Long-Term Memory: Encoding and Retrieval

a. Making a connection between each word and something you've previously learned

10. According to the levels of processing theory, which of the following tasks will produce the best long-term memory for a set of words? a. Making a connection between each word and something you've previously learned b. Deciding how many vowels each word has c. Generating a rhyming word for each word to be remembered d. Repeating the words over and over in your mind

c. Deep processing involves paying closer attention to a stimulus than shallow processing and results in better processing.

11. Which statement below is most closely associated with levels of processing theory? a. Information enters memory by passing through a number of levels, beginning with sensory memory, then short-term memory, then long-term memory. b. Events that are repeated enough can influence our behavior, even after we have forgotten the original events. c. Deep processing involves paying closer attention to a stimulus than shallow processing and results in better processing. d. People who were sad when they studied did better when they were sad during testing.

b. encoding.

1. Acquiring information and transforming it into long-term memory is a. state-dependent learning. b. encoding. c. memory consolidation. d. transfer-appropriate processing.

c. Retrieval

17. cues help us remember information that has been stored in memory. a. Retrograde b. Encoding c. Retrieval d. Processing

c. encoding specificity.

25. The principle that we encode information together with its context is known as a. memory consolidation. b. repetition priming. c. encoding specificity. d. a self-reference effect.

d. elaborative rehearsal.

4. Elementary school students in the U.S. are often taught to use the very familiar word "HOMES" as a cue for remembering the names of the Great Lakes (each letter in "HOMES" provides a first-letter cue for one of the lakes: Huron, Ontario, Michigan, Erie, Superior). This memory procedure usually works better than repeating the names over and over. The use of this familiar word provides an example of a. a self-reference effect. b. repetition priming. c. implicit memory. d. elaborative rehearsal.

d. long-term memory acquisition.

41. From the behavior of H.M., who experienced memory problems after a brain operation, we can conclude that the hippocampus is important in a. procedural memory. b. long-term memory storage. c. working memory. d. long-term memory acquisition.

a. the physical features of the word.

12. Shallow processing of a word is encouraged when attention is focused on a. the physical features of the word. b. the meaning of a word. c. the pleasantness of a word. d. the category of a word.

c. Bree has just bought a new car and is trying to learn her new license plate sequence. Every morning, for three weeks, she repeats the sequence out loud when she wakes up.

13. Which of the following learning techniques is LEAST likely to lead to deep processing of the information? a. Trevor is trying to understand how to use statistics by drawing associations between a set of data describing how adolescents respond to peer pressure and the theories he learned last semester in developmental psychology. b. Maggie is trying to learn new vocabulary words because she is taking the SAT next month. Each day, she selects one word. Throughout the day, she repeats the definition over and over to herself and generates sentences using it in her conversations that day. c. Bree has just bought a new car and is trying to learn her new license plate sequence. Every morning, for three weeks, she repeats the sequence out loud when she wakes up. d. For his history course, Bruce is trying to learn the order of the U.S. presidents by creating a silly sentence where each consecutive word starts with the same letter of the next president to be remembered.

c. imagery can be used to create connections between items to be remembered.

14. According to your text, imagery enhances memory because a. research shows people like pictures better than words, so there is an enhanced emotional response. b. the brain processes images more easily than the meanings of words. c. imagery can be used to create connections between items to be remembered. d. pictures fit better with our basic instincts because children learn pictures before reading words.

a. the self-reference effect.

15. Jeannie loves to dance, having taken ballet for many years. She is now learning salsa dancing. Although the movements are very different from the dances she is familiar with, she has found a successful memory strategy of linking the new dance information to her previous experiences as a dancer and to her own affection for dance. This strategy suggests reliance on a. the self-reference effect. b. a mass practice effect. c. the integrative experience effect. d. semantic memory.

b. generation effect.

16. In Slameka and Graf's (1978) study, some participants read word pairs, while other participants had to fill in the blank letters of the second word in a pair with a word related to the first word. The latter group performed better on a later memory task, illustrating the a. spacing effect. b. generation effect. c. cued recall effect. d. multiple trace hypothesis.

c. "apple, cherry, plum, shoe, coat, lamp, chair, pants"

18. Free recall of the stimulus list "apple, desk, shoe, sofa, plum, chair, cherry, coat, lamp, pants" will most likely yield which of these response patterns? a. "apple, desk, shoe, coat, lamp, pants" b. "apple, desk, shoe, sofa, plum, chair, cherry, coat, lamp, pants" c. "apple, cherry, plum, shoe, coat, lamp, chair, pants" d. "apple, chair, cherry, coat, desk, lamp, plum, shoe, sofa"

a. tendency of objects in the same category to become organized.

19. Jenkins and Russell (1952) presented a list of words like "chair, apple, dish, shoe, cherry, sofa" to participants. In a test, participants recalled the words in a different order than the order in which they were originally presented. This result occurred because of the a. tendency of objects in the same category to become organized. b. effect of proactive interference. c. way objects like dishes and shoes are encoded visually. d. way the phonological loop reorganizes information based on sound during rehearsal.

a. repeating it over and over.

2. Elaborative rehearsal of a word will LEAST likely be accomplished by a. repeating it over and over. b. linking the new word to a previously learned concept. c. using it in a sentence. d. thinking of its synonyms and antonyms.

b. an organizational context during learning

20. Bransford and Johnson's study had participants hear a passage which turned out to be about a man on the street serenading his girlfriend in a tall building. The wording of the passage made it difficult to understand, but looking at a picture made it easier to understand. The results of this study illustrated the importance of in forming reliable long-term memories. a. implicit memory during learning b. an organizational context during learning c. deep processing during retrieval d. imagery

b. organization

21. The story in the text about the balloons that were used to suspend a speaker in mid air was used to illustrate the role of in memory. a. rehearsal b. organization c. depth of processing d. forming connections with other information

b. retrieval cues

22. Examples from your book describing real experiences of how memories, even ones from a long time ago, can be stimulated by locations, songs, and smells highlight the importance of in LTM. a. long-term potentiation b. retrieval cues c. elaborative rehearsal d. mass practice

d. by the person whose memory will be tested.

23. Mantyla's "banana / yellow, bunches, edible" experiment demonstrates that, for best memory performance, retrieval cues should be created a. by agreement among many people, thus providing proof they are effective. b. by a memory expert who understands what makes cues effective. c. using visual images. d. by the person whose memory will be tested.

d. encoding specificity.

24. People often report an annoying memory failure when they walk from one end of the house to the other for something and then forget what they went to retrieve when they reach their destination. As soon as they return to the first room, they are reminded of what they wanted in the first place. This common experience best illustrates the principle of a. the self-reference effect. b. maintenance rehearsal. c. levels of processing theory. d. encoding specificity.

a. remote, episodic memories.

44. According to the multiple trace hypothesis, the hippocampus is involved in retrieval of a. remote, episodic memories. b. remote, semantic memories. c. remote procedural memories. d. state-dependent memories.

c. Although Emily doesn't very often think about her first love, Steve, she can't help getting caught up in happy memories when "their song" (the first song they danced to) plays on the radio.

26. Which example below best demonstrates state-dependent learning? a. Last night, at the grocery store, Cole ran into a psychology professor he took a class with three semesters ago. He recognized her right away. b. Even though Walt hasn't been to the beach cottage his parents owned since he was a child, he still has many fond memories of time spent there as a family. c. Although Emily doesn't very often think about her first love, Steve, she can't help getting caught up in happy memories when "their song" (the first song they danced to) plays on the radio. d. Alexis always suffers test anxiety in her classes. To combat this, she tries to relax when she studies. She thinks it's best to study while lying in bed, reading by candlelight with soft music playing.

b. relaxed

27. You have been studying for weeks for a nursing school entrance exam. You love the idea of becoming a nurse, and you have been enjoying learning about the material for your exam. Each night, you put on relaxing clothes and study in the quiet of your lovely home. Memory research suggests you should take your test with a mind set. a. excited b. relaxed c. nervous d. neutral

a. transfer-appropriate processing.

28. Memory performance is enhanced if the type of task at encoding matches the type of task at retrieval. This is called a. transfer-appropriate processing. b. episodic-based processing. c. elaborative rehearsal. d. personal semantic memory.

b. the type of encoding task matches the type of retrieval task.

29. Transfer-appropriate processing is likely to occur if a. the rememberer generates his own retrieval cues. b. the type of encoding task matches the type of retrieval task. c. there is deep processing during acquisition of the new material. d. imagery is used to create connections among items to be transferred into LTM.

a. Elaborative is more effective than maintenance.

3. How would you describe the relationship between elaborative rehearsal and maintenance rehearsal in terms of establishing long-term memories? a. Elaborative is more effective than maintenance. b. Maintenance is more effective than elaborative. c. Both are equally effective in all learning circumstances. d. Each one is sometimes more effective, depending on the learning circumstances.

b. auditorially; auditorially

30. According to levels of processing theory, deep processing results in better memory. However, studies have shown that shallow processing can result in better memory when the individual encodes ________ and is tested __________. a. semantically; auditorially b. auditorially; auditorially c. auditorially; semantically d. semantically; visually

a. the encoding specificity principle.

31. Some suggest that students should study in a variety of places. This suggestion is based on research showing that people remember material better if they learned it in a number of different locations, compared to studying the same amount of time in one location. The suggestion solves a problem raised by a. the encoding specificity principle. b. the spacing effect. c. levels of processing. d. the distributed practice effect.

d. Consolidation

32. ____________ transforms new memories from a fragile state, in which they can be disrupted, to a more permanent state, in which they are resistant to disruption. a. Amnesia b. Encoding specificity c. Cued-recall d. Consolidation

c. Systems

33. __________ consolidation involves the gradual reorganization of circuits within brain regions and takes place on a fairly long time scale, lasting weeks, months, or even years. a. Remote b. Standard c. Systems d. Synaptic

c. strongly active when memories are first formed and being consolidated but becomes less active when retrieving older memories that are already consolidated.

34. The standard model of consolidation proposes that the hippocampus is a. strongly active for both new memories as they are being consolidated and memories for events that occurred long ago and are already consolidated. b. strongly active for long-ago memories that are already consolidated but becomes less active when memories are first formed and being consolidated. c. strongly active when memories are first formed and being consolidated but becomes less active when retrieving older memories that are already consolidated. d. uninvolved in memory consolidation.

d. both changes at the synapse and long-term potentiation.

35. The memory mechanism Hebb proposed is associated with a. changes at the synapse. b. long-term potentiation. c. changes in specialized areas of the brain. d. both changes at the synapse and long-term potentiation.

b. increased firing in the neurons.

37. Hebb's idea of long-term potentiation, which provides a physiological mechanism for the long-term storage of memories, includes the idea of a. an increase in the size of cell bodies of neurons. b. increased firing in the neurons. c. larger electrical impulses in the synapse. d. the growth of new dendrites in neurons.

a. a failure of memory consolidation.

38. Your book explains that brief episodes of retrograde amnesia (e.g., the traumatic disruption of newly formed memories when a football player takes a hit to the head and can't recall the last play before the hit) reflect a. a failure of memory consolidation. b. disrupted long-term potentiation. c. temporary post-traumatic stress disorder. d. Korsakoff's syndrome.

a. remote

39. Retrograde amnesia is usually less severe for ________ memories. a. remote b. recent c. anterograde d. emotional

b. Kim performs better because of reactivation.

42. Lourdes and Kim have been studying for two hours for their chemistry exam. Both girls are tired of studying. Lourdes decides to watch a two-hour movie on DVD, while Kim decides to go to bed. What would you predict about their performance on the chemistry exam? a. Lourdes performs better because of reactivation. b. Kim performs better because of reactivation. c. Lourdes performs better because of encoding specificity. d. Kim performs better because of encoding specificity.

a. recent and remote episodic

43. Experimental evidence suggesting that the standard model of consolidation needs to be revised are data that show that the hippocampus was activated during retrieval of ______ memories. a. recent and remote episodic b. recent and remote semantic c. recent episodic d. remote semantic

c. when a memory is reactivated, it becomes capable of being changed or altered, just as it was immediately after it was formed.

46. Recent research on memory, based largely on fear conditioning in rats, indicates that a. fear conditioning is the most effective kind of conditioning for forming durable memories. b. memories are not susceptible to disruption once consolidation has occurred. c. when a memory is reactivated, it becomes capable of being changed or altered, just as it was immediately after it was formed. d. memory consolidation does not occur when animals are afraid of a stimulus.

d. reconsolidation.

47. Treatment of PTSD has benefitted from recent research on a. levels of processing. b. depth of processing. c. transfer-appropriate processing. d. reconsolidation.

c. short and across several days.

48. According to memory research, studying is most effective if study sessions are a. short but all on a single day. b. long and all on a single day. c. short and across several days. d. long and across several days.

d. Serena's keys were stolen from her purse. She cannot give a detailed description of her keychain to the police, even though she used it every day for three years.

5. Which of the following scenarios best illustrates how effective or ineffective maintenance rehearsal is in transferring information into LTM? a. Lilia recalls her grandmother's house where she grew up, even though she hasn't been there for 22 years. b. Ben learned his martial arts moves by making up "short stories" and mental images to describe each movement. c. Renee starred in the lead role of her high school play a few years ago. Although she helped write the play and based her character on her own life, she cannot remember many of the actual lines of dialogue anymore. d. Serena's keys were stolen from her purse. She cannot give a detailed description of her keychain to the police, even though she used it every day for three years.

b. highlighting

50. Students, beware! Research shows that _____ does not improve reading comprehension because it does not encourage elaborative processing of the material. a. organization b. highlighting c. making up questions about the material d. feedback

b. produce some short-term remembering, but fail to produce longer-term memories.

6. The maintenance rehearsal task of learning a word by repeating it over and over again is most likely to a. lead to immediate decay due to retroactive interference. b. produce some short-term remembering, but fail to produce longer-term memories. c. cause sensory memories to interfere with consolidation in working memory. d. lead to effective autobiographical memories.

d. paired-associate learning.

7. In the famous obedience research conducted by Stanley Milgram, a participant was instructed to read a list of word pairs (e.g., "nice day," "blue dress," "fat neck") to another person. The participant would then read the list again but would only provide the first word. The other individual was to recall the word that went with this cueing word. This is an example of a. maintenance rehearsal. b. mood-congruent memory. c. the consolidation-reconsolidation effect. d. paired-associate learning.

c. creates more connections.

8. Memory for a word will tend to be better if the word is used in a complex sentence (like "the bicycle was blue, with high handlebars and a racing seat") rather than a simple sentence (like "he rode the bicycle"). This probably occurs because the complex sentence a. causes more rehearsal. b. takes longer to process. c. creates more connections. d. is more interesting.

a. encoded.

9. According to the levels of processing theory, memory durability depends on the depth at which information is a. encoded. b. stored. c. retrieved. d. consolidated.