M10-15 Lab
Electrophillic Aromatic Substitution.
For aromatic compounds, they exhibit resonance that results in conjugative stability of the molecule. due to their pi bonds in conjugation, they resist addition to the pi bonds but readily undergo substitution. This overall reaction is chiefly called _____
acrolein test
Glycerol is detected by the _____
dehydration
Glycerol undergoes _____ when heated with KHSO₄ to form propenal (acrolein), which has a pungent odor.
nitroalkane
If the nitro group is attached to a primary, secondary, tertiary C atom in an aliphatic chain, then it is called primary, secondary, tertiary _____
Tollens' test
In ______, ammonical silver nitrate is reduced to free silver, which adheres to the glass walls of the container to form a silver mirror.
Fehling's test
In ______, the reagent is copper(II) ions, which form a complex with tartrate ions. The copper(II) ions are reduced to copper(II) ions by the aldehyde. The result is a change of color from dark blue to olive green and finally to the brick-red color of the cuprous oxide precipitate.
nucleophilic substitution
In general, carboxylic acids undergo a _____ reaction where the nucleophile (-OH) is substituted by another nucleophile (Nu).
iodoform test
In the _____, the positive result is indicated by the formation of a yellow crystalline precipitate of iodoform, CHI3.
Bromine Test
In this test, the orange-red colour of bromine solution disappears when it is added to an unsaturated organic compound (unsaturated hydrocarbon).
glycerol
It is obtained as a by-product from the manufacture of soap. It is used as a moisturizing agent in cosmetic formulation, in tobacco products, and in foods.
esterification
It is the reaction of alcohol with carboxylic acid forming ester and water
biuret test or the ninhydrin reaction
Millon's test is not specific for proteins; it also gives a positive test for other compounds containing the phenol functional group. Therefore, the _____ are used along with it to confirm the presence of proteins.
metallic mercury, tyrosine, red
Millon's test. The reagent is made by dissolving _____ in nitrous acid and diluting with water. In the test, the phenol group in the side chain of _____ gets nitrated, and that product then complexes with Hg(I) or Hg(II) ions to give _____ coloration or precipitate.
furfural
Molisch test. The basis of this reaction is the dehydration of the saccharide by a strong acid resulting in the formation of ______ or hydroxymethylfurfural. The furfural compound then condenses with a phenolic substance like α-naphthol to form a violet ring at the junction of the two liquids.
alpha hydrogen
Tertiary alcohols are not readily oxidized by the Chromic acid because of the absence of an _____
immediately
Tertiary alcohols react ______ with Lucas reagent ( HCl in the presence of ZnCl2) to form an immiscible upper layer of alkyl chloride.
RNH2
1 amine
R2NH
2 amine
R3N
3 amine
monohydroxy or polyhydroxy
Alcohols may be classified based on the number of OH groups as _____ alcohols.
Morphine, Demerol, Novocaine, Ephedra, Methamphetamines, amphetamines
Amines are largely used in pharmaceutical industry. ____ and _____ are used as analgesics that are pain killers. ______ is used as anesthetic and _____ is a very common decongestant. _____ and _____ are recreational drugs
Zymase
Ethyl alcohol or ethanol is obtained from the fermentation of sugars and starches. The reaction is catalyzed by the enzyme _____, which is found in yeast.
sodium nitroprusside reaction
The _____ is used in clinical tests to detect the presence of acetone in urine. The positive result is a bright red color, which changes to wine-red color
SN1
The reaction mechanism involved with tertiary and secondary alcohol is _____.
- RCOOH
The simplest carboxylic acid groups contain an alkyl group attached to a carboxyl group
-OH group
This functional group has an inherent acid character shown when the hydrogen is released from the -OH bond
Schiff's test, Tollens' test, and Fehling's test
Visual tests to distinguish aldehydes from ketones are _____
amine
When one, two, or three of the three hydrogen atoms is replaced by alkyl (R) or aryl group (Ar), primary, secondary, or tertiary _____ is formed
Ethyl alcohol or ethanol
alcohol present in alcoholic beverages
Millon's reagent
an analytical reagent used to detect the presence of soluble proteins. A few drops of the reagent are added to the test solution, which is then heated gently. A reddish-brown coloration or precipitate indicates the presence of tyrosine residue which occur in nearly all proteins.
Carboxylic acids
belong to a class of organic compounds in which a carbon (C) atom is bonded to an oxygen (O) atom by a double bond and to a hydroxyl group (−OH) by a single bond
iodoform test
can be used to identify aldehydes or ketones.. When Iodine and sodium hydroxide are added to a compound that contains either a methyl ketone or a secondary alcohol with a methyl group in the alpha position
-C=O
carbonyl group
sulfuric acid + sodium dichromate
chromic acid solution as jones reagent
amines
derivatives of ammonia in which one or more hydrogen atoms are replaced by alkyl or aryl groups
RCOOR'
ester
sulfuric acid
ethanol and ethanoic acid reacts in the presence of acid catalyst ____ to form the ester ethyl ethanoate or ethyl acetate with a fruity smell.
-COOH
functional group on the carboxylic acids
Nitroarenes
important intermediates in the manufacture of detergents, dyes, pharamaceuticals and explosives like 2,4,6-Trinitrotoulene(TNT)
strong
in the vicinity of a _____ electrophile, the partially negatively charged carbonyl oxygen (δ-) can act as a nucleophile and attack the electrophile
Chloropicrin
is used as fumigant to control pests in the soil and also as constitutent of tear gas
chromic (III) acid
jones reagent
R(C=O)R
ketone
acyl halides, acid anhydrides, esters, and amides
most important carboxylic acid derivatives
weak acid
pH of phenols
one oxidation of appropriate alcohol
preparing aldehydes and ketones in the laboratory
a pale yellow precipitate of triiodomethane
product of iodoform test
chromic acid
straightforward reagent. oxidizes 1 alcohols to carboxylic acids and 2 alcohols to ketones. also oxidizes aldehydes to ketones
oxygen
the -OH group may also be protonated at the ____, which weakens the C-O bond so that the whole group may be cleaved off as water and subsequently replaced in the molecule.
nucleophilic attack.
the carbonyl carbon is susceptible to _____. The nucleophile can approach the carbonyl carbon either above or below the plane of the pi bond.
addition
the characteristic reactions of unsaturated hydrocarbons are those that take place at the double bond and this reaction is called ____
RCOSR'
thioester
Lucas
to further distinguish different classes of alcohols, _____ test is employed.
substitution
under the presence of UV light or at very high temperature, saturated hydrocarbons react with Halogens (Br2 or Cl2) to yield halogenated alkanes
oic acid
Carboxylic acids contain the carboxyl acid group. Their names end with
carboxylic acid derivatives
Compounds in which the −OH group of the carboxylic acid is replaced by other functional groups
Fermentation
Ethanol or ethyl alcohol can be produced from the fermentation of sugars and starches catalyzed by the enzyme zymase found in yeast. _____ is the principle behind the preparation of alcoholic beverages.
Oil of Wintergreen
Methyl Salicylate or ____ which forms when Methanol reacts with Salicylic acid
sodium nitroprusside test and the iodoform test
Methyl ketones are detected by the _____
glycerol
The most important triol
bases
Because phenols are weak acids, they will react with _____. If phenol is reacted with NaOH (a strong _____), it is completely converted to the phenoxide ion, which is soluble in water because it is charged. Phenol itself is not very soluble in water.
natural oil and gas
Being a major component of ____, Hydrocarbons undergo a very important reaction called combustion which has a very important industrial application.
carbonyl group
C=O, which is largely responsible for their chemical and physical properties. The _____ is a highly polarized group because of the greater electronegativity of the oxygen atom. The electron density of oxygen is increased, while that of the carbon is decreased.
nitromethane, nitroethane etc and nitrobenzene
Lower nitroalkanes are widely used as solvents in industry, and propellants
nitro compounds
Organic compounds containing nitro as the functional group
amino acids and alkaloids
Other nitrogen -containing compounds
Phthalein Dye test
Phenol on heating with phthaleic anhydride in the presence of sulphuric acid produces phenolphthalein, which is colourless. Phenolphthalein gives pink colour on treating with alkali.
Ferric chloride test
Phenol reacts with ferric ions to form violet coloured complex
orange, Aldehyde
Primary alcohol (______) to ______ (green solution)
chromic acid test
Primary and Secondary alcohols may be distinguished from tertiary alcohols by the
Molisch test
The carbohydrates may be differentiated from aldehydes and ketones by the Molisch test, a general test for carbohydrates
monosaccharides
The carbonyl (-C=O) group common to aldehydes and ketones are also present in the simplest group of carbohydrates, the ______. Many of the reactions of the _____ are due to their presence.
electron density
The carbonyl group (C=O) gets polarized (i.e. there is a charge separation), since oxygen is more electronegative than carbon and pulls the _____ towards itself. As a result, the carbon atom develops a partial positive charge (δ+) and the oxygen atom develops a partial negative charge (δ-).
carbonyl and hydroxyl group.
The carboxyl (COOH) group is named after the ____
Jones reactant
The chromic acid test uses the_____ to oxidize aldehydes and alcohols and reduce the chromic acid, resulting in a color change
R(C=O)H
The general formula of an aldehyde
crude oil
The majority of hydrocarbons are found naturally occur in ____, where decomposed organic matter provides an abundance of carbon and hydrogen which, when bonded, can link to form seemingly limitless chains.
aliphatic aldehydes
While the Tollens test can detect both aliphatic and aromatic aldehydes, Fehling's test is positive only to _____.
Baeyer's test
____ is used to detect the degree of unsaturation of alkenes and alkynes
Phenols and cresols
_____ are obtain from coal tar. _____ is prepared in the laboratory by a diazotization of primary aromatic amines.
Amines
_____ are used in making azo-dyes and nylon apart from medicines and drugs. They are widely used in developing chemicals for crop protection, medication and water purification.
A positive test in Lucas test
______ is indicated by a change from clear and colorless to turbid ( formation of insoluble layer of alkyl chloride
alkaloids
a class of naturally occurring organic compounds that mostly contain basic nitrogen atoms. They are produced by a large variety of organisms including bacteria, fungi, plants, and animals. They find wide application in medicine like morphine and nicotine and also used as psychoactive substances like cocaine and caffeine.
CH3C=O
acetyl group