential impact of alcohol consumption on emotional stability. A specification of the procedures used to measure emotional stability illustrates a. the independent variable. b. an operational definition. c. the double-blind procedure. d. random assignment. e. the dependent variable.

b. an operational definition.

Researchers use experiments rather than other research methods in order to distinguish between a. facts and theories. b. causes and effects. c. case studies and surveys. d. random samples and representative samples. e. hypotheses and operational definitions.

b. causes and effects

A questioning attitude regarding psychologists' assumptions and hidden values best illustrates a. hypotheses. b. critical thinking. c. the hindsight bias. d. overconfidence. e. illusory correlation.

b. critical thinking.

The most commonly reported measure of central tendency is the a. mode. b. mean. c. normal distribution. d. median. e. standard deviation.

b. mean

If psychologists discovered that wealthy people are less satisfied with their marriages than poor people are, this would indicate that wealth and marital satisfaction are a. causally related. b. negatively correlated. c. independent variables. d. dependent variables. e. positively correlated.

b. negatively correlated.

20. Correlational research is most useful for purposes of a. explanation. b. prediction. c. control. d. replication. e. experimentation.

b. prediction.

The difference between the highest and lowest scores in a distribution is the a. mean. b. range. c. median. d. standard deviation. e. correlation coefficient.

b. range.

Random sampling is to ________ as random assignment is to ________. a. correlational studies; case studies b. surveys; experiments c. illusory correlation; control group d. replication; correlation e. description; prediction

b. surveys; experiments

To minimize the extent to which outcome differences between experimental and control conditions can be attributed to placebo effects, researchers make use of a. random sampling. b. the double-blind procedure. c. random assignment. d. operational definitions. e. replication.

b. the double-blind procedure

Seven members of a boys' club reported the following individual earnings from their sale of cookies: $2, $9, $8, $10, $4, $9, and $7. In this distribution of individual earnings a. the median is greater than the mean and greater than the mode. b. the median is less than the mean and less than the mode. c. the median is greater than the mean and less than the mode. d. the median is less than the mean and greater than the mode. e. the median is equal to the mean and equal to the mode.

b. the median is less than the mean and less than the mode.

Which of the following questions most likely could be answered using an empirical approach? a. Is human nature basically good or evil? b. What causes aggression? c. What happens after we die? d. How will style choices change in the future? e. What is the basis of faith?

b. what causes aggression

In 1963, Stanley Milgram reported that 65% of research participants, at the request of the experimenter, would administer phony shocks that they considered real, to a stranger. He demonstrated how obedient humans can be to authority figures. Some critics contend that Milgram's findings cannot be used to predict behavior in real life. How might Milgram respond to this criticism? a. "Laboratory research is like 'real life' so results can be used to predict such behavior." b. "It's impossible to study obedience in the 'real world' so laboratory research is the only option." c. "Laboratory research allows you to identify general principles that do generalize to other 'real world' contexts." d. "All valuable psychological research is conducted in the lab. " e. "The situation was not artificial, but justifiable in demonstrating the impact of the situation on human behavior."

c. "Laboratory research allows you to identify general principles that do generalize to other 'real world' contexts."

The IQ scores of the five members of the Duluth family are 100, 82, 104, 96, and 118. For this distribution of scores, the range is a. 6. b. 14. c. 36. d. 48. e. 100.

c. 36.

If scores on the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS) are normally distributed, with a mean of 100 and a standard deviation of 15, what percentage of scores will fall between 85 and 115? a. 34 b. 47 c. 68 d. 80 e. 95

c. 68

Which of the following is true for those assigned to the experimental group in an experiment? a. The experimenter exerts the greatest influence on participants' behavior. b. The research participants are exposed to all the different hypotheses. c. The experimental group receives the experimental treatment d. The experimental group does not receive the experimental treatment e. The operational definition is not applied to their variables.

c. The experimental group receives the experimental treatment

In 1848, Phineas Gage, a railroad construction foreman, survived when an explosion drove an iron rod through his head damaging the functioning of the frontal lobes. This instance provided evidence that the frontal lobe plays a role in personality and behavior. Researchers have continued to study Gage's brain to better understand this link. Which research method is being used? a. experimentation b. correlation c. case study d. naturalistic observation e. survey

c. case study

Following the scientific discovery that a specific brain structure is significantly larger in violent individuals than in those who are nonviolent, a news headline announced: "Enlarged Brain Structure Triggers Violent Acts." The headline writer should most clearly be warned about the dangers of a. perceiving illusory correlations. b. explaining events in hindsight. c. confusing correlation with causation. d. generalizing from unrepresentative samples. e. discerning order in random events.

c. confusing correlation with causation.

Which of the following defines ethical principles that should guide human experimentation? a. control group, random sampling, random assignment b. case study, naturalistic observation, survey c. informed consent, protection from harm, confidentiality, debriefing d. volunteer participants only, no deception, incentives for participation e. effect size, statistical significance, measures of central tendency, variation.

c. informed consent, protection from harm, confidentiality, debriefing

In a study of the effects of alcohol consumption, some participants drank a nonalcoholic beverage that actually smelled and tasted like alcohol. This nonalcoholic drink was a a. dependent variable. b. replication. c. placebo. d. random sample. e. double blind.

c. placebo.

The explanatory power of a scientific theory is most closely linked to its capacity to generate testable a. assumptions. b. correlations. c. predictions. d. variables. e. hypotheses.

c. predictions

Which technique most clearly minimizes the likelihood that any outcome differences between the experimental and control conditions can be attributed to age or personality differences in research participants? a. replication b. statistical measurement c. random assignment d. operational definitions e. the double-blind procedure

c. random assignment

Which of the following is a measure of the degree of variation among a set of events? a. mean b. scatterplot c. standard deviation d. median e. correlation coefficient

c. standard deviation

Abdul has volunteered to participate in an experiment evaluating the effectiveness of aspirin. Neither he nor the experimenters know whether the pills he takes during the experiment contain aspirin or are merely placebos. The investigators are apparently making use of a. naturalistic observation. b. illusory correlation. c. the double-blind procedure. d. random sampling. e. the overconfidence effect.

c. the double-blind procedure

If psychologists discovered that more intelligent parents have smarter children than less intelligent parents, this would demonstrate that a. intelligence is inherited. b. more intelligent parents provide their children with greater educational opportunities than do less intelligent parents. c. the intelligence of parents and children is positively correlated. d. experiments based on this relationship would indicate causation. e. intelligence of children and parents are negatively correlated.

c. the intelligence of parents and children is positively correlated.

The healing power of positive expectations is best illustrated by a. overconfidence. b. illusory correlation. c. the placebo effect. d. hindsight bias. e. replication.

c. the placebo effect.

In the hypothesis "Students who study a list of terms in the morning, just after waking up, will recall more terms than students who study the list just before falling asleep," what is the dependent variable? a. list of terms b. memorization c. time of day d. number of terms remembered e. students

c. time of day

For which of the following distributions of scores would the median most clearly be a more appropriate measure of central tendency than the mean? a. 16, 28, 4, 8, 24 b. 9, 6, 9, 12, 9 c. 8, 9, 12, 10, 16 d. 6, 18, 4, 5, 2 e. 3, 4, 3, 4, 2

d 6,18,4,5,2

How would a researcher likely respond to the statement, "Science can't really prove anything, because lab experiments are so artificial and not like the real world"? a. "That's not true. Lab experiments are usually very realistic. " b. "Most experiments aren't done in the laboratory." c. "The goal of science is to establish hypotheses, not prove things." d. "Laboratory experiments can establish general principles that generalize to other contexts." e. "When operational definitions are inadequate, laboratory experiments are the only choice. "

d. "Laboratory experiments can establish general principles that generalize to other contexts."

On a 10-item test, three students in Professor Hsin's advanced chemistry seminar received scores of 2, 5, and 8, respectively. For this distribution of test scores, the standard deviation is equal to the square root of a. 3. b. 4. c. 5. d. 6. e. 9.

d. 6.

Which of the following are considered to be limitations of psychological experiments conducted in laboratory environments? a. Laboratory experiments allow researchers to have control over variables. b. Experiments conducted in laboratories allow researchers to make causal inferences. c. It's difficult to accurately measure the research variables. d. Laboratories are artificial environments, so behavior might not apply to the real world. e. Researchers tend to ignore ethical considerations in the pursuit of proving their hypotheses.

d. Laboratories are artificial environments, so behavior might not apply to the real world.

Dr. Roberts hypothesized that students in a classroom seating 30 would get higher course grades than students seated in an auditorium seating 300. In this example, a. Dr. Roberts has found a cause-effect relationship. b. Dr. Roberts has found a positive correlation between classroom size and course grades. c. the independent variable is the measurement of course grades. d. classroom size has been operationally defined. e. Dr. Roberts has demonstrated the importance of random sampling.

d. classroom size has been operationally defined.

To provide a baseline against which they can evaluate the effects of a specific treatment, experimenters make use of a(n) a. dependent variable. b. random sample. c. independent variable. d. control condition. e. experimental condition.

d. control condition.

Researchers are interested in studying the relationship between poor prenatal nutrition and early cognitive development. Because of ethical concerns, which research method would be most appropriate for researchers to use? a. survey b. case study c. experimentation d. correlational e. naturalistic observation

d. correlational

Examining correlational evidence to determine what further research would be needed to establish a causal relationship is an example of ________ thinking? a. correlational b. experimental c. naturalistic d. critical e. hindsight

d. critical

Historians of science describe which three attitudes as the basis of the scientific viewpoint? a. intelligence, dedication, thoroughness b. morality, detail-orientation, cynicism c. achievement-oriented, intellectual, empirical d. curiosity, skepticism, humility e. atheism, humanism, cognition

d. curiosity, skepticism, humility

A researcher who deceives participants about the goals of the research needs to fully inform them of the true nature of the study later, according to which ethical principle of human experimentation? a. informed consent b. protection from harm c. confidentiality d. debriefing e. coercion

d. debriefing

A researcher interested in proving a causal relationship between two variables should choose which research method? a. correlation b. survey c. naturalistic observation d. experiment e. case study

d. experiment

Knowing the difference between an experimental condition and a control condition is most relevant to understanding the nature of a. correlations. b. random sampling. c. replication. d. independent variables. e. hindsight bias.

d. independent variables.

In 1920, behaviorist John B. Watson conditioned an 8-month-old infant, Albert. He was turned over to Dr. Watson without permission. This violates which ethical principle developed by the American Psychological Association? a. coercion b. confidentiality c. debriefing d. informed consent e. protection from harm

d. informed consent

Which makes finding statistical significance more likely? a. random sampling b. skewed distributions c. small sample size d. large sample size e. operational definitions

d. large sample size

52. The arithmetic average of a distribution of scores is the a. mode. b. median. c. standard deviation. d. mean. e. range.

d. mean

Professional psychological associations require researchers to a. study animals only in their natural environment. b. obtain informed consent before using any animals as subjects in research. c. justify the use of animals in research before an Institutional Review Board (IRB. . d. minimize infection, illness, and pain in animal subjects. e. protect only cats, dogs, and primates, not mice or rats, from unnecessary pain.

d. minimize infection, illness, and pain in animal subjects.

When you read a bar graph, it is most important for you to a. understand the concept of the overconfidence effect. b. mentally transform the data into a scatterplot. c. identify the value of the standard deviation. d. note the range and size of the scale values. e. remember that correlation facilitates prediction.

d. note the range and size of the scale values.

The process of replication is most likely to be facilitated by a. the hindsight bias. b. overconfidence. c. illusory correlation. d. operational definitions. e. the placebo effect.

d. operational definitions.

45. What technique do researchers use to reduce the impact of confounding variables? a. hindsight bias b. naturalistic observation c. scatterplots d. random assignment e. measures of central tendency

d. random assignment

When the observed difference between the means of an experimental group and control group are not likely due to chance, researchers conclude that this difference is a. positively correlated. b. highly variable. c. reliable. d. statistically significant. e. experimentally empirical.

d. statistically significant

Both the researchers and the participants in a memory study are ignorant about which participants have actually received a potentially memory-enhancing drug and which have received a placebo. This investigation involves the use of a. naturalistic observation. b. the hindsight bias. c. random sampling. d. the double-blind procedure. e. replication.

d. the double-blind procedure.

Six different high school students spent $10, $13, $2, $12, $13, and $4, respectively, on entertainment. The mode of this group's entertainment expenditures is a. $9. b. $10. c. $11. d. $12. e. $13.

e. $13

Mr. and Mrs. Klostreich have six children aged 5, 6, 6, 7, 8, and 16. The mean age of the Klostreich children is a. 5. b. 6. c. 6 1/2 d. 7. e. 8.

e. 8

Why are researchers careful to use large, representative samples in their studies? a. The general public perceives these kinds of samples to be more scientific. b. Policymakers demand larger, more representative sample sizes for political reasons. c. Statistical methods only work for larger sample sizes. d. It is more profitable to work with larger samples. e. Larger, representative sample sizes help ensure reliable and valid results.

e. Larger, representative sample sizes help ensure reliable and valid results.

According to Professor Fayad, we like people who like us because their affection for us boosts our own self-esteem. His idea is an example of a. naturalistic observation. b. illusory correlation. c. hindsight bias. d. replication. e. a theory.

e. a theory.

In an experiment designed to study the effectiveness of a new drug, research participants who receive a placebo are participating in the ________ condition. a. dependent variable b. correlational c. experimental d. replication e. control

e. control

To understand the unusual behavior of an adult client, a clinical psychologist carefully investigates the client's current life situation and his physical, social-cultural, and educational history. Which research method has the psychologist used? a. the survey b. the case study c. experimentation d. naturalistic observation e. correlation

e. correlation

In an experiment, researchers manipulate one factor to see its effect on another factor, called the a. confounding variable. b. operational definition. c. control group. d. placebo effect. e. dependent variable.

e. dependent variable.

In a distribution of test scores, which measure of central tendency would likely be the most affected by a couple of extremely high scores? a. median b. range c. mode d. standard deviation e. mean

e. mean

When provided with the unscrambled solution to anagrams, people underestimate the DIF of solving the anagrams by themselves. This best illustrates a. illusory correlation. b. hindsight bias. c. the placebo effect. d. wording effects. e. overconfidence.

e. overconfidence

In order to learn about the political attitudes of all students enrolled at Arizona State University, Professor Marlow randomly selected 800 of these students to complete a questionnaire. In this instance, all the students enrolled at Arizona State University are considered to be a(n) a. independent variable. b. representative sample. c. control. d. dependent variable. e. population.

e. population.

If a result is statistically significant, this means that the a. results of the test are positively correlated with another factor. b. participants received scores above the 50 percentile. c. results of the research have practical significance. d. scores were 1 standard deviation from the mean. e. psychologist accepts a 5 percent likelihood that the results occurred by chance.

e. psychologist accepts a 5 percent likelihood that the results occurred by chance.

Which procedure helps to ensure that the participants in a survey are representative of a larger population? a. random assignment b. replication c. correlation d. naturalistic observation e. random sampling

e. random sampling

A majority of respondents in a national survey agreed that "classroom prayer should not be allowed in public schools." Only 33 percent of respondents in a similar survey agreed that "classroom prayer in public schools should be banned. " These divergent findings best illustrate the importance of a. operational definition. b. the hindsight bias. c. overconfidence. d. random assignment. e. wording effects.

e. wording effects.

21. A correlation coefficient is a measure of the a. difference between the highest and lowest scores in a distribution. b. average squared deviation of scores from a sample mean. c. direction and strength of the relationship between two variables. d. statistical significance of a difference between two sample means. e. frequency of scores at each level of some measure.

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