Management Final

Health/Fitness Facility Design and Construction -------------------------------------- ACSM Facility standards and guidelines

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Standard 5

AEDs in a facility shall be located within a 1.5 minute walk to any place an AED could potentially be needed.

Versaitility

Can a variety of people use the same piece of equipment? Most equipment will fit people from 5'2" to 6'6"

Equipment Considerations --------------------------------------

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Health and Safety Concerns ----------------------------

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Health/Fitness Facility Equipment -------------------------------------- ACSM Facility standards and guidelines

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Maintaining Your Facility --------------------------------------

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Risk Management and Emergency Policies

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Risk Management and Emergency Policies -------------------------------------- ACSM Facility standards and guidelines

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Four Areas of Maintenance Management

1. Safety All equipment must be in working order Evaluate areas of potential liability 2. Quality You get what you pay for 3. Cleanliness Daily maintenance should be thorough and consistent 4. Amenities Any extras that serve the members Subtle differences that separate an organization from its competitors

Health/Fitness Facility Operating Practices: Standard 4

A facilities that offers youth services or programs shall provide evidence that it complies with all applicable state and local laws and regulations pertaining to their supervision Vary by state Most states don't require licensure if the parent remains on site and there are time limits for care

Guideline 5

A facility should extend to each employee on staff the opportunity to receive training and certification in first aid and the use of CPR and an AED.

Guideline 2

A facility that delivers or prescribes PA programs to members who are considered at an elevated risk for experiencing a health-related event because of their participation in PA (individuals over 50 years of age, anyone with coronary risk factors, diabetes, clinical obesity) should have a medical personnel provide assistance in reviewing the facility's PA screening and programming protocols as well as its emergency response protocols.

Standard 6

A skills review, practice sessions, and a practice drill with the AED shall be conducted a minimum of every six months, covering a variety of potential emergency situations.

Standard 7

A staffed facility shall assign at least one staff member to be on duty during all facility operating hours who is currently trained and certified in the delivery of cardiopulmonary resuscitation and in the administration of an AED.

Guidelines phrase

AMSCTI

Definitions

Accounting: the recording, classifying, summarizing and interpreting of financial data Accounts payable: money owed to another individual Accounts receivable: money owed to you Assets: properties of value owned by you or the business Budget: Financial plan indicating expected income and expenses for a specific amount of time Capital: money, goods, land, or equipment used to produce other goods or services Equity: the money value of a property in excess of claims or liens against it Fixed costs: costs that must be incurred regardless of the level of production Market value: the highest amount that a buyer would be willing to pay for a product or service Net income: earnings after all expenses and taxes Profit: excess of sales income after deducting all related expenses

Health/Fitness Facility Signage: Standard 5

All cautionary, danger, and warning signage shall have the required signal icon, signal word, signal color, and layout as specified by the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM)

Health/Fitness Facility Equipment: Guideline 4

All physical activity areas should have a clock, a chart of target heart rates, and a chart depicting ratings of perceived exertion

Guideline 4

All physical activity areas should have a clock, a chart of target heart rates, and a chart depicting ratings of perceived exertion to enable members and users to monitor their level of physical exertion.

Function

Cardio vs. Strength Free weights Selectorized Diagnostic and testing equipment Laundry Computers Office equipment Software

Accounts Receivable

Collecting funds can be a challenge Electronic funds transfer!

Health/Fitness Facility Equipment: Guideline 3

Facility operators should have a system in place for removing broken or damaged equipment from member use until that equipment has been repaired or replaced. Safety System for communicating to members

Health/Fitness Facility Design and Construction: Guideline 2

Designers should configure physical activity space plans so that defined circulation routes are adjacent to, rather than through, the various activity zones. Circulation areas are spaces that allow users to enter, exit, and traverse the various physical activity zones They are pathways that accommodate access to each area 36 inches Located adjacent to the physical activity area so that users do not have to pass directly through one area to access another area

Health/Fitness Facility Design and Construction: Guideline 4

Designers should separate physical activity spaces from operational, storage, and maintenance spaces Decrease the exposure to safety hazards such as equipment and chemicals Laundry, equipment rooms for pools, maintenance rooms, mechanical and electrical rooms

Health/Fitness Facility Design and Construction: Guideline 1

Designers should size both physical activity spaces and non-activity spaces to provide sufficient space to accommodate the expected user demand. Defined as square feet per member or member per square foot)

Health/Fitness Facility Equipment: Guideline 5

Facility operators should consider providing a few pieces of fitness equipment that can be accessed by individuals with physical limitations who require the use of a wheelchair, including at least one piece of cardiovascular equipment and one piece of selectorized or variable resistance equipment.

Safety

Equipment should be full functioning Non-slip surfaces Lifting areas free of clutter Treadmills should have guardrails on three sides Treadmills have emergency STOP Electrical plugs are grounded No sharp edges

Performing a Needs Assessment

Establish itemized cleaning and maintenance specifications for each room and activity area Outline a detailed description of nightly, daily, and weekly tasks Develop a list of supplies, vendors, and equipment

Design Considerations

Existing laws and regulations Architectural vision Available resources Which activities and programs will be offered in the facility Programs can influence design AND/OR existing layout can dictate which programs can be offered

Health/Fitness Facility Design and Construction : Standard 2

Facilities must be in compliance with all federal, state, and local building codes. Federal will be consistent but local codes can vary quite a bit

Health/Fitness Facility Operating Practices: Standard 1

Facilities shall have an operational system in place that monitors, either manually or technologically, the presence and identity of all individuals who enter into and participate in the activities, programs, and services of the facility Staff members at the facility can enhance the level of safety by ensuring that only those with privileges are allowed in. Staff can respond more effectively to emergency situations. Knowing who is in the facility and when can influence staffing and scheduling. Systems should record who is coming in and the time of entry.

Health/Fitness Facility Operating Practices: Standard 8

Facilities shall have written policies regarding children's issues, such as requirements for staff supervision of children, age limits for children, restroom practices, food, and parental presence on site. Facilities shall inform parents of these policies and require that parents sign a form that acknowledges that they have received the policies, understand the policies, and will abide by the policies. Background checks are always a good idea!!!!!!

Standard 4

Facilities shall post all ADA and OSHA signage that is required by federal, state, and local laws and regulations

Health/Fitness Facility Design and Construction: Guideline 7

Facilities should be designed to maintain background noise levels below 70 decibels and never above 90 decibels, noise should not be disruptive to other activity areas

Health/Fitness Facility Equipment: Guideline 2

Facilities should have a preventive maintenance program for their fitness equipment, including documentation showing when the scheduled work was performed. Daily Weekly Monthly As needed

Health/Fitness Facility Operating Practices: Guideline 4

Facilities should have a written system for cleaning and disinfecting the various areas of the club.

Guideline 6

Facilities should have an incident report system that provides written documentation of all incidents that occur within the facility or within the facility's scope of responsibility. Such reports should be completed in a timely manner and maintained on file Reports should be reviewed Reports may need to be submitted to insurance carrier Management should always follow up Report should include: Day, date, and time of incident Location Person(s) involved Witnesses Staff responding Actions taken Outcomes of incident

Health/Fitness Facility Design and Construction: Guideline 9

Facilities should have wall surfaces in activity spaces that are non-abrasive, flush, and free of protrusions that could cause impact injuries. Activity spaces that involve airborne projectiles, such as volleyball and basketball, should have a perimeter ball containment barrier to protect individuals in adjacent areas and walkways

Health/Fitness Facility Design and Construction: Guideline 6

Facilities should illuminate all facility spaces to allow members and users to safely engage in their physical activity regimens Lighting requirements depend on the activity Use soft indirect lighting Use adjustable light sources when appropriate

Health/Fitness Facility Design and Construction: Guideline 5

Facilities should provide all physical activity spaces with sufficient air circulation and fresh make-up air (outside air) to maintain air quality, room temperatures, and humidity at safe and comfortable levels. Exceptions are saunas, steam rooms, hot yoga studios, etc. Maintain relative humidity at 60% or lower Maintain air temperature between 68 and 72 degrees F Adequate mix of external fresh air and circulated internal air moving through facility Wet areas should have negative exhaust HVAC systems are tested and balanced Filters are cleaned/changed on a regular basis

Health/Fitness Facility Signage: Guideline 1

Facilities should provide message boards, bulletin boards, electronic bulletin boards, websites, or similar type of communication venue for the communication and dissemination of relevant information on the facility or of particular interest to the members. Calendars and schedules Policies and rules Comments and suggestions Staff information

Warranties

Maintenance contracts Basic warranty Extended warranty Warranty coverage Type of equipment Length of time equipment is in service Preventive maintenance

Health/Fitness Facility Design and Construction: Guideline 3

Facilities should provide open-access circulation, which avoids blind corners, unnecessary doors, partitions, and other hazards that would present a safety risk to members and users Soft corners, low walls at intersections, mirrors, and appropriate warning signage Avoid doors opening into circulation paths or hallways Provide circulation areas that communicate a path of safe passage

Guideline 3

Facilities should provide the appropriate level of supervision and monitoring for each of the physical activity areas in the facility.

Health/Fitness Facility Design and Construction: Guideline 11

Facilities should use "green" design and sustainable construction materials and techniques. Regardless of whether official certification id a desired goal. LEED certified (Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design) Ex: using recycled material, energy efficient systems, low water usage design

Guidline

Facilities should use waivers of liability and/or assumption of risk documents with all facility members and users. Assumption of risk: legal document that members sign which indicates that they are aware of the risks associated with their participation, accepting full responsibility, releasing liability Waiver: members give up their right to institute a claim or litigation An attorney should prepare these documents and should include the following: The facilities programs and services that the member has access to use The risks involved in participation, including the risk of a cardiac event or even death A statement the member is aware of the risks, that the facility has explained the risks, that the member assumes the risk The member is accepting all responsibilities for participation and releases the facility from any and all liability

Health/Fitness Facility Operating Practices: Guideline 1

Facilities that are staffed during all operating hours should have a manager on duty or supervisor on duty schedule that specifies which professional staff person has supervisory responsibility overseeing all operating activities during the hours that the facility is open. 24 hour facilities CPR and AED trained individuals

Health/Fitness Facility Operating Practices: Guideline 3

Facilities that are unstaffed during some or all operating hours, and therefore have periods in which no supervision is offered, should provide the appropriate signage to communicate to members that the facility is unsupervised, the inherent risks of using the facility, and what steps the members and users should take in the event of a witnessed emergency situation. Ex: hotel gyms, corporate fitness centers

Health/Fitness Facility Operating Practices: Standard 2

Facilities that offer a sauna, steam room, or whirlpool shall have a technical monitoring system in place to ensure that these areas are properly maintained at the proper temperature and humidity level and the appropriate warning systems and signage are in place to notify members and users of any risks related to the use of these areas, including subsequent unsafe changes in temperature and humidity Saunas, steam rooms, and whirlpools are all potentially high risk areas because of high temperatures and humidity. Wait at least 10 minutes after completing exercise to enter Limit exposure to no more than 10 minutes Any condition that has an adverse affect from heat should be included in warning (Examples) Exposure to high temperatures can result in heat exhaustion, heatstroke, heart attack, and on occasion, death

Health/Fitness Facility Operating Practices: Standard 3

Facilities that offer members and users access to a pool or whirlpool shall provide evidence that they comply with all water-chemistry safety requirements mandated by state and local codes and regulations. Vary by state

Health/Fitness Facility Design and Construction : Standard 1

Facilities, to the extent required by law, must adhere to the standards of building design that relate to the designing, building, expanding, or renovating of space as detailed in the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) The ADA establishes clear requirements for making facilities accessible to people with disabilities. Elevation changes: Any elevation change more than 0.5 in. must have a ramp or lift, with a slope of 12 inches for every 1 inch change in elevation Passageway width: Doors, entryways, exits have a width of at least 36 in. Hallways need at least 60 in. Height of switches and fountains: can be reached by a wheelchair user Signage: Must be compatible with visually impaired users Clear floor space: adjacent clear space of at least 30 in. by 48 in.

Standard 1

Facility operators must have written emergency response policies and procedures, which shall be reviewed regularly and physically rehearsed at least annually. These policies shall enable staff to respond to basic first-aid situations and emergency events in an appropriate and timely manner. Facilities should use local healthcare or medical personnel to help develop their emergency response program. The emergency response system should address the major emergencies that might occur The emergency response system must provide explicit steps or instructions on how each emergency situation will be handled and the roles of each level of response The emergency response system must be fully documented and easily accessed by staff First-aid kits and other medical equipment must be available There should be a named coordinator

Standard 2

Facility operators shall ensure that a safety audit is conducted that routinely inspects all areas of the facility to reduce or eliminate unsafe hazards that may cause injury to employees and members. Develop a checklist

Standard 3

Facility operators shall have a written system for sharing information with members, employees and independent contractors regarding the handling of potentially hazardous materials, including the handling of bodily fluids by the facility staff in accordance with the guidelines of the U.S. Occupational Safety and Health Administration.

Health/Fitness Facility Signage: Standard 1

Facility operators shall post proper caution, danger, and warning signage in conspicuous locations where facility staff know, or should know, that existing conditions and situations warrant such signage. Cautionary signage Danger signage Warning signage

Standard 3

Facility operators shall post signage indicating the location of any AED and first-aid kits, including directions on how to access those locations

Health/Fitness Facility Signage: Standard 2

Facility operators shall post the appropriate emergency and safety signage pertaining to fire and related emergency situations , as required by federal, state, and local codes. Emergency exit signage Emergency phone and fire extinguisher signage Facility occupancy load

Health/Fitness Facility Equipment: Guideline 1

Facility operators should provide a sufficient quantity and quality of equipment so that the facility is able to adequately fulfill its mission, purpose, and intended function for its targeted members and users. Cardiovascular equipment Accommodate 25% of the users during a 2 hour period Variable-resistance and selectorized resistance equipment Complete body circuit 1 circuit for every 1000 members Free weight equipment Most popular of all equipment Fitness accessory equipment Functional and performance-based Group exercise equipment Group cycles Mats Steps Stability balls Dumbbells Tubes and bands

Health/Fitness Facility Operating Practices: Guideline 2

Facility operators who operate under a staffed business model should provide the proper level of qualified staffing in non-activity areas to assist in serving the members and providing support to emergency response situations that might arise. Front desk, child care areas, housekeeping

Health/Fitness Facility Design and Construction: Guideline 8

Floor surfaces in physical activity areas should meet specifications regarding the proper level of absorption and slip resistance to minimize the risk of fall-related injuries Sport function Protective function Material-technical function

Contracting Maintenance

Frequency of need Seasonal inspections Inadequate in-house personnel Skill level of employees may not be adequate for specialized maintenance Workload and staffing balance Part-time maintenance person can also take on other tasks Other cost considerations Can you afford a full time person? Salary? Benefits?

Budget Preparation

Gathering information How old is the club? What is the competition doing? What do you need to pay staff to retain them and keep them motivated What are projected costs for heat, water, etc? Are any new services going to be offered? Forecasting sales Part art and part science Look at previous years Projecting profits and losses Comparing against industry norms Determining capital needs

Types of Maintenance

Housekeeping Daily tasks of basic cleaning, empty trash, replace towels and toilet paper, sweeping, mopping, dusting All employees can help with housekeeping Objectives need to be specific General Maintenance Referred to as infrequent housekeeping Steam clean carpets, paint walls, stripping and sealing wood floors, changing filters in the HVAC systems Improves and preserves the appearance of a facility Performed at regular intervals Preventive Maintenance Goal is to avoid premature failures of equipment to maintain the highest level of safety for members Routine inspection of motorized equipment Looking for trip hazards, sharp edges, water leaks, etc Repairs Involves restoring to operation some piece of equipment after it has failed Prioritize repairs since failures usually come without notice Have "Out of Order" signs available Set aside separate budget for unexpected repairs Replacement When something reaches the end of its useful life Repairs are no longer cost-effective Stock common replacement parts such as cables, pulleys, belts Delays in repairs can lead to unhappy customers Improvements May decrease operating costs Upgrading HVAC or pool filters Enhance the aesthetic quality by improving lighting or mirrors Remodel areas of the facility Add amenities Utilities Complex and extensive utility work often requires skilled laborers from utility companies or independent contractors Electricity, water, gas

Understanding Financial Management ---------------------

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Who helps?

If you are going into business for yourself you will need to at least initially consult with a lawyer and an accountant However, you should make yourself as knowledgeable as possible about the legal and financial aspects of running a health and fitness company

Standard 4

In addition to complying with all applicable federal, state, and local requirements relating to automated external defibrillators (AEDs), all facilities shall have as part of their written emergency response policies and procedures a public access defibrillation (PAD) program in accordance with generally accepted practice. Every site with an AED should strive to get the response time to under 4 minutes The FDA requires that a physician prescribe an AED before it can be purchased The emergency plan and the AED plan should be coordinated with local EMS All incidents of AED usage should be recorded and reported to the prescribing physician within a day Staff should be trained to use an AED (AHA and ARC) An AED coordinator should be appointed

Types of Budgets

Increment-decrement or trend-line budgeting Most popular budget in the fitness industry Uses previous year to build budget for current year You cannot automatically assume that the numbers from previous year are ideal Excellent record keeping with notes is important Break-even analysis A budget is developed that shows the minimum amount of revenue that must be generated in order to cover expected expenses Zero-based budgeting Looking at specific goals, not taking the past into consideration Worst-case scenario The plan you put in place in case revenues are lower than expected and/or costs are higher than expected

Why is this important?

Invest between $20-25 per square foot before opening the doors Need to re-invest as industry trends shift Types of equipment Cardiovascular equipment Variable-resistance and selectorized resistance equipment Free weight equipment Fitness accessory equipment

Why do you need to know about this??

Is the business generating enough cash flow to pay the bills? Does the business have strong systems in place to collect overdue accounts? Are staff hours being properly budgeted based on needs? Can equipment be purchased? Do you know how to purchase supplies? Is the non-profit status being properly maintained?

Durability

Joints: welds should be sturdy and best equipment is ground smooth Chassis: moving parts should be enclosed to reduce cleaning and maintenance Padding: Double stitching should be standard, no staples on quality pads Belts are consider more sturdy than cables Belts and cables quieter than chains Electronics: electrical components and moisture don't mix Warranties will tell you a lot about the lifetime of equipment

Differences in Facility Size

Large facilities Usually have several divisions including maintenance team Includes in-house attendants Midsize facilities Usually have at least 1 maintenance person either full or part time Share responsibilities during the day, contracted crew at night Small facilities Most maintenance is done in-house with more contracting when needed

Developing a Preventive Maintenance Program

Maintain operations Lengthen service life Identify worn out equipment Prevent loss Ensure personal safety Protect facility Comply with government standards

Other considerations

Maintenance Do you have support equipment Office equipment Software updates What else???

Value of Reputable Certifications for Staff

Most certified fitness professionals should have the appropriate background in helping people but also.... Certifications also cover: Facility layout and scheduling Facility design Equipment layout Staff-to-client ratios Maintaining, repairing, and cleaning facilities

Not All Facilities are Created Equal

Multi-purpose facilities: offer both fitness facilities and one or more recreational spaces Racquet courts Pools Gymnasiums Spas Outdoor recreational areas Fitness-only facilities: offer space specifically for the pursuit of fitness activities Cardio equipment Variable resistance equipment Free weights Studios for group exercise Reception area Locker rooms

Why is this important?

Must realize the positive impact that a safe, clean, well-maintained facility has on potential and current members Business is competitive and owners must pay attention to safety, housekeeping, preventive maintenance, general maintenance, equipment repairs, and renovation improvements Convenience is a member's first consideration, CLEANLINESS is the 2nd!

Evaluating Facility Maintenance

Outcome evaluation Are the maintenance goals and objectives being met? Is the maintenance program cost effective? Is the current labor arrangement acceptable? Are there fewer member complaints? Is preventive program reducing costs? Is the facility clean and free of repairs most the time? Process evaluation Is the program being managed in a safe and efficient manner? Are maintenance tasks being completed in timely manner? Is staff properly trained and dependable? Are there tools and resources for daily repairs? Is the maintenance budget sufficient? Are accurate records being kept

Maintenance Goals and Objectives

Overall Goal: To provide economical maintenance and housekeeping services that allow the facility to be safely and functionally used for its intended purpose. Objectives: Perform daily housekeeping and cleaning Promptly respond to and repair minor issues Develop and implement regularly scheduled maintenance Provide an easy means of reporting issues Maintain materials and spare parts for timely repairs Accurately track costs and history of maintenance

Expense Management

Provide proper accounting controls and security Getting several bids from equipment companies and negotiate Questioning every expense as if it was from your own pocket Do things yourself Performing internal maintenance Trade or barter Substituting Use space more efficiently Eliminate costs when necessary

Operating Practices

Refers to those administrative policies, practices, procedures, and systems that a facility uses to deliver its products and services to members in a manner that is consistent with the vision and business model of the facility. Operating standards: the basic expectations that a facility has for delivering a specified practice Framework for the staff concerning the mission statement Systems: the tools that staff can use to meet the operational standards or expectations

Health/Fitness Facility Signage: Guideline 2

Signage should have the proper appearance, readability, and placement in order to clearly display the desired message in a fashion that can easily be understood by the intended audience. Appearance Readability Placement

Determining Maintenance Needs

Size of the facility Indoor and outdoor needs Any wet areas? Are you in a commercial, corporate or clinical setting? Will maintenance be in-house or contracted out? When will maintenance be performed?

Health/Fitness Facility Equipment: Standard 1

The aquatic and pool facilities must provide the proper safety equipment according to state and local codes and regulations. Spine board Safety rope with buoy Shepherd's crook Lifejackets Blankets First aid kit

Health/Fitness Facility Operating Practices: Standard 7

The facility shall require that parents and guardians provide the facility with names of persons who are authorized by the parent or legal guardian to pick up each child. The facility shall not release children to any unauthorized person, and furthermore, the facility shall maintain records of the date and time each child checked out and was dropped off and the name of the person to whom the child was released.

Space

The footprint for one station is approximately 46 sq ft of floor space Many vendors offer space planning services Several configurations should be considered

Health/Fitness Facility Operating Practices: Standard 6

The registration policy of a facility that provides child care shall require that parents or guardians of all children left in the facility's care complete a waiver, an authorization for emergency medical care, and a release for the children whom they leave under the temporary care of the facility. Allows emergencies to be handled and also basic care

Standard 8

Unstaffed facilities must comply with all acceptable federal, state, and local requirements relating to AEDs. Unstaffed facilities shall have as part of their written emergency response policies and procedures a PAD program as a means by which either members or an external emergency responder can respond from time of collapse to defibrillation in 4 minutes or less.

Performing a Needs Assessment

Use a multidisciplinary team to answer questions What is the overall size of the facility? Measure each room or refer to construction plans Determine outdoor maintenance One building or separate complexes What are the hours of operation? Days and operating hours Holiday schedule Identify best times of day to perform maintenance What are the peak times of usage

What are the needs?

What are my priorities? Who uses the equipment? What's my budget? How much room do I have? How long do I want equipment to last? How do I get bids?

Performing a Needs Assessment

What is the availability of the staff? Are in-house staff available to perform maintenance? How will daytime and evening maintenance be divided? What are the mechanical aspects of the facility? Pools, spas, HVAC systems Water control and shut-off Electrical panels Lighting Provisions for people with disabilities

Performing a Needs Assessment

What is the operating budget for maintenance? The setting usually dictates funds If performing in-house maintenance consider payroll and capital costs If using contractors, get multiple bids Weight the costs of using in-house and contracted maintenance How many members are you serving daily? What is the average number of members using the facility daily? Which days of the week are busiest?

Cost

What is the point of diminishing return? Must consider the following: Initial purchase price Sum of maintenance Power requirements Repair and downtime Lease or lease-purchase agreement Small amount of cash up front Lease payments can be expensed on an income statement Typically 36-48 months but negotiable 10% down with first and last months lease EVERYTHING is negotiable and you should always get several quotes Used equipment is also an option Vendors refurbish equipment to nearly new condition Refurbish your existing equipment Average life of fitness equipment is 5 years

Health/Fitness Facility Operating Practices: Standard 5

When a child is under direct staff supervision of a facility, as a participant in either an organized activity or in an ongoing facility program, or is just under temporary staff supervision while the parent or legal guardian is using the facility, the responsible staff person shall have ready access to the child's basic medical information, which has been previously collected from the parent as part of the child registration process

Health/Fitness Facility Design and Construction: Guideline 10

When physical activity spaces have depth and distance parameters that can affect an individual's safety, then the facility should provide appropriate markings to ensure that users are aware of these depths and distance parameters Pools, courts, and walking/jogging tracks

Getting Bids

Who gets the bids? Consider the following: History of delivery and service Dependability Size of inventory Financial stability Do you need installation? On-site repair? Back up parts available?

Implementing a Maintenance Program

Work identification Scheduling Purchasing supplies and inventory control Cost controls Measure ongoing and historical costs Equipment and mechanical histories Keep accurate documentation Track major and minor repairs Work tracking and monitoring Stay on top of the work that needs to be done: What, where, who, when!