Management Exam 2 - Sumners
relational coordination
Frequent, timely, problem-solving communication carried out through [employee] relationships of shared goals, shared knowledge, and mutual respect.-highest
chain of command
an unbroken line of authority that links all employees in the organization and shows who reports to whom
technical complexity
difference among the three manufacturing technologies; degree to which machinery is involved in the production to the exclusion of people
horns effect
direct opposite of Halo Effect and occurs when perception of someone is unduly influenced by one negative trait Example: one poorly performing employee diminishing the reputation of their entire department
If a store manager only hires shift supervisors who have a four-year college degree, even though experienced cashiers without a four-year degree can be excellent supervisors, _______ may be occurring.
discrimination
large-batch and mass production
distinguished by standardized production runs
participation
involves users and potential resisters in designing the change
halo effect
occurs when we perceive one great thing about a person and let that halo glow of that one thing color our opinions of everything else about that person - Example: someone went to highly regarded college getting high grade or someone received a big award, we tend to let this achievement influence how we see everything else about that person
: If an OD consultant is hired to implement a _________, this activity will include meeting with employees from across the organization and often external stakeholders to have a sustained guided dialogue.
large-group intervention
social learning
learning informally from others by using social media tools
unfreezing
makes people throughout the organization aware of problems and the need for change
exit interviews
managers use as a valuable HRM tool, regardless of whether the employee leaves voluntarily or is forced out
coercion
managers use their formal power to force employees to change
employment tests
may include cognitive ability tests, physical ability tests, personality inventories, and other assessments
training
one of the most frequently used approaches to changing people's mind-sets - companies emphasize training and development for managers
line authority
means that people in management positions have the formal authority to direct and control immediate subordinates
virtual network structure
means that the firm subcontracts most of its major functions to separate companies and coordinates their activities from a small organization at headquarters
pay-for-performance
means tying at least part of compensation to employee effort and performance
continuous process production
mechanizes the entire workflow
You would study a business's __________ to see a visual representation of its vertical structure, including the chain of command.
organizational chart
staff authority
narrower and includes the right to advise, recommend, and counsel in the staff specialists' area of expertise
span management
number of employees reporting to a supervisor and determines how closely a supervisor can monitor subordinates
discrimination
occurs when hiring and promotion decisions are made based on criteria that are not job relevant
job specification
outlines the knowledge, skills, education, physical abilities, and other characteristics needed to perform a specific job adequately
culture change
pertains to the organization as a whole and is not easy
delegation
process that managers use to transfer authority and responsibility to positions below them in the hierarchy
changing
occurs when individuals experiment with new behavior and learn new skills to be used in the workplace - also known as intervention - change agent implements a specific plan for training managers and employees
small-batch and unit production
produces goods in batches of one or a few products designed to customer specification
diversity of thought
provides a broader and deeper base of ideas, opinions, and experiences for problem solving, creativity, and innovation
new-venture fund
provides financial resources from which individuals or teams can draw to develop new ideas, products, or businesses
When your manager assigns you a task, you have the ______ to carry out that task as assigned
responsibility
project manager
responsible for coordinating activities of several departments on a full-time basis for the completion of a specific project
Why do people resist change?
self-interest, lack of understanding and trust, uncertainty, different assessments and goals
types of sexual harassment:
- generalized - inappropiate/offensive - solicitation with promise of reward - coercion with threat of punishment - sexual crimes and misdemeanors
reduce bias in the hiring process:
- rework your job descriptions - go blind for the resume review - standardize interviews
organizational structure
- the set of formal tasks assigned to individuals and departments - formal reporting relationships, including lines of authority, decision responsibility, number of hierarchical levels, and span of managers' control - the design of systems to ensure effective coordination of employees across departments
communication and education
Used when solid information about the change is needed by users and others who may resist implementation
mentor
a higher-ranking organizational member who is committed to providing upward mobility and support to a protege's professional career
new-venture team
a unit separate from the rest of the organization that is responsible for developing and initiating a major innovation
monoculture
accepts only one way of doing things and one set of values and beliefs
functional structure
activities are grouped together by common function from the bottom to the top of the organization
pluralism
an organization accommodates several subcultures
Employee affinity groups
based on social identity, such as gender or race, and are organized by employees to focus on concerns of employees from that group
product change
change in the organization's product or service output
technology change
change in the organization's production process - how the organization does its work
team building
enhances the cohesiveness and success of organizational groups and teams
microaggressions
everyday verbal, nonverbal, and environmental slights, snubs, or insults, whether intentional or unintentional, which communicate hostile, derogatory, or negative messages to target persons based solely upon their marginalized group membership
Realistic Job Preview (RJP)
give applicants all pertinent and realistic information - positive and negative - about the job and the organization
permanent teams
groups of employees who are organized in a way similar to a formal department
tall structure
has an overall narrow span and more hierarchical levels
sexual harassment
one issue of growing concern
In the past, most businesses generated their own ideas in house and then developed, manufactured, marketed, and distributed them, which is a closed innovation approach. Today, however, forward-looking companies are trying a different method.
open innovation
performance appraisal
refers to observing and assessing employee performance, recording the assessment, and providing feedback to the employee
team approach
breaks down barriers across departments and improves coordination and cooperation.
organizational chart
characteristics of vertical structure, which is the visual representation of an organization's structure
matrix approach
combines aspects of both functional and divisional structure simultaneously, in the same part of the organization
job-based pay
compensation is linked to the specific tasks and employee performance
people change
concerns just a few employees
scalar principle
refers to a clearly defined line of authority in the organization that includes all employees
coordination
refers to adjusting and synchronizing the diverse activities among different individuals and departments
disruptive innovation
refers to innovations in products or services that typically start small end up completely replacing existing product or service technology for producers and consumers
creativity
refers to the generation of novel ideas that might meet perceived needs or respond to opportunities for the organization
re-engineering
refers to the radical redesign of business processes to achieve dramatic improvements in cost, quality, service, and speed
crowdsourcing
refers to using the Internet to let hundreds of thousands of people contribute to the innovation process
affirmative action
requires that an employer take positive steps to guarantee equal employment opportunities for people within protected groups
This law requires that men and women be paid the same amount of money for _____ doing the same kind of work.
Equal Pay Act
This law protects workers from a variety of hazards, including exposure to toxic ____ chemicals, excessive noise levels, mechanical dangers, and unsanitary working conditions.
Occupational Safety and Health Act
human resource planning
`The forecasting of human resource needs and the projected matching of individuals with anticipated job vacancies.
job description
a summary of the specific tasks, duties, and responsibilities
corporate university
an in-house training and development facility that offers broad-based learning opportunities for employees **MCDONALDS video
large-group intervention
approach brings together participants from all parts of the organization to discuss problems or opportunities and plan for change
departmentalization
basis for grouping positions into departments and departments into the total organization
survey feedback
begins with a questionnaire distributed to employees, the results of which are used to identify and solve problems
affinity bias
bias leads us to favor people who we feel we have a connection or similarity to. For example, attending the same college, growing up in the same town, or reminding us of ourselves or someone we know and like
service technology
characterized by intangible output and direct contact with customers
diversity
defined as all the ways in which people differ
The smartphone, which essentially put a computer in people's pockets, is an example of _______ because it has replaced other technologies.
disruptive innovation
selection process
employers assess applicants' characteristics in an attempt to determine the "fit" between the job and applicant characteristics
open innovation
extending the search for and commercialization of new ideas beyond the boundaries of the organization and even beyond the boundaries of the industry
your manager has ____ when he has the right to tell you what work to do and to hold you accountable to doing it
line authority
collaboration
means a joint effort between people from two or more departments to produce outcomes that meet a common goal or shared purpose and that are typically greater than what could be achieved working alone
Sterotyping
occurs when a rater places an employee into a class or category based on one or a few traits or characteristics
refreezing
occurs when individuals acquire new attitudes or values and are rewarded for them by the organization
compensation
refers to all monetary payments and all goods or commodities used in lieu of money to reward employees
job evaluation
refers to the process of determining the value or worth of jobs within an organization through an examination of job content
training and development programs
represent a planned effort by an organization to facilitate employees' learning of job-related skills and behaviors
stereotypes
rigid, exaggerated, irrational beliefs associated with a particular group of people
wage and salary surveys
show what other organizations pay incumbents in jobs
horizontal linkage model
shows that the research, manufacturing, and sales and marketing departments within an organization simultaneously contribute to new products and technologies
employers brand
similar to a product brand, except that its aim is to make the organization seem like a highly desirable place to work
cooperation
successful innovation requires expertise from several departments simultaneously, and failed innovation is often the result of failed cooperation
task force
temporary team or committee designed to solve a problem involving several departments
panel interviews
the candidate meets with several interviewers who take turns asking questions
responsibility
the duty to perform the task or activity as assigned
human capital
the economic value of the combined knowledge, experience, skills, and capabilities of employees
team-based structure
the entire organization is made up of horizontal teams that coordinate their work and work directly with customers to accomplish the organization's goals
authority
the formal and legitimate right of a manager to make decisions, issue orders, and allocate resources to achieve organizationally desired outcomes - vested in organizational positions, not people - flows down the vertical hierarchy - accepted by subordinates
matching model
the organization and the individual attempt to match the needs, interests, and values that they offer each other
prejudice
the tendency to view people who are different as being deficient
During the _______ stage of change, managers might confront employees with dear evidence that the company's current performance is not competitive.
unfreezing
application form
used to collect information about the applicant's education, previous job experience, and other background characteristics
360-degree feedback
uses multiple raters, including self-rating, to appraise employee performance and guide development
halo effect
a manager gives an employee the same rating on all dimensions, even if his or her performance is good on some dimensions and poor on others
idea incubator
a mechanism that provides a safe harbor where ideas from employees throughout the company can be developed without interference from company bureaucracy or politics
idea champion
a person who sees the need for and champions productive change within the organization
glass ceiling
an invisible barrier that exists for women and minorities that limits their upward mobility in organizations
structured interviews
use a set of standardized questions that are asked of every applicant so comparisons can easily be made - truly compare all applicants similarly
cross-functional teams
consist of employees from various functional departments who are responsible to meet as a team and resolve mutual problems
performance review ranking
controversial because it ranks employees against each other
talent management
emerged as a central topic of concern not only for human resource managers but for all managers
skill-based pay systems
employees with higher skill levels receive higher pay than those with lower skill levels
top management support
especially important when a change involves multiple departments or when resources are being reallocated among departments
ambidextrous approach
means incorporating structures and processes that are appropriate for both the creative impulse and the systematic implementation of innovations.
centralization
means that decision authority is located near top organization levels
Behaviorally Anchored Rating Scale (BARS)
method helps overcome errors
blind hiring
- Focuses managers on an applicant's job skills and performance rather than educational credentials, appearance, or prior experience. - some companies don't ask for resumes - fast-track hiring
Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC)
- created by the Civil Rights Act of 1964 initiates investigations in response to complaints concerning discrimination not a law it is a commission
three critical innovation strategies for changing products and technologies are:
- exploration - cooperation - innovation roles
organization development (OD)
A planned, systematic process of change that uses behavioral science techniques to improve an organization's health and effectiveness
skunkworks
A separate small, informal, highly autonomous, and often secretive group that focuses on breakthrough ideas for the business. - created by Lockheed Martin more than 50 years ago
internship
An arrangement whereby an intern, exchanges low-cost labor for the opportunity to explore whether a particular career is appealing or to gain valuable work experience in a particular field
This law prohibits discrimination on the basis of race, religion, color, sex, or nation ______ origin.
Civil Rights Act, Title VII
bottom-up approach
Innovative companies use a bottom-up approach, encouraging the flow of ideas from lower levels and making sure they get heard and acted upon by top executives
unconscious bias
Occurs when a person is not aware of the bias in his or her favorable and unfavorable assessments, actions, and decisions toward members of specific groups.
organizational change
adoption of a new idea or behavior by an organization
decentralization
decision authority is pushed downward to lower organization levels - greater change and uncertainty in the environment
recruiting
defined as performing activities or practices that define the characterisitics of applicants to whom selection procedures are ultimately applied - talent acquisition
unity of command
each employee is held accountable to only one supervisor
Taco Bell and McDonald's are considering adding kiosks in restaurants for customers to place their orders. This ______ will hopefully make the ordering process more efficient and increase accuracy
technology change
extreme interviewing
tests job candidates' ability to handle problems, cope with change, think on their feet, and work well with others
Ethnorelativism
the belief that groups and subcultures are inherently equal
flat structure
has a wide span, is horizontally dispersed, and has fewer hierarchical levels
ethnocentrism
the belief that one's own group and culture are inherently superior to other groups and cultures
to build human capital, HRM develops strategies for the following:
- finding the best people - enhancing their skills and knowledge with training programs and opportunities for personal and professional development - providing compensation and benefits that support the sharing of knowledge and appropriately reward people for their contributions to the organization
change agent
an OD specialist who performs a systematic diagnosis of the organization and identifies work-related problems
strategic approach to HRM 3 key elements:
- all managers are involved in managing human resources - employees are viewed as assets; employees, not building and machinery, give a company its competitive edge - HRM is a matching process, integrating the organization's strategy and goals with the correct approach to managing human capital
OD can help with the following:
- mergers and acquisitions - organizational decline/revitalization - conflict management
job analysis
The systematic process of gathering and interpreting information about the essential duties, tasks, and responsibilities of a job.
female advantage
some people think that women might actually be better managers because their approach is more in tune with today's global and multicultural environment
innovation by acquisition
strategy recognizes that the cutting edge of innovation often happens with young, small, entrepreneurial companies rather than inside the walls of established firms.
inclusion
the degree to which an employee feels like an esteemed member of a group in which his or her uniqueness is highly appreciated
division of labor
the degree to which organizational tasks are subdivided into separate jobs
organizing
the deployment of organizational resources to achieve strategic goals - important because it follows strategy - strategy defines what to do; organizing defines how to do it
nondirective interview
the interviewer asks broad, open-ended questions and permits the applicant to talk freely
accountability
the people with authority and responsibility are subject to reporting and justifying task outcomes to those above them in the chain of command
Rebecca works for a company that has clearly defined lines of authority. Each employee knows that he or she has authority and responsibility for a distinct set of tasks. Employees are also aware of the company's reporting structure as well as successive management levels all the way to the top. Rebecca's company follows which of the following principles?
the scalar principle refers to defined line of authority
negotiation
uses formal bargaining to win acceptance and approval of a desired change
divisional structure
when departments are grouped together based on similar organizational outputs
opt-out trend
women are less likely than men to want to be executives