lymphatic system and immunity
which of the following about MHC proteins is false
bind complement
in order for a lymphocyte to respond to an antigen, the antigen must
bind to specific receptors on the lymphocyte surface
which of the following is not a property of an IgG heavy chain
binds antigen at both ends
lymphatic vessels commonly occur in association with
blood vessels
in passive immunity, the
body receives antibodies produced by other humans or by an animal
lymphocyte production and maturation involves
bone marrow, thymus tissue, peripheral lymphatic tissues, stem cells
microphages include
both neutrophils and eosinophils
antigen is engulfed and presented by a macrophage, T cells with specific receptors recognize the antigen, several cycles of mitosis occur, T cells differentiate into cytotoxic T cells/T memory cells, cytotoxic T cells migrate to focus of infection, cytotoxic T cells release perforin/lymphotoxin
cell-mediated immune response
histamine increases blood flow and vascular permeability. this would account for all of the following changes that occur during inflammation except
chemotaxis of phagocytes
each of the following is a physical barrier to infection except
complement
when an antigen is bound to a class I MHC molecule, it can stimulate a
cytotoxic T cell
lymphocytes that destroy foreign cells or virus-infeted cells are
cytotoxic T cells
the cells directly responsible for cellular immunity are the
cytotoxic T cells
the medullary cords of a lymph node contain _____ lymphocytes and plasma cells
B
dominant cell type in cortex
B cells
the cells responsible for humoral immunity are the
B cells
immunogloublins that are primarily found in glandular secretions such as saliva and tears are
IgA
immunoglobulins that are found on the surface of B cells and that may activate antibody production are
IgD
immunoglobulins that attach to and sensitize mast cells and basophils are
IgE
immunoglobulins that are most abundant and are responsible for resistance against many viruses, bacteria, and bacterial toxins are
IgG
the only antibodies that normally cross the placents are
IgG
immunoglobulins, formed of 5 subunits, that are the first antibodies to be produced in response to infection, are
IgM
during a primary immune response, the
IgM titer is initially higher than the IgG titer
the cells that perform immunological surveillance are the
NK cells
_____ are clusters of lymphatic nodules deep to the epithelial lining of the small intestine
Peyer's patches
the cell that dominates the deep cortical region of a lymph node is the
T cell
If the thymus shrank and stopped making thymosins, we would expect to see and immediate decrease in the number of
T cells
dominant cell type in medulla
T cells
the effects of activating the complement system include all of the following except
inhibition of the immune response
immunity that is genetically determined and present at birth is called
innate immunity
a sample of john's blood shows a high level of phyrogens. this would indicate that john
is running a fever
all of the following are true of the primary response of humoral immunity except that
it is delayed by the memory cell stage
being the starting point of the lymphatic circulation, being the smallest lymphatic vessels, having larger diameters and looser walls than blood capillaries, having shingle-like endothelial cells
lymphatic capillaries
adaptive defenses depend on the activities of
lymphocytes
the white pulp of the spleen is populated by
lymphocytes
class II molecules are found on which of the following
lymphocytes and antigen-presenting cells
an inflammatory response is triggered when
mast cells release histamine and heparin
various types of macrophages are derived from
monocytes
plasma contains _____ special proteins that form the complement system
more than 30
hormones of the immune system include all of the following except
natriuretic factor
immunity that results from antibodies that pass thru the placenta from mother to fetus is called
naturally acquire passive immunity
immunity that results from exposure to an antigen in the environment is called
naturally acquired active immunity
during a primary humoral response to antigens all of the following occur except
neutrophils invade the surrounding areas, releasing chemotactic substances
in an experimental situation, a rabbit is exposed to a viral antigen to which it makes antibodies. these antibodies are then purified and injected into a human with the same viral disease. this is an example of
passive immunization
the first line of cellular defense against pathogens are the
phagocytes
innate defenses include
phagocytic cells, physical barriers, inflammation, interferons
the cells responsible for the production of circulating immunoglobins are
plasma cells
the release of endogenous pyrogen (IL 1) by active macrophages would
produce a fever
helper T cells do all of the following except
provide a rapid response to a future exposure to the antigen
stem cells that can form all types of lymphocytes are concentrated in the
red bone marrow
stem cells that will form B cells or NK cells are found only in the
red bone marrow
the binding of an antibody to an antigen can result in all of the following except
release of perforin
lymph nodes do all of the following except
remove excess nutrients from the lymph
lymphocytes
respond to antigens
the thoracic duct drains lymph from all of the following regions except the
right breast
examples of physical barriers against pathogens include
sebaceous glands, mucus, epithelia, epidermal layers
cytotoxic T cells can attack target cells with which of the following chemical weapons
secrete a cytokine that triggers apoptosis
in general, lymphocytes
spend most of their time in lymphatic tissue
interleukins do all of the following except
stimulate collagen synthesis
inflammation produces localized
swelling, redness, heat, pain
lymphatic tissue is found in the greatest quantity in
the adult spleen
which of the following statements about lymph flow in a node is false
the afferent lymphatic enters at the hilum
T lymphocytes are produced and stored in all of the following except
the brain
leslie has a severe sore throat and the lymph nodes in her neck are swollen. this would indicate that
the lymph nodes contain an increased number of lymphocytes
the merging of ____ forms the right lymphatic duct
the right jugular, right subclavian, and right bronchomediastinal trunks
the lymphatic system is composed of all of the following except
the venae cavae
lymphatic organs differ from lymphatic tissues in what way
they are surrounded by a fibrous capsule and lymphatic tissues are not
most of the lymph returns to the venous circulation by way of the
thoracic duct
T cells develop from stem cells in the
thymus
T is to _________ as B is to _______
thymus-dependent; bone marrow-derived
______ are large lymphatic nodules that are located in the walls of the pharynx
tonsils
lymphocytes may be found in which of the following tissues or organs
tonsils, spleen, lymph nodes, thymus
the lymphatic system does all of the following except
transports gases to and away from lymph nodes
in IgG, the antigen binding site is formed by the
variable segments of both the light and heavy chains
characteristics of adaptive defenses include
versatility, tolerance, memory, specificity
all of the following are true of the secondary response of humoral immunity except that it
weakens quickly because memory B cells only survive for a year or two
areas of the spleen that contain large aggregations of lymphocytes are known as
white pulp
lymph nodes range in diameter from
1 mm to 25 mm
each IgG has _____ binding sites for attachment to antigenic determinants
2
fever is the maintenance of body temperature greater than
37.2 degrees C (99 degrees F)
if the disulfide bond in IgG were broken, how many peptide chains would be set free
4
lymphatic vessels are located in almost all portions of the body except the
CNS
the term lymphadenopathy refers to
a chronic or excessive enlargement of lymph nodes
the role of antigen-presenting cells in immunity is to
activate T cells, display antigen fragments, process antigens, bind antigens to glycoproteins
all of the following are true of the thymus gland except that it
activates B cells
defense of the body against a particular pathogen is provided by
adaptive immunity
the classical pathway of complement activation begins when the protein C1 binds to
an antibody attached to an antigen
the body's innate defenses include all of the following except
antibodies
compared to blood capillaries, lymph capillaries exhibit all of the following except that they
are smaller in diameter
the primary function of the lymphatic system is
defending the body against both external and internal threats
T cells and B cells can be activated only by
exposure to a specific antigen at a specific site in a plasma membrane
which class of cells is particularly abundant in the red pulp of the spleen
free and fixed macrophages
dividing lymphocytes can be found in the _____ of the lymphatic nodule
germinal center
the various classes of immunoglobulins are differentiated on the basis of their
heavy-chain constant segments
when an antigen is bound to a class II MHC protein, it can activate a
helper T cell
B cells are primarily activated by the activities of
helper T cells
cells that help regulate the immune response are
helper T cells
lymphocytes provide an adaptive or specific defense known as the
immune response
class II MHS proteins are present in the plasma only
in antigen-presenting cells and lymphocytes
suppressor T cells act to
inhibit T and B cell activities