Lungs

how many fissures does the left lung have?

1 fissure called the oblique fissure

how many lobes does the left lung have and what are they?

2 superior, inferior

the right lung has how many lobes?

3 lobes

what is pleural effusion and what are its effects?

Fluid, sometimes several liters, that can collect between the two layers of the pleura; this affects the lungs ability to expand and causes the person to feel breathless.

Rhythmicity Area in the medulla controls what type of breathing?

Inspiratory and Expiratory center

what is pleural mesothelioma and what are its effects?

Pleural mesothelioma causes the pleura to thicken. presses on the lungs or attaches itself to the inside of the chest wall; expansion of the lung becomes progressively restricted by the tumor

three centers in the brain that control breathing?

Rhythmicity Area in the medulla , Pneumotaxic, Apneustic

which lung is larger and why?

Right lung slightly larger due to heart on left side

what are the pleural cavities?

Two cavities, either side of mediastinum, surrounds lungs

what is Minimal Volume?

air trapped in lung tissue - 40% of RV

what are the basic structural unit of the lungs?

alveolar sacs

parasternal nodes drain into?

anterior thoracic cavity

where do you listen to lung sounds?

apex of right and left lung middle, superior and inferior lobes of right lung superior and inferior lobes of left lung SEE SLIDE FOR LOCATIONS

axillary nodes drain into?

apical areas

what innervates the visceral pleura?

autonomic innervation; innervated by the vagus and sympathetic fibres.

each lung has what? (physical attributes)

base, apex, two surfaces and three borders

be able to identify the breathing centers in the brain on the picture given in the slide

be able to identify the breathing centers in the brain on the picture given in the slide

be able to identify the volumes etc. on the slide

be able to identify the volumes etc. on the slide

Hyperpnea?

breathing that is regulated to meet an increase demand by the body for oxygen

how is the trachea held open?

by a C shaped transverse cartilage ring that opens posteriorly

what is the root of the lungs covered by?

by a sleeve of visceral pleura

Biot's Breathing?

characterized by repeated sequences of deep gasps and apnea; is an abnormal pattern of breathing characterized by groups of quick, shallow inspirations followed by regular or irregular periods of apnea

the parietal pleura is attached to ___ and reflects on the _____?

chest wall; lungs at their root

what are the three surfaces of the lungs?

costal, mediastinal ( lies against mediastinum anteriorly and contains comma shaped hilum and entering and exiting of structures), and vertebral (posterior)

diaphragmatic nodes drain into?

diaphragmatic nodes

where is pain from parietal pleura felt and what dermatomes are involved?

either on the body wall, or in the dermatomes of the phrenic nerve (C3,4,5)

what is the hilum

entrance to lung

what is pneumothorax?

entry of air into the pleural cavity that results in collapse of the lung

borders of the pleural cavities?

extend superiorly above 1st rib into root of neck and inferiorly extends to level just above costal margin

Respiratory arrest?

failure to resume breathing following a period of apnea, or apneusis

what is the trachea?

flexible tube to the lungs

why do the 3 lobes of the right lung freely movable against each other?

freely movable against each other because they are separate by invaginations of visceral pleura

how far does the trachea extend in the body?

from C6 to T4/T5

where does deoxygenated blood feeding into the lungs come from?

from right ventricle from pulmonary arteries

Terminal Bronchioles give rise to what?

gives rise to several respiratory bronchioles

what innervates the parietal pleura (system and actual nerves)?

has somatic innervation; intercostal nerves and the diaphragm and mediastinum by the phrenic nerves

what are the three borders of the lungs?

inferior anterior posterior

what is pleuritis (pleurisy)?

inflammation of the pleuras

the Apneustic area of the brain has what effect on breathing?

inhibited by pneumotaxic center and promotes inspiration

what is Functional Residual Capacity?

is the amount of air left in the lungs at the end of a normal expiration (ERV + RV)

Dyspnea?

labored or difficult breathing (usually associated with lung or heart disease and resulting in shortness of breath.)

what is Vital Capacity?

largest volume of air an individual can move in and out of the lungs (IRV + TV + ERV)

the trachea bifurcates into ___ and ____.

left and right main bronchus

oxygenated blood returns to the heart from where?

left atrium via pulmonary veins

the Pneumotaxic area of the brain has what effect on breathing?

limits the duration of inspiration and thus increases respiratory rate

what lines the pleural cavities?

lined by a single layer of flat cells, mesothelium and an associated layer of supporting CT called parietal pleura

main branch further divides into what?

lobar or secondary bronchi (each supplies a lobe)

look at the lobules slide

look at the lobules slide

what are the effects of pleuritis?

makes the smooth surfaces of pleura rough results in increase friction may result in pain

what is Inspiratory capacity?

max amount of air that can be inspired after a normal expiration (TV + IRV)

what is Expiratory reserve Volume?

max volume that can be moved out of lung after a normal expiration

what is Inspiratory Reserve Volume?

max. volume that can be moved into lung after a normal inspiration

how is parietal pleura named and what are the different name?

named by location: costal diaphragmatic mediastinal cervical

eupnea?

normal quiet breathing

what are the two fissures created by the invaginations of the visceral pleura in the right lung?

oblique fissure; inferior from superior & middle lobes horizontal fissure; superior from middle lobe LOOK AT DRAWING ON SLIDE

the base of the lungs sit where?

on diaphragm

what is located in the root and the hilum?

one pulmonary artery - superior two pulmonary veins - inferior main bronchus - posterior bronchial vessels nerves and lymphatics

the visceral pleura is insensitive to ____ and ____.

pain and temp

Cheyne-Stokes respiration?

periodic type of abnormal breathing often seen in terminally ill or brain-damage patients; abnormal pattern of breathing characterized by progressively deeper and sometimes faster breathing, followed by a gradual decrease that results in a temporary stop in breathing called an apnea. The pattern repeats, with each cycle usually taking 30 seconds to 2 minutes. It is an oscillation of ventilation between apnea and hyperpnea with a crescendo-decrescendo pattern

what does the visceral pleura produce?

pleura produces fluid that lubricates the space between the two layers

intercostal nodes drain into?

post thoracic cavity

respiratory bronchioles give rise to what?

provides 2 - 11 alveolar ducts and provides 5 - 6 alveolar sacs

ridiculous lymphatics slide-copy and bring into test!

ridiculous lymphatics slide-copy and bring into test!

which main bronchus is wider and what is its course?

right bronchus and more vertical course

inhaled foreign bodies tend to lodge on what side?

right side

the lobar bronchi further divide into what?

segmental or tertiary bronchi which supply bronchopulmonary segments

what is the root of the lungs?

short tubular collection of structures that together attach the lung to structures in the mediastinum

what is the parietal pleura derived from?

somatopleural mesoderm

what are the Costomediastinal & Costodiaphragmatic recesses?

spaces that occur because lungs do not fill the plural cavities completely; exudates accumulate in this space when trunk is erect

what is the visceral pleura derived from?

splanchnopleural mesoderm

what is the visceral pleura attached to?

surface of the lung

Apneusis?

sustained, gasping inspiration followed by short, inefficient expiration, which can continue to the point of asphyxia. Often associated with lesions in the respiratory center in the brain

Apnea?

temporary cessation of breathing at the end of a normal expiration

what does Capacities refer to?

the sum of two or more volumes

what is the purpose of the fluid that between the layers or the visceral and the parietal pleura?

this allows the two layers to slide comfortably over each other as we breathe in and out

how does the main bronchus enter the lung?

through the root of the lung by passing through the hilum remember that there are 2 main bronchus

bronchopulmonary segments give rise to what?

to multiple divisions bronchioles that subdivide and supply the respiratory surfaces

what is Total lung capacity?

total volume of air a lung can hold (IRV + TV + ERV + RV)

understand the very complicated drainage slide

understand the very complicated drainage slide

what is tidal volume?

volume moved into or out of lung during normal respiratory cycle

what is Residual Volume?

volume remaining in the lung after maximum expiration