M10-15 Lab

Electrophillic Aromatic Substitution.

For aromatic compounds, they exhibit resonance that results in conjugative stability of the molecule. due to their pi bonds in conjugation, they resist addition to the pi bonds but readily undergo substitution. This overall reaction is chiefly called _____

acrolein test

Glycerol is detected by the _____

dehydration

Glycerol undergoes _____ when heated with KHSO₄ to form propenal (acrolein), which has a pungent odor.

nitroalkane

If the nitro group is attached to a primary, secondary, tertiary C atom in an aliphatic chain, then it is called primary, secondary, tertiary _____

Tollens' test

In ______, ammonical silver nitrate is reduced to free silver, which adheres to the glass walls of the container to form a silver mirror.

Fehling's test

In ______, the reagent is copper(II) ions, which form a complex with tartrate ions. The copper(II) ions are reduced to copper(II) ions by the aldehyde. The result is a change of color from dark blue to olive green and finally to the brick-red color of the cuprous oxide precipitate.

nucleophilic substitution

In general, carboxylic acids undergo a _____ reaction where the nucleophile (-OH) is substituted by another nucleophile (Nu).

iodoform test

In the _____, the positive result is indicated by the formation of a yellow crystalline precipitate of iodoform, CHI3.

Bromine Test

In this test, the orange-red colour of bromine solution disappears when it is added to an unsaturated organic compound (unsaturated hydrocarbon).

glycerol

It is obtained as a by-product from the manufacture of soap. It is used as a moisturizing agent in cosmetic formulation, in tobacco products, and in foods.

esterification

It is the reaction of alcohol with carboxylic acid forming ester and water

biuret test or the ninhydrin reaction

Millon's test is not specific for proteins; it also gives a positive test for other compounds containing the phenol functional group. Therefore, the _____ are used along with it to confirm the presence of proteins.

metallic mercury, tyrosine, red

Millon's test. The reagent is made by dissolving _____ in nitrous acid and diluting with water. In the test, the phenol group in the side chain of _____ gets nitrated, and that product then complexes with Hg(I) or Hg(II) ions to give _____ coloration or precipitate.

furfural

Molisch test. The basis of this reaction is the dehydration of the saccharide by a strong acid resulting in the formation of ______ or hydroxymethylfurfural. The furfural compound then condenses with a phenolic substance like α-naphthol to form a violet ring at the junction of the two liquids.

alpha hydrogen

Tertiary alcohols are not readily oxidized by the Chromic acid because of the absence of an _____

immediately

Tertiary alcohols react ______ with Lucas reagent ( HCl in the presence of ZnCl2) to form an immiscible upper layer of alkyl chloride.

RNH2

1 amine

R2NH

2 amine

R3N

3 amine

monohydroxy or polyhydroxy

Alcohols may be classified based on the number of OH groups as _____ alcohols.

Morphine, Demerol, Novocaine, Ephedra, Methamphetamines, amphetamines

Amines are largely used in pharmaceutical industry. ____ and _____ are used as analgesics that are pain killers. ______ is used as anesthetic and _____ is a very common decongestant. _____ and _____ are recreational drugs

Zymase

Ethyl alcohol or ethanol is obtained from the fermentation of sugars and starches. The reaction is catalyzed by the enzyme _____, which is found in yeast.

sodium nitroprusside reaction

The _____ is used in clinical tests to detect the presence of acetone in urine. The positive result is a bright red color, which changes to wine-red color

SN1

The reaction mechanism involved with tertiary and secondary alcohol is _____.

- RCOOH

The simplest carboxylic acid groups contain an alkyl group attached to a carboxyl group

-OH group

This functional group has an inherent acid character shown when the hydrogen is released from the -OH bond

Schiff's test, Tollens' test, and Fehling's test

Visual tests to distinguish aldehydes from ketones are _____

amine

When one, two, or three of the three hydrogen atoms is replaced by alkyl (R) or aryl group (Ar), primary, secondary, or tertiary _____ is formed

Ethyl alcohol or ethanol

alcohol present in alcoholic beverages

Millon's reagent

an analytical reagent used to detect the presence of soluble proteins. A few drops of the reagent are added to the test solution, which is then heated gently. A reddish-brown coloration or precipitate indicates the presence of tyrosine residue which occur in nearly all proteins.

Carboxylic acids

belong to a class of organic compounds in which a carbon (C) atom is bonded to an oxygen (O) atom by a double bond and to a hydroxyl group (−OH) by a single bond

iodoform test

can be used to identify aldehydes or ketones.. When Iodine and sodium hydroxide are added to a compound that contains either a methyl ketone or a secondary alcohol with a methyl group in the alpha position

-C=O

carbonyl group

sulfuric acid + sodium dichromate

chromic acid solution as jones reagent

amines

derivatives of ammonia in which one or more hydrogen atoms are replaced by alkyl or aryl groups

RCOOR'

ester

sulfuric acid

ethanol and ethanoic acid reacts in the presence of acid catalyst ____ to form the ester ethyl ethanoate or ethyl acetate with a fruity smell.

-COOH

functional group on the carboxylic acids

Nitroarenes

important intermediates in the manufacture of detergents, dyes, pharamaceuticals and explosives like 2,4,6-Trinitrotoulene(TNT)

strong

in the vicinity of a _____ electrophile, the partially negatively charged carbonyl oxygen (δ-) can act as a nucleophile and attack the electrophile

Chloropicrin

is used as fumigant to control pests in the soil and also as constitutent of tear gas

chromic (III) acid

jones reagent

R(C=O)R

ketone

acyl halides, acid anhydrides, esters, and amides

most important carboxylic acid derivatives

weak acid

pH of phenols

one oxidation of appropriate alcohol

preparing aldehydes and ketones in the laboratory

a pale yellow precipitate of triiodomethane

product of iodoform test

chromic acid

straightforward reagent. oxidizes 1 alcohols to carboxylic acids and 2 alcohols to ketones. also oxidizes aldehydes to ketones

oxygen

the -OH group may also be protonated at the ____, which weakens the C-O bond so that the whole group may be cleaved off as water and subsequently replaced in the molecule.

nucleophilic attack.

the carbonyl carbon is susceptible to _____. The nucleophile can approach the carbonyl carbon either above or below the plane of the pi bond.

addition

the characteristic reactions of unsaturated hydrocarbons are those that take place at the double bond and this reaction is called ____

RCOSR'

thioester

Lucas

to further distinguish different classes of alcohols, _____ test is employed.

substitution

under the presence of UV light or at very high temperature, saturated hydrocarbons react with Halogens (Br2 or Cl2) to yield halogenated alkanes

oic acid

Carboxylic acids contain the carboxyl acid group. Their names end with

carboxylic acid derivatives

Compounds in which the −OH group of the carboxylic acid is replaced by other functional groups

Fermentation

Ethanol or ethyl alcohol can be produced from the fermentation of sugars and starches catalyzed by the enzyme zymase found in yeast. _____ is the principle behind the preparation of alcoholic beverages.

Oil of Wintergreen

Methyl Salicylate or ____ which forms when Methanol reacts with Salicylic acid

sodium nitroprusside test and the iodoform test

Methyl ketones are detected by the _____

glycerol

The most important triol

bases

Because phenols are weak acids, they will react with _____. If phenol is reacted with NaOH (a strong _____), it is completely converted to the phenoxide ion, which is soluble in water because it is charged. Phenol itself is not very soluble in water.

natural oil and gas

Being a major component of ____, Hydrocarbons undergo a very important reaction called combustion which has a very important industrial application.

carbonyl group

C=O, which is largely responsible for their chemical and physical properties. The _____ is a highly polarized group because of the greater electronegativity of the oxygen atom. The electron density of oxygen is increased, while that of the carbon is decreased.

nitromethane, nitroethane etc and nitrobenzene

Lower nitroalkanes are widely used as solvents in industry, and propellants

nitro compounds

Organic compounds containing nitro as the functional group

amino acids and alkaloids

Other nitrogen -containing compounds

Phthalein Dye test

Phenol on heating with phthaleic anhydride in the presence of sulphuric acid produces phenolphthalein, which is colourless. Phenolphthalein gives pink colour on treating with alkali.

Ferric chloride test

Phenol reacts with ferric ions to form violet coloured complex

orange, Aldehyde

Primary alcohol (______) to ______ (green solution)

chromic acid test

Primary and Secondary alcohols may be distinguished from tertiary alcohols by the

Molisch test

The carbohydrates may be differentiated from aldehydes and ketones by the Molisch test, a general test for carbohydrates

monosaccharides

The carbonyl (-C=O) group common to aldehydes and ketones are also present in the simplest group of carbohydrates, the ______. Many of the reactions of the _____ are due to their presence.

electron density

The carbonyl group (C=O) gets polarized (i.e. there is a charge separation), since oxygen is more electronegative than carbon and pulls the _____ towards itself. As a result, the carbon atom develops a partial positive charge (δ+) and the oxygen atom develops a partial negative charge (δ-).

carbonyl and hydroxyl group.

The carboxyl (COOH) group is named after the ____

Jones reactant

The chromic acid test uses the_____ to oxidize aldehydes and alcohols and reduce the chromic acid, resulting in a color change

R(C=O)H

The general formula of an aldehyde

crude oil

The majority of hydrocarbons are found naturally occur in ____, where decomposed organic matter provides an abundance of carbon and hydrogen which, when bonded, can link to form seemingly limitless chains.

aliphatic aldehydes

While the Tollens test can detect both aliphatic and aromatic aldehydes, Fehling's test is positive only to _____.

Baeyer's test

____ is used to detect the degree of unsaturation of alkenes and alkynes

Phenols and cresols

_____ are obtain from coal tar. _____ is prepared in the laboratory by a diazotization of primary aromatic amines.

Amines

_____ are used in making azo-dyes and nylon apart from medicines and drugs. They are widely used in developing chemicals for crop protection, medication and water purification.

A positive test in Lucas test

______ is indicated by a change from clear and colorless to turbid ( formation of insoluble layer of alkyl chloride

alkaloids

a class of naturally occurring organic compounds that mostly contain basic nitrogen atoms. They are produced by a large variety of organisms including bacteria, fungi, plants, and animals. They find wide application in medicine like morphine and nicotine and also used as psychoactive substances like cocaine and caffeine.

CH3C=O

acetyl group