MAIN "Unit 6"
believed that external influences (not internal thoughts and feelings) shape behavior.
BF Skinner
Johnny is "hammering" the nail in with his toy hammer as his father is hammering the deck boards. His behavior is a clear example of: A. reinforced learning. B. observational conditioning. C. modeling. D. classical learning.
c
in classical conditioning, the learned response to a previously neutral (but now conditioned) stimulus (CS)
CR conditioned response
in classical conditioning, a previously neutral stimulus that, after association with an unconditioned stimulus (US) comes to trigger a conditioned response.
CS conditioned stimulus
Critics of B. F. Skinner were concerned that: A. he relied too heavily on animals to explain general learning principles. B. his research methods were flawed. C. he ignored the influence of stimulus-response associations. D. he dehumanized people because he ignored the existence of personal freedom and dignity.
D
_____________ believed that human emotions and behaviors, though biologically influenced, are mainly a bundle of conditioned responses.
John Watson
in classical conditioning, the learned ability to distinguish between a conditioned stimulus and stimuli that do not signal an unconditioned stimulus.
discrimination
in classical conditioning, a stimulus that elicits no response before conditioning.
NS neutral stimulus
an innately reinforcing stimulus, such as one that satisfies a biological need.
primary reinforcer
In classical conditioning, this is the unlearned, naturally occurring response to the unconditioned stimulus (US), such as salivation when food is in the mouth. A. unconditioned response (UR) B. conditioned response (CR) C. neutral stimulus D. conditioned/neutral stimulus (CS)
a
Michael is busy with his work project that he brought home. His son wants him to put a movie in the DVD player. Michael tells him to wait 10 minutes; however, his son whines and complains so much that Michael decides to put the movie in right now. This best illustrates the value of: A. negative reinforcement. B. secondary reinforcement. C. erratic behavior. D. positive reinforcement.
a
believed that classical conditioning applies to human health and well-being.
Pavlov
Mirror neurons are found in the brain's ______________ and are believed to be the neural basis for: A. frontal lobe; observational learning. B. frontal lobe; classical conditioning. C. temporal lobe; observational learning. D. temporal lobe; operant conditioning.
a
Most learning involves the process of association. With classical conditioning, an organism comes to associate: A. two stimuli. B. something observed and its consequences. C. a neutral stimulus and a reward. D. a response and its consequences.
a
positive, constructive, helpful behavior. The opposite of antisocial behavior.
prosocial behavior
_______________________ involves any stimulus that, when presented after a response, strengthens the response. A. Positive reinforcement B. Neutral reinforcement C. Negative reinforcement D. Moderate reinforcement
a
in classical conditioning, the unlearned, naturally occurring response to the unconditioned stimulus (US) such as salivation when food is in the mouth.
UR unconditioned response
in classical conditioning, a stimulus that unconditionally-- naturally and automatically -- triggers a response.
US unconditioned stimulus
worked with an 11 month old named Albert and conditioned him to fear rats
Watson and Rayner
_______________________ involves any stimulus that, when removed after a response, strengthens the response. A. Negative reinforcement B. Moderate reinforcement C. Neutral reinforcement D. Positive reinforcement
a
in operant conditioning, any event that strengthens the behavior it follows
reinforcer
behavior that occurs as an automatic response to some stimulus.
respondent behavior
A guest will be spending time in your classroom. To make sure your students imitate this person's prosocial behaviors, you should pick a guest who the children think: A. is similar to them. B. is kind of average but works hard. C. is boring. D. is different from them.
a
All of the following are Pavlov's major contributions to the field of psychology EXCEPT: A. his methods demonstrated the importance of subjective judgments. B. principles of learning apply across species. C. the discipline of psychology could be based on objective laboratory methods. D. significant psychological phenomena can be studied objectively.
a
At work, there is a vending machine that gives extra candy bars when you select either the "A" or "B" choices. You continue to frequent this machine regularly. This best illustrates: A. operant conditioning. B. respondent behavior. C. latent learning. D. spontaneous recovery.
a
Findings from Garcia's research on taste aversion in rats indicate that: A. rats are more likely to develop aversions to taste than they are to sights or sounds. B. the unconditioned stimulus (US) MUST immediately follow the conditioned stimulus (CS). C. rats are more likely to develop aversions sights or sounds than they are to taste. D. organisms do NOT have biological predispositions when learning associations.
a
In Bandura's experiment, compared to children not exposed to the adult model, those who observed the model's aggressive outburst were ________________ to lash out at the doll. A. much more likely B. equally C. unable D. much less likely
a
learning that certain events occur together. The events may be two stimuli (as in classical conditioning) or a response and its consequences (as in operant conditioning)
associative learning
In operant conditioning, the strengthening of a reinforced response.
acquisition
in classical conditioning, the initial stage, when one links a neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus so that the neutral stimulus begins triggering the conditioned response.
acquisition
John B. Watson believed that psychology should be the science of: A. genetic predispositions. B. cognitive processes. C. observable behavior. D. emotional outcomes.
c
According to operant conditioning principles, which of the following would NOT be recommended when dealing with a young girl who is resistant to going to school every morning? A. Parents should ignore complaints or whining about school. B. Parents should express their anger by yelling at the girl. C. If the girl refuses to get in the car, parents should explain why this is a problem and use time-outs. D. Parents should reward the girl when she cooperates by getting into the car in the morning.
b
Dogs can learn to respond (by salivating, for example) to one kind of stimulus (a circle, for example) and not to another (a square). This process is an example of a. generalization b. discrimination c. acquisition d. spontaneous recovery
b
During a typical morning, Colin will check the clock more frequently as the time for his regularly scheduled lunch break approaches. In this case, Colin's clock checking behavior is reinforced on a ________ schedule. A. fixed-ratio B. fixed-interval C. variable-ratio D. variable-interval
b
During a typical morning, Colin will check the clock more frequently as the time for his regularly scheduled lunch break approaches. In this case, Colin's clock checking behavior is reinforced on a ________ schedule. A. variable-interval B. fixed-interval C. variable-ratio D. fixed-ratio
b
Findings from Garcia's research on taste aversion in rats indicate that: A. organisms do NOT have biological predispositions when learning associations. B. rats are more likely to develop aversions to taste than they are to sights or sounds. C. rats are more likely to develop aversions sights or sounds than they are to taste. D. the unconditioned stimulus (US) MUST immediately follow the conditioned stimulus (CS).
b
Henry, a heavy smoker, is interested in quitting. Given what you know about the cognitive processes involved in classical conditioning, what is the most likely reason he still has trouble quitting after he is treated with a drug that induces nausea when he smokes a cigarette? A. Reinforcement does not work as well as punishment. B. He realizes his nausea is due to the drug, not simply the cigarette. C. The nausea does NOT immediately follow his inhalation of the smoke. D. He is afraid of the side effects of the drug.
b
In classical conditioning, this is the unlearned, naturally occurring response to the unconditioned stimulus (US), such as salivation when food is in the mouth. A. neutral stimulus B. unconditioned response (UR) C. conditioned/neutral stimulus (CS) D. conditioned response (CR)
b
It is not unreasonable to predict that when today's U.S. teenagers are in their mid-70s, they will have watched TV for the equivalent of about _______ years. A. 6 B. 9 C. 15 D. 3
b
Long after her conditioned fear of dogs had been extinguished, Marcy experienced an unexpected surge of nervousness when she first met her cousin's new cocker spaniel. Her unexpected nervousness best illustrates: A. latent learning. B. spontaneous recovery. C. shaping. D. delayed reinforcement.
b
The partial reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response at unpredictable times is a a. fixed interval schedule b. variable interval schedule c. fixed ratio schedule d. variable ratio schedule
b
Tina is a seven-year-old girl who frequently witnesses her father's anger and physically abusive acts on her mother. In her room she is playing with her toys and begins to yell at them and hit them for "being so stupid and not having dinner ready." Her behavior is a clear example of: A. classical learning. B. observational learning. C. reinforced learning. D. observational conditioning.
b
Which pioneering learning researcher highlighted the antisocial effects of aggressive models on children's behavior? A. Pavlov B. Bandura C. Watson D. Skinner
b
increasing behaviors by presenting positive stimuli, such as food. A positive reinforcer is any stimulus that, when presented after a response, strengthens the response.
positive reinforcement
the view that psychology 1) should be an objective science that 2) studies behavior without reference to mental processes. Most research psychologists today agree with (1) but not with (2).
behaviorism
A medieval proverb notes that "a burnt child dreads the fire." In operant conditioning, the burning would be an example of a a. primary reinforcer b. negative reinforcer c. punisher d. positive reinforcer
c
In Bandura's experiment, compared to children not exposed to the adult model, those who observed the model's aggressive outburst were ________________ to lash out at the doll. A. unable B. much less likely C. much more likely D. equally
c
Jack finds it extremely difficult to pull himself away from the blackjack table. He keeps thinking he will break even as the next hand will be his winning one. This is a ________ schedule. A. fixed-ratio B. fixed-interval C. variable-ratio D. variable-interval
c
any stimulus that, when presented after a response, strengthens the response.
positive reinforcer
One chimpanzee watches a second chimp solve a puzzle for a food reward. The first chimp then imitates how the second chimp solved the puzzle. This best illustrates: A. spontaneous recovery. B. operant conditioning. C. observational learning. D. respondent behavior.
c
Thorndike's law of effect became the basis for operant conditioning and the "behavioral technology" developed by a. Ivan Pavlov b. John Garcia c. B.F. Skinner d. John B. Watson
c
Watson and Rayner taught "Little Albert" to fear white rats by: A. negatively reinforcing Albert when he approached a rat. B. showing Albert a white rat and then punishing him when he touched it. C. repeatedly pairing a loud noise with the presentation of a white rat. D. showing Albert movies of children being bitten by rats.
c
When a four-year-old girl suddenly picks up her ironing board and plays it like it is an electric guitar, it is likely that she has seen someone playing a real electric guitar in the same manner. Thus she has learned via: A. classical conditioning. B. operant conditioning. C. observation. D. neural networks.
c
Which pioneering learning researcher highlighted the antisocial effects of aggressive models on children's behavior? A. Skinner B. Pavlov C. Bandura D. Watson
c
Secondary reinforcers are powerful tools for shaping behavior because they have become associated with primary reinforcers. Which of the following is NOT a secondary reinforcer? A. grades B. praise C. money D. food
d
a type of learning in which one learns to link two or more stimuli and anticipate events
classical conditioning
a stimulus that gains its reinforcing power through its association with a primary reinforcer
conditioned reinforcer
also known as a secondary reinforcer
conditioned reinforcer
reinforcing the desired response every time it occurs
continuous reinforcement
Although Skinner and other behaviorists did not think that it was necessary to refer to thoughts or expectations when explaining human learning, findings from experiments with rats suggest otherwise. Which of the following findings suggests that cognitive processes are involved in operant learning: A. Children learn from observing their parents, and exhibit the learning immediately. B. Rats do NOT seem to develop a cognitive map of mazes. C. Learning is merely the association of a response with a consequence. D. Rats appear to experience latent learning while exploring mazes.
d
An empathic husband who observes his wife in pain will exhibit some of the same brain activity she is showing. This best illustrates the functioning of: A. cognitive maps. B. spontaneous recovery. C. the law of effect. D. mirror neurons.
d
Classical conditioning focuses on ________________ behavior, whereas operant conditioning focuses on ________________ behavior. A. controllable; uncontrollable B. voluntary; involuntary C. hidden; observable D. respondent; operant
d
Critics of B. F. Skinner were concerned that: A. he relied too heavily on animals to explain general learning principles. B. his research methods were flawed. C. he ignored the influence of stimulus-response associations. D. he dehumanized people because he ignored the existence of personal freedom and dignity.
d
Early behaviorists believed that for conditioning to occur, the unconditioned stimulus (US) must immediately follow the neutral stimulus (NS). _____________ demonstrated this was not always so. a. The Little Albert experiment b. Pavlov's experiments with dogs c. Watson's behaviorism theory d. Garcia and Koelling's taste-aversion studies
d
If a child is watching a favorite sibling getting scolded for misbehavior, which type of neuron is likely to be activated in an empathetic response to this observation? A. interneuron B. motor neuron C. sensory neuron D. mirror neuron
d
In the example of classical conditioning in which the child feared the doctor, the CS was: A. fear. B. a painful injection. C. a severe illness. D. the presence of the doctor.
d
In the example of the child fearing the doctor, the child's fear of a scientist in a white lab coat illustrates the process of: A. shaping. B. spontaneous recovery. C. latent learning. D. generalization. E. secondary reinforcement.
d
Jane had leukemia as a child and had to undergo numerous bouts of chemotherapy. She had associated the waiting room with nausea. Now 35 years old, she had to take her mother to the same hospital for breast cancer treatment. She became nauseous while in the waiting room with her mother. Her nausea best illustrates: A. latent learning. B. shaping. C. delayed reinforcement. D. spontaneous recovery.
d
Matt regularly buckles his seatbelt simply because it turns off the car's irritating warning buzzer. This best illustrates the value of: A. spontaneous recovery. B. erratic behavior. C. secondary reinforcement. D. negative reinforcement.
d
Michael is busy with his work project that he brought home. His son wants him to put a movie in the DVD player. Michael tells him to wait 10 minutes; however, his son whines and complains so much that Michael decides to put the movie in right now. This best illustrates the value of: A. secondary reinforcement. B. positive reinforcement. C. erratic behavior. D. negative reinforcement.
d
Salivating in response to a tone paired with food is a (an) ___________; pressing a bar to obtain food is a (an) ___________ a. primary reinforcer; conditioned reinforcer b. conditioned reinforcer; primary reinforcer c. operant behavior; respondent behavior d. respondent behavior; operant behavior
d
The majority of correlational studies that have examined television violence and aggressive behavior suggest that the more hours children spend watching violent television shows, the more likely they are to exhibit aggressive behaviors. What is the major problem with these findings? A. Girls were not included in these studies. B. They do not apply to elementary school-aged children. C. The studies don't take operant conditioning into account. D. Correlation does not prove causation.
d
The predictability of an association between a conditioned stimulus (CS) and an unconditioned stimulus (US) facilitates an organism's ability to expect or anticipate the occurrence of the US. This fact is most likely to be highlighted by a _____________ perspective. A. neuroscience B. behaviorist C. Pavlovian D. cognitive
d
Walter was bitten by a dog when he was five-years-old. To this day, he will not pet dogs; however, he will pet cats. This reaction best illustrates: A. generalization. B. an unconditioned response (UR). C. operant conditioning. D. discrimination
d
You are conducting a research study with 24 men on the effects of movies and sexual violence. You will have the men watch three violent films over the next two days and then assess their attitudes toward women and violent sexual acts by reading actual cases of rape victims. You find that: A. the men became more empathic toward the rape victims. B. the men became bothered by the violent acts. C. the men expressed more sympathy for the rape victims. D. the men expressed less sympathy for the rape victims.
d
You repeatedly hear a tone just before having a puff of air directed into your eye. Blinking in response to a tone presented without a puff of air is a(n): A. conditioned stimulus (CS). B. unconditioned response (UR). C. unconditioned stimulus (US). D. conditioned response (CR).
d
occurs in operant conditioning when a response is no longer reinforced.
extinction
the diminishing of a conditioned response; occurs in classical conditioning when an unconditioned stimulus (US) does not follow a conditioned stimulus (CS);
extinction
in operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response only after a specified time has elapsed.
fixed interval schedule
in operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response only after a specified number of responses.
fixed ratio schedule
the tendency, once a response has been conditioned, for a stimuli similar to the conditioned stimulus to elicit similar responses.
generalization
a procedure in which the conditioned stimulus in one conditioning experience is paired with a new neutral stimulus. For example, an animal that has learned that a tone predicts food might then learn that a light predicts the tone and begin responding to the light tone alone.
higher-order conditioning
also called second-order conditioning
higher-order conditioning
Thorndike's principle that behaviors followed by favorable consequences become more likely
law of effect
a relatively permanent change in an organism's behavior due to experience
learning
The brain's mirror of another's action that may enable imitation and empathy.
mirror neurons
frontal lobe neurons that fire when performing certain actions or when observing another doing so.
mirror neurons
the process of observing and imitating a specific behavior.
modeling
increasing behaviors by stopping or reducing negative stimuli. A negative reinforcer is any stimulus, that when removed after a response, strengthens the response. (NOT punishment)
negative reinforcement
any stimulus, that when removed after a response, strengthens the response.
negative reinforcer
learning by observing others
observational learning
behavior that operates on the environment, producing consequences
operant behavior
in operant conditioning research, a chamber (also known as a Skinner box) containing a bar or key that an animal can manipulate to obtain a food or water reinforcer; attached devices record the animal's rate of bar pressing or key pecking.
operant chamber
a type of learning in which behavior is strengthened if followed by a reinforcer or diminished if followed by a punisher.
operant conditioning
a type of learning in which one learns to associate a response (our behavior) and its consequence and thus to repeat acts followed by good results and avoid acts followed by bad results.
operant conditioning
reinforcing a response only part of the time; results in slower acquisition of a response but much greater resistance to extinction than does continuous reinforcement
partial intermittent reinforcement
an operant conditioning procedure in which reinforcers guide behavior toward closer and closer approximations of the desired behavior.
shaping
the reappearance, after a pause, of an extinguished conditioned response.
spontaneous recovery
in operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response at unpredictable time intervals.
variable interval schedule
in operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response after an unpredictable number of responses.
variable-ratio schedule