MANG Exam 2 Ch 4-7

Economic Model of CSR

Limits a firm's social responsibility to the minimal economic responsibility of producing goods and services and maximizing profits within the law.

Evaluate the claims that CSR is "good" for business

Incentive for customers to pay, customer loyalty, positive public image, gov opportunities, improves motivation.

Ethics Officers

Individuals within an organization charged with managerial oversight of ethical compliance and enforcement within the organization.

Difference between intrinsic and instrumental value in the terms of health and safety

Instrumental value, you value something purely for its useful function (washing machine example). Intrinsic, valuable in itself utilitarians relate to this.

Discuss the ethics of monitoring as it applies to drug testing

Invades personal privacy however, prevents unsafe working environments.

Property Rights

The boundaries defining actions that individuals can take in relation to other individuals regarding their personal information. If one individual has a right to her or his personal information, someone else has a commensurate duty to observe that right.

Reciprocal Obligation

The concept that, while an employee has an obligation to respect the goals and property of the employer, the employer has a reciprocal obligation to respect the rights of the employee as well, including the employee's right to privacy.

Hawthorne Effect

The impact on one's behavior of knowing that one is being studied. Could improve quality of work or cause stress and anxiety.

Privacy Rights

The legal and ethical sources of protection for privacy in personal data.

Employment At Will (EAW)

The legal doctrine that holds that, absent a particular contractual or other legal obligation that specifies the length or conditions of employment, all employees are employed "at will." Unless an agreement specifies otherwise, employers are free to fire an employee at any time and for any reason. In the same manner, an EAW worker may opt to leave a job at any time for any reason, without offering any notice at all; so the freedom is theoretically mutual.

Intrusion Into Seclusion

The legal terminology for one of the common law claims of invasion of privacy. Intrusion into seclusion occurs when someone intentionally intrudes on the private affairs of another when the intrusion would be "highly offensive to a reasonable person."

Email Monitoring

The maintenance and either periodic or random review of email communications of employees or others for a variety of business purposes.

Internet Use Monitoring

The maintenance and either periodic or random review of the use of the Internet by employees or others based on time spent or content accessed for a variety of business purposes.

Reputation Management

The practice of caring for the "image" of the firm.

Downsize

The reduction of human resources at an organization through terminations, retirements, corporate divestments, or other means.

Privacy

The right to be "left alone" within a personal zone of solitude, and/or the right to control information about oneself.

Due Process

The right to be protected against the arbitrary use of authority. In legal context, refers to the procedures that police and courts must follow in exercising their authority over citizens. In employment context, specifies the conditions for basic fairness within the scope of the employers authority over its employees.

Managerial Capitalism

The theory that the primary obligations of business managers is to serve the interests of stockholders by maximizing profits.

Stakeholder Model of CSR

The view that business exists within a web of social relationships where a business is a citizen of the society in which it operates and must conform to the normal range of ethical duties that all citizens face.

Explain the role of reputation management as motivation behind CSR

There is nothing inherently wrong with this. However, observers could challenge firms for engaging is CSR activities solely for the purpose of impacting their reputations.

Explain the interest of an employer in regulating an employees activities outside of work

Tobacco use, weight differences, marital and relationship status, sexual orientation and gender identity, off-work use of technology.

Genetic Information Nondiscrimination Act (GINA)

U.S act that prohibits discrimination against individuals on the basis of their genetic information in both employment and health insurance.

Electronic Communications Privacy Act (ECPA) of 1986

The U.S. statue that establishes the provisions for acmes, use, disclosure, interception and privacy protections relating to electronic communications.

Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA)

An agency of the federal government that publishes and enforces safety and health regulations for U.S. businesses.

Uniting and Strengthening America by Providing Appropriate Tools Required to Intercept and Obstruct Terrorism (USA PATRIOT) Act of 2001

A U.S. statue design to increase the surveillance and investigative powers of law enforcement agencies in the United States in the response to 9/11. It has been criticized for failing to include sufficient safeguards for civil liberties.

Values Based Cultures

A corporate culture in which conformity to a statement of values and principles rather than simple obedience to laws and regulations is the prevailing model for ethical behavior.

Compliance Based Cultures

A corporate culture in which obedience to laws and regulations is the prevailing model for ethical behavior.

IRS 20-factor Analysis

A list of 20 factors to which the IRS looks to determine whether someone is an employee or an independent contractor.

Stakeholder Theory

A model of corporate social responsibility that holds that business managers have ethical responsibilities to a range of stakeholders that goes beyond a narrow view that the primary or only responsibility of managers is to stockholders.

Common-Law Agency Test

A persuasive indicator of independent contractor status that provides the employers the ability to control the manner in which the work is preformed. Under this approach the employer need not actually control the work but must have the right or ability to control work for the worker to be classified as an employee.

Affirmative Action

A policy or program that strives to redress past discrimination through the implementation of proactive measures to ensure equal opportunity. In other words, intentional inclusion of previously excluded groups.

Code of Conduct

A set of behavioral guidelines that govern all members of a business firm.

Corporate Culture

A shared pattern of beliefs, expectations and meanings that influence and guide the thinking and behaviors of the members of that organization.

Culture

A shared pattern of beliefs, expectations, and meanings that influences and guides the thinking and behaviors of the members of a particular group.

Just Cause

A standard for terminations or discipline that requires the employer to have sufficient and fair cause before reaching a decision against an employee.

Economic Realities Test

A test by which the courts consider whether the worker is economically dependent on the business or, as a matter of economic fact, is in business for himself or herself.

Explain the process of due process in the work place

Acknowledges an employers authority over employees. Employers can exercise such control because they retain the ability to discipline or fire an employee for not complying with their authority.

Discuss the role of assessing, monitoring, and auditing the culture and ethics program

Allow organizations to uncover vulnerabilities that could pose challenges later for the firm. Risk assessment and prevention.

Moral Free Space

An environment where hyper norms or universal rules do not govern or apply to ethical decisions, but instead culture or other influences govern decisions as long as they are not in conflict with hyper norms. In other words, as long as a decision is not in conflict with a hyper norm, it resets within moral free space, and reasonable minds may differ as to what is ethical.

Disability

An impairment that substantially limits a major life activity

United States Sentencing Commission (USSC)

An independent agency in the United States judiciary created in 1984 to regulate sentencing policy in the federal court system.

Identify the legal sources of privacy protection, including the concept of a "reasonable expectation of privacy"

By the constitution (federal or state), federal or state statues, and common law. Reasonable expectation of privacy when a person is notified that they are being monitored or information will be shared.

Discuss the ethics of monitoring as it applies to polygraphs, genetic testing and other forms of surveillance

Can not do these things without prior consent.

Explain how corporate culture impacts ethical decision making

Ch 4

Benefits and challenges of diversity in the workplace

Ch.6

Describe the argument for a market-based resolution to workplace discrimination

Ch.6

Describe the three ways in which affirmative action may be legally permissible

Ch.6

Explain the basic arguments for and against regulation of the global labor environment

Ch.6

Describe the ethical sources of privacy as a fundamental value

Ch.7

Explain how various reporting mechanisms such as ethic hotlines and ombudspersons can help integrate ethics within a firm

Clearly defined procedure for reporting, a commitment to take appropriate action and a guarantee against retaliation.

Corporate Social Responsibility

Companies' acknowledged responsibility to society. Concerned for societies welfare.

Difference between compliance-based culture and values-based culture

Compliance-based, emphasizes compliance to the rules as the primary responsibility of ethics. Empowers legal and audit offices to mandate and monitor compliance with law and with internal codes. Firm is only as strong as its rules (a con, not always going to have prepared rules for every situation). Values-based, reinforces a particular set of values rather than a particular set of values. Have codes of conduct. Rely on personal integrity.

Reverse Discrimination

Decisions made or actions taken against those individuals who are traditionally considered to be in power or the majority, such as white men or in favor of historically non dominate group.

Discuss recent developments in connection with employee monitoring

Depends whether or not the employee is notified their information is being shared or they are being monitored.

Federal Sentencing Guidelines for Organizations (FSGO)

Developed by The United States Sentencing Commission. Established legal norms for ethical business behavior. Implement compliance programs throughout organizations.

Difference between effective leaders and ethical leaders

Effective, is about the creation, process and achievement of vision."Hows". Ethical, is about whether the vision or objective is morally good for society as a whole."Outcomes".

Distinguish between two distinct perspectives of the ethics of workplace relationships

Employers might decide to treat employees well to promote greater workplace harmony and productivity. Employers might treat employees out of a Kantian sense of duty and rights, regardless of the either utilitarian or self interested productivity consequences.

Integrative Model of CSR

For some business firms, social responsibility is fully integrated with the firm's mission or strategic plan.

Describe the integrative model of CSR

Non-profit organizations pursue social ends as the very core of their mission. Integrating social responsibilities into their mission.

Describe the stakeholders model of CSR

Organizations have a strong ethical duty to cause no harm. The pursuit of profit can be constrained by the duty to cause no harm. Right to healthy workplaces, privacy and due process. Has an ethical duty to consumers, even when not specified by law. Truthful advertising.

Describe the economic model of CSR

Places shareholders at the center of the corporation. The social responsibilities of business managers is to simply pursue profit within the law. Sole purpose of the business is to fulfill the economic functions the business was designed to serve. Philanthropy.

Sweatshops

Places where workers labored long hours under poor conditions for low wages

Employer reasons for monitoring employees

Placing employees into appropriate positions, productivity/job performance, technology use, drug testing.

Distinguish the two definitions of privacy

Privacy as a right to be "left alone" within a personal zone of solitude or privacy as the right to control information about oneself.

Corporate Sustainability Report

Provides all stakeholders with financial and other information regarding a firm's economic, environmental, and social performance.

Diversity

Refers to the presence of differing cultures, languages, ethnicities, races, affinity orientations, genders, religions, abilities, social classes, ages, and the national origins of the individuals within a firm. Within a business encompasses the values of respect, tolerance, inclusion and acceptance.

Multiculturalism

Similar to diversity, refers to the principle of tolerance and inclusion that supports the co-existence of multiple cultures, while encouraging each to retain that which is unique or individual about that particular culture.

Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA)

Stipulates that employees cannot use "protected health information" in making employment decisions without prior consent. This includes all medical records or other individually identifiable health information.

Hypernorms

Values that are fundamental across culture and theory