Logic Study Guides for Semester 2 Final
False
"Water runs downhill" is a tautology. True or False?
A and O, or E and I
(Fill in the letter A, E, I or O). The only sets of propositions that contradict each other are an ____ and an ___, or an __ and an ___, with the same subject and predicate.
Reasoning, invalid
A fallacy is a mistake in ______. It makes an argument _______
Unambiguous, true, valid
A good argument is one whose terms are all ______, whose propositions are all ___, and whose logic is _______.
Why
A perfect demonstration or demonstrative syllogism will tell you that/why a conclusion is true.
True
A reduction ad absurdum and a dilemma have this in common: the only way to answer them is to deny one of the premises. T/F
Three, three
A syllogism must have _____ terms and _____ propositions.
Universal, particular
A term is distributed if it is universal/particular; a term is undistributed if it is universal/particular.
Relative
A valid argument gives us relative/absolute certainty about its conclusions.
False
According to Kreeft, you should interpret a book in light of your beliefs. True/False
Experience, sense
All human knowledge begins in _____ and we must gather knowledge through our ______.
False
An argument is like a mathematical equation. T/F
False
An argument map helps you to determine the strength of an argument. T/F
Premise-to-conclusion
An argument will have an ___-to-_____ relationship
Enthymeme
An epicheirema is a syllogism with an ____ attached to one or both of its premises to justify those premises.
No
Can a syllogism have two negative premises? Y/N
No
Can a syllogism have two particular premises? Y/N
Strategy/pattern
Complex argument maps are helpful in figuring out the _____ of an argument.
Subject, predicate, quality, quantity
Contradiction happens only between propositions that have the same ____ and _____ and differ in both ______ and _____.
Certainty, probability
Deduction claims ______ from its conclusion, while induction (usually) only claims ________.
Universal truths, particular truths
Experience never presents ______ -_____, only _____ ____.
One
If a syllogism contains a term used ambiguously, it will often be breaking rule number _____.
False
If a syllogism contains an enthymeme, it is invalid because it breaks rule number two
Rule number 3
If a syllogism contains an enthymeme, it is invalid because it breaks rule number two
False
If a syllogism does not offer a "perfect demonstration," then it is not valid.
Particular
If a syllogism has a particular premise, it must have a particular/universal conclusion.
False
If a syllogism has no ambiguous terms, no false premise, and no fallacy, one can be completely certain about the truth of its conclusion
Negative
If one premise in a syllogism is negative, then the conclusion must be affirmative/negative.
Inconclusive
If you prove that the premises of someone's argument are false, you have established that his argument is invalid/inconclusive.
c) middle term
In a demonstrative syllogism, the ______ ________ will give the real reason or cause for the conclusion being true. A) minor premise, b) major premise, c) middle term, d) three terms
Categorical
In a mixed hypothetical syllogism, one premise will be hypothetical and the other will be ________.
Third, middle
In a syllogism, the ____ thing is also known as the ____ term, and is the common term with which the other two are compared.
Factual/moral
In practical reasoning, there is one ____ premise and one ____ premise.
Two
In the Gospels, according to Kreeft, there were only ___ times when Jesus lost an argument.
Argument
Is Swift's essay, overall, an argument or an explanation?
Define
It is easy to ___truth.
Explanation
It is important not to mistake an argument for an _______. A person usually notices the different intuitively, because only an argument is trying to prove something.
Universal, Particular, and necessary
Kreeft uses three adjectives to describe the kinds of truths humans can know and distinguishes between them. What are they?
Constructive
Most dilemmas are constructive/destructive.
affirmative
Most sorites are affirmative/negative.
conclusion
One identifies the major and minor term in a syllogism by looking at the: premises/conclusion.
Contingent
Physical laws are only___truths
Pragmatic/moral
Practical reasoning can be either _____ reasoning or ______ reasoning.
Causes
Science seeks to explain things by discovering their ________.
Objective, immaterial
The "because' of logical relation is (subjective/objective) and (material/immaterial).
Objective, material
The "because' of physical relation is (subjective/objective) and (material/immaterial).
Subjective; immaterial
The "because' of psychological relation is (subjective/objective) and (material/immaterial).
Conclusion
The _____ is what someone is trying to prove.
Necessarily false/logically impossible
The contradictories of tautologies are _______ ________.
Finding its conclusion
The first thing to do in approaching any argument is to ________________________.
b) appears in both premises but not in the conclusion
The middle term in a syllogism is the one that: a) appears in only one premise, b) appears in both premises but not in the conclusion c) appears in only one premise and the conclusion d) appears only in the conclusion
Subject
The minor term is always the ____ of the conclusion
False
The minor term is always the subject of the minor premise
True
The minor term is always the subject of the minor premise
How to smoke out hidden assumptions
The most practical skill you can learn from a logic course is _________.
Sense observation, intellectual understanding
The premises of an inductive argument always come from _________ instead of _____________.
Ambiguity of terms, ambiguous
The principles of the syllogism expressed on page 188 assume no ____ ___ ____, meaning that if any of the terms in the syllogism are _____, the principles will not apply.
Non-universal
Two__ propositions do not contradict each other
Theoretical, practical, productive
What are the three kinds of reasoning according to Socrates?
For
What is the argument indicator in the following sentence? "Blessed are the meek, for they shall inherit the earth."
Euler's Circles
What is the best way to test the validity of a sorites?
D) Know what conclusion you want to prove.
What is the first step in constructing a syllogism? A) Come up with your major premise, B) Pick your three terms, C) Get rid of all ambiguous terms, D) Know what conclusion you want to prove.
No ambiguous terms, no false premises, and no logical fallacies
What is the only way to know if an argument is true?
To lead people from premises they already believe to a conclusion they do not
What is the whole strategy of a syllogism?
Novelist, art; Catholic novel; prophet
What terms does Flannery O'Connor define in her essay?
Detect the presence of an argument and figure out what the argument is saying.
What two things does one have to do before trying to determine whether an argument is valid?
Married/dependent
When creating an argument map, you do not put a horizontal line between two premises if the premises are not ________.
At sense experience or at a tautology
When does the practice of questioning premises stop?
False
When it comes to logic, memorization is one of the best ways to learn.
Reduction ad absurdum
When the consequent is absurd, or obviously false, we have a _________ ___ ________, which is a very common and effective strategy in argument.
Universal
When using Euler's circles to diagram a syllogism with a particular proposition in it, always diagram the particular/universal premise first.
True
When you put a syllogism in logical form, the conclusion must come last
False
When you put a syllogism in logical form, the proposition that is the conclusion must always be affirmative.
Hasty generalization
Which fallacy do we risk when we generalize?
False
You can use Euler's circles or Aristotle's six rules to check the validity of compound syllogisms. T/F
False
You refute a conclusion by showing that it follows from false premises. T/F
Logical Form
____ ______ is the relationship between, or arrangement of, terms and propositions (that is, the content, or matter) in an argument.
Validity
______ is a relationship between propositions (premises and conclusions).
Rebuttal
______ is the most interesting and amusing way to answer a dilemma.
Truth
________ is a relationship between a single proposition and the real world, or the nature of things, or "objective reality," or what is "outside of" the proposition and the mind that expresses it
The proposition that comes after the premise indicator "because" is the premise/conclusion, and the proposition that comes before "because" is the premise/conclusion.
premise, conclusion