MARK 350

________ are 8- to 14-year-old children.

Tweens

One of the goals of marketing to Gen Yers has been to allow them to remain free of the restraints of wires and cords, but still have media available at any time. The lifestyle created by this approach is referred to as ________.

connexity

Through the process of ________, objects associated with sacred events or people become sacred in their own right.

contamination

Brands that we closely link to our rituals are called ________ brands; once they become imbedded in our rituals we are unlikely to replace them.

fortress

Movie and restaurant reviewers, magazine editors, retail buyers and DJ's are considered ________ because they filter information.

gatekeepers

Stimulus generalization refers to ________.

the tendency of stimuli similar to a conditioned stimulus to evoke similar, conditioned responses

Winnowing out is part of the cultural selection process

TRUE

The process by which people select, organize, and interpret sensations is called ________

perception

________ learning occurs when an individual watches the actions of others and notes the reinforcements they receive for their behaviors.

Observational

Christy, Jillian, and Robert were all born between 1965 and 1985; they are considered part of Generation X

TRUE

Members of which of the following age cohorts are part of today's senior market?

The War Baby Generation

Which of the following is NOT one of the four interrelated functions of myths in a culture?

anthropological

The second stage in the rite of passage is ________.

liminality

Teenagers who are obsessed with their own appearance and needs but still desire to connect on a meaningful level with other people are experiencing autonomy versus belonging conflict

FALSE

________ refers to a stage in the gift-giving process, where the giver procures an item to make some event.

Gestation

________ foods are permissible under the laws of Islam.

Halal

________ group members tend to be tightly knit, and they infer meaning that goes beyond the spoken word.

High-context culture

________ postulated that myths involve binary opposition, in which two opposing ends of some dimension are represented (such as good versus evil).

Levi Strauss

The Prizm System classifies every U.S. zip code into 1 of 66 categories, ranging from blue-blood estates to public assistance

TRUE

Manuel still remembers the impact of his first college class in the United States. As a new immigrant, he was sincere in his desire to learn about the American culture that he had chosen to adopt. His college professor taught Manuel many things about the American culture. In doing so, the professor was acting as a(n) ________.

acculturation agent

Which term refers to the bittersweet emotions that arise when a consumer views the past with happiness and sadness?

nostalgia

When Campbell's markets many products under the same brand name it is called family branding

true

The process of acquiring information and storing it over time is called ________.

memory

A mother, a father, and one or more children are considered an extended family

FALSE

Asian Americans' median income is 28% higher than the U.S. average, and they are almost twice as likely to have graduated from college.

TRUE

Classical conditioning occurs when a stimulus that elicits a response is paired with another stimulus that initially does not elicit a response on its own

TRUE

Couples who are better educated on average and choose not to have children are considered DINKS.

TRUE

Licensing occurs when a company ________.

"rents" a well-known name

________ refers to analytical techniques that combine data on consumer expenditures and other socioeconomic factors with geographic information.

.Geodemography

Items such as Swiffer, Keurig, and Dove target ________.

Baby Boomers

According to the definition of learning, how could a researcher ever show that cognitive learning had taken place in a subject?

By measuring a behavioral change that could directly be tied to a previous experience

________ memories relate to events that are personally relevant; therefore, a person's motivation to retain these memories will likely be strong.

Episodic

A fad is a relatively long-term acceptance cycle in today's marketplace because of the money necessary to develop the fad.

FALSE

A metaphysical myth fulfills the cultural function of explaining how the components of the universe relate to each other.

FALSE

A professor was given an administrative warning after he made an inappropriate joke about Princess Diana shortly after her death. Students were likely upset because they saw Princess Diana as a profane individual worthy of special attention and respect.

FALSE

According to Hofstede, values associated with a long-term orientation are respect for social obligations and the need to save face

FALSE

Acculturation agents may come from the culture of immigration, but not from the culture of origin.

FALSE

Age cohorts share similar problems because they are more genetically similar than are people from other types of cohorts

FALSE

Americans between the ages of 35 and 64 are the focus of almost 50 percent of all advertising expenditures

FALSE

An age cohort consists of people of different ages who have similar experiences.

FALSE

An interrelated function in culture that maintains social order because it authorizes a social cope for members of a culture to follow is called psychological

FALSE

Asian Americans as a whole tend to be an easy target to communicate with because of their cultural similarity to one another.

FALSE

Asian Americans, though much smaller in absolute numbers, are the fastest-growing racial group.

FALSE

Behavioral theorists rely on internal mental states to explain learning

FALSE

Bill jokes that a nuclear family is one that is about ready to explode because having your grandmother living with you can cause a lot of disruptions. Although Bill's humor is questionable, his labeling of a family living with a grandparent as a nuclear family is correct.

FALSE

Gestation is the process of gift exchange

FALSE

Low-context culture group members tend to be tightly knit, and they infer meanings that go beyond the spoken word.

FALSE

Once a culture is established, it doesn't change. An apparent change in a culture is simply the emergence of a new culture

FALSE

People born between World War I and World War II belong to the Baby Boomer Generation.

FALSE

The "Big Three" American ethnic subcultures are African Americans, Hispanic Americans, and Jewish Americans.

FALSE

An age cohort that describes kids who were born in 2003 and later is ________.

Generation Z

________ is/are the mental characteristics of people and the way they relate to their environment and social group.

Ideology

A philosophy that translates customers' feelings into design elements is called ________ engineering.

Kansei

The popularity of the movie The Passion of the Christ, the book The Da Vinci Code, and the musical The Book of Mormon are evidence of which of the following?

Religious themes can be effectively used by mainstream marketers.

Casting directors, textbook authors, and retail buyers are all examples of formal gatekeepers in the culture production process

TRUE

Conditioning effects are more likely to occur after the conditioned and unconditioned stimuli have been paired a number of times.

TRUE

Culture of origin is considered one of the acculturation agents mentioned in the text

TRUE

Every year, the students at a prestigious engineering school remove a car from the parking lot and place it on the highest point of the roof of the main engineering building. The students have been doing this for decades, but not once has anyone ever confided to an outsider how it was done. This is a classic example of a ritual.

TRUE

Fashion with an extremely long acceptance cycle is considered to be classic.

TRUE

Gen Yers tend to hold relatively traditional values and prefer to fit in rather than rebel.

TRUE

Gen Z is the most diverse generation in American history

TRUE

Gift giving involves economic and symbolic exchange

TRUE

Gone With the Wind myths often take place in times of upheaval, such as war

TRUE

Green bagels and green beer on St. Patrick's Day are both examples of de-ethnicization.

TRUE

Hofstede's Dimensions of National Culture organizes cross-cultural values based on power distance, individualism, masculinity, uncertainty avoidance, long-term orientation, and indulgence.

TRUE

Hong Kong Disneyland is an example of an emic perspective

TRUE

In many cultures, myths feature talking animals that act as mediating figures.

TRUE

In the modern holiday ritual of Christmas, the figures of Christ and Santa can be seen as binary opposites; one promotes selflessness while the other promotes materialism.

TRUE

Mainstream marketers used to avoid religion topics; now they actively target church members.

TRUE

Members of Generation X have been termed "slackers" and "baby busters."

TRUE

People occupy sacred time and space when they travel on vacation.

TRUE

Perceived age is how old a person feels.

TRUE

The indulgence versus restraint dimension of Hofstede's Dimensions of National Culture deals with the extent to which a society allows relatively free gratification of basic and natural human drives related to enjoying life.

TRUE

The mental characteristics of people and the way they relate to their environment and social group are called ideology

TRUE

The term "Asian" refers to 20 ethnic groups, the largest of which is Chinese

TRUE

The worldwide popularity of McDonald's suggests that there is a global consumer culture that unites people around the world by their common devotion to brands

TRUE

When Pavlov's famous dog responded to a bell signaling feeding time, Pavlov demonstrated classical conditioning.

TRUE

Which of the following best explains why marketers view teens as "consumers-in-training"?

Teenagers often develop brand loyalty during their adolescence, committing to a brand and continuing to purchase it for decades to come.

What is the most powerful age segment economically in the United States?

The Baby Boomer Generation

Which generation consists of people whose parents established families following the end of World War II and during the 1950s when the peacetime economy was strong and stable?

The Baby Boomer Generation

Maria Gomez is thrilled to be in the United States. After spending her childhood years in Mexico, she is looking forward to the freedom given to teenage girls in the United States. "I can wear shorts, pantsuits, and even halter tops and no one will think badly of me," says Maria. Maria is in the process of ________.

adaptation

Which of the following is NOT one of the three distinct stages of gift-giving rituals?

convention

A cultural production system is a ________.

creative subsystem managerial subsystem communications subsystem

All of the following are subsystems in a culture production system EXCEPT a ________ subsystem

marketing

Myths serve four interrelated functions in a culture, which function explains the origins of existence

metaphysical

If a woman receives compliments after wearing Obsession perfume, she is more likely to keep buying the product and wearing it. What type of instrumental conditioning has occurred in the situation?

positive reinforcement

Instrumental conditioning occurs in which of the following ways?

positive reinforcement B) negative reinforcement C) punishment D) All of the above

Peggy Simmons has a tough assignment. She is to live in Japan for the next five years and successfully introduce her company's line of cosmetics to Japanese women. Her company's management hopes that living in an average neighborhood, commuting to work every day, eating native food, and speaking Japanese will help Peggy involve herself in the society more quickly than if she stayed separate from her hosts. The company's management wants Peggy to use the ________ model.

progressive learning

In a typical ________ test, subjects are shown ads one at a time and asked if they have seen them before.

recognition

Sharon is upset with her secretary. Though everyone in the office agreed not to give Christmas presents this year, Sharon's secretary gave her an expensive bottle of perfume. Which of the following best identifies the source of Sharon's feelings?

the reciprocity norm

Which type of reinforcement best characterizes what an individual would typically experience while fishing?

variable-interval reinforcement

Grooming rituals express two kinds of binary opposition: private/public and ________.

work/leisure

Advertising to teens typically depicts ________.

"in" teens using the product

People and institutions that teach the ways of a culture are called ________.

acculturation agents

A ________ is a very short-lived fashion

fad

A relative permanent change of behavior is called ________.

learning

Profane consumption involves consumer objects and events that are ordinary

TRUE

Romance novels often follow a cultural formula

TRUE

Most holidays commemorate a cultural myth

TRUE

Passing a driving test to receive a driver's license is an example of a rite of passage

TRUE

fashion system

A fashion system includes all people and organizations that create symbolic meaning and transfer those meanings to cultural goods

myth

A myth is a story with symbolic elements that represent a culture's ideals.

A component of a person's subculture is ________.

A) age B) race C) ethnic background D) all of the above "D"

A stage in the cognitive development process is ________.

A) cued B) limited C) strategic D) all of the above

Which of the "Big Three" American subcultures makes up 13 percent of the population?

African American

The first thing D'Andrea was asked when she went to work for an advertising firm is how to promote to African Americans. After careful consideration, which of the following is the best advice D'Andrea could give her new employers?

African American children tend to gravitate toward toys and characters that look like them

Which American ethnic subculture is the fastest-growing racial group?

Asian American

Which term refers to sensations that subtly influence how we think about a product?

Context effect

________ refers to the set of individuals and organizations that create and market cultural products.

Culture production system (CPS)

Gen Y individuals are also included as ________.

Echo boomers Millennials

Nearly 60% of the Hispanic American population are of ________ descent.

Mexican

Marketers must know the needs and wants of their customers. Which of the following presents the most accurate picture of the typical elderly consumer today?

Most are active, interested in what life has to offer, and are enthusiastic consumers with the means and willingness to buy many goods and services.

________ refers to the factors that motivate people to physically uproot themselves from one location to another.

Movement

With respect to the acculturation process, what is the relationship between maintenance and segregation?

New immigrants often attempt to maintain their old cultural backgrounds by segregating themselves, living and shopping in physically separated areas from the main culture.

________ usually dictate what is right and wrong, acceptable or unacceptable

Norms

Which statement about Asian Americans is true?

One unifying factor that helps to describe the Asian American subculture is an emphasis on family.

________ is the extent to which less powerful members of organizations and institutions accept and expect that power is distributed unequally

Power distance

________ consumption occurs with objects and events that are considered to be ordinary and everyday.

Profane

People born between World War I and World War II belong to the Silent Generation

TRUE

People born during World War II would belong to the War Baby Generation.

TRUE

________ is when ordinary objects, events, and even people take on sacred meaning.

Sacralization

________ memory permits the temporary storage of information we receive from our senses.

Sensory

The ________ Generation includes people who were born between the two world wars.

Silent

________ is the way people maintain an orderly social life.

Social structure

A culture production system is a set of individuals and organizations that create and market cultural products

TRUE

A style typically begins as a risky or unique statement by a relatively small group of people

TRUE

A subculture is a group whose members share beliefs and common experiences that set them apart from others.

TRUE

According to Hofstede, power distance refers to the extent to which the less powerful members of organizations and institutions accept and expect that power is distributed unequally.

TRUE

According to the trickle-down theory, fashion moves from the upper classes to the lower classes.

TRUE

Alcoholics Anonymous and Weight Watchers follow the spiritual-therapeutic model.

TRUE

Anna's best friend, Aubrey, was getting married. Anna spent a lot of time thinking of the perfect gift and was so excited about the gift that she gave it to Aubrey before the wedding. Aubrey cried and told Anna she could never have a better friend. Reformulation best describes the gift-giving stage in this situation.

TRUE

________ refers to the tendency people have to react to stimuli similar to an original stimulus in a classical conditioning situation in much the same way they responded to the original stimulus.

The halo effect

Which of the following statements about teenagers is true?

The label teenager entered the general U.S. vocabulary when Frankie Lymon and the Teenagers became the first pop group to identify themselves with this new subculture

A nuclear family consists of ________.

a mother, a father, and at least one child

The process of movement and adaptation to one country's cultural environment by a person from another country is called ________.

acculturation

As a relationship grows and progresses, gift giving tends to become more ________.

altruistic

Jim Smith, Don Carson, and Jeff Sweeney are all 54 years old, so they can be sorted into

an age cohort

Which of the following is an object that is admired strictly for its beauty or because it inspires an emotional reaction?

an art product

In the process of ________, new immigrants adopt products, habits, and values they identify with the mainstream culture.

assimilation

When Coke weaves a sound into a piece of music, the advertisement is using ________.

audio watermarking

Jui-Jui has a need to achieve independence. He dreams daily of leaving home and getting his own apartment; however, because he lives in a neighborhood full of houses, he would have to go some distance to find an apartment that he could afford. This move would mean that he would distance himself from his friends. This example is a common dilemma for many teens. Which of the following conflicts that most teens face is most applicable to Jui-Jui's situation?

autonomy vs. belonging

Frank is sitting in his Psychology 101 class listening to his professor attempt to explain the "black box" process and its connection with learning. He suddenly smells the aroma of fresh cinnamon rolls, and his mouth begins to water. He looks around the room and sees a student in the last row bite into a big, juicy roll. "I wish I were sitting next to him," Frank thinks, "because I know I could steal a bite." What Frank just went through in class was similar to the "black box" process being described by his professor. This process is more closely associated with which of the following learning methods?

behavioral learning

Which theory listed below assumes that learning take place as the result of responses to external events?

behavioral learning

Most religion-oriented marketing activity in America can be traced to the ________ community

born-again Christian

The actual number of years a person has been alive is their ________ age

chronological

Which of the following was first demonstrated by Ivan Pavlov?

classical conditioning

What type of learning theory emphasizes that people are problem solvers who actively use information from the world around them to master the environment?

cognitive learning theory

Which theory stresses the importance of internal mental processes?

cognitive learning theory

An age ________ consists of people of similar ages who have undergone similar experiences.

cohort

Shannon Reeves and Tish Phillips remember their days as student protesters in the 1960s. Shannon remembers seeing Jim Hendrix at Woodstock and Tish remembers burning her bra in front of the central administration building at Yale. These memories about cultural heroes and events are one of the chief characteristics of an age ________.

cohort

The systematic acquisition of a particular object or set of objects is called ________.

collecting

Classical conditioning takes place when a(n) ________ is continuously matched with a(n) ________

conditioned stimulus; unconditioned stimulus

It is quite common for mainstream culture to modify symbols identified with "cutting edge" subcultures and present these to a larger audience. Such cultural products undergo a process of ________, by which their original meanings are transformed by outsiders.

cooptation

The Macah, a Native American tribe from the Northwest, built functional seagoing canoes that are considered works of art by modern shipbuilders. By definition, these boats would be considered ________.

craft products

Raymond Chandler wrote classic American detective stories. By always using certain roles for his characters and props that were appropriate to the genre, Chandler's novels followed a(n) ________.

cultural formula

In the cultural production process, the people who control the flow of information between producers and customers are called ________.

cultural gatekeepers

Watercolor tats, Alexandre Birman textured-lamé sandals, blue velvet couches, Bitmojis, and selfies are part of the ________.

cultural movement

Products are winnowed out as they make their way down the path from conception to consumption, a process called ________.

cultural selection

The process whereby a product formerly associated with a specific ethnic group is detached from its roots and marketed to other subcultures is called ________.

deethnicization

When a sacred item or symbol is removed from its special place or is duplicated in mass quantities, then it becomes profane as a result of ________.

desacralization

The ________ threshold refers to the ability of a sensory system to detect changes between two stimuli.

differential

Gen enjoys owning a micro-refrigerator, which is small enough to fit almost anywhere. Gen believes that the efficient use of space is one of the characteristics that any good product should have. With respect to the functional areas of a cultural system, Gen is focusing on ________ as a variable in selecting products.

ecology

The Japanese greatly value products that make efficient use of space because of the cramped conditions in urban areas in Japan. This is an example of ________ in Japan's cultural system.

ecology

Researchers primarily see the gift-giving ritual as a type of ________ exchange.

economic

According to the information-processing approach to studying the memory process, in the ________ stage, information enters in a way the system will recognize it.

encoding

When a stimulus comes within the range of someone's sensory receptor, a(n) ________ occurs.

exposure

A woman no longer receives compliments on the perfume she wears. In learning terms, the stimulus-response connection has weakened. Which of the following terms best describes the situation?

extinction

If a conditioned stimulus is only occasionally matched with an unconditioned stimulus, the association between the two will become weakened. This is called ________.

extinction

According to the exposure factor leading to adaptation, frequently encountered stimuli ________ as the rate of exposure increases.

habituate

The ________ sense appears to moderate the relationship between product experience and judgment confidence

haptic

As manufacturing costs decrease and the amount of products that people accumulate goes up, consumers increasingly want to buy things that will provide ________ value

hedonic

Japan is a very tightly knit culture with rich history and social identification. In this culture, people tend to infer meanings that go beyond the spoken word. This classifies Japan as a ________ culture.

high-context

Which of the following is NOT one of the basic conflicts common to all teens?

idealism vs. activism

The aspect of a cultural system which describes the mental characteristics of a people and the way they relate to their environment and social groups is known as ________.

ideology

Which functional area of culture is most closely related to the idea of a common worldview?

ideology

Much learning takes effort and time, but some learning is so casual as to be unintentional. This type of learning is referred to as ________ learning.

incidental

Sam Bolton hums the Purina Cat Chow jingle as he drives down the expressway. A thought suddenly occurs to Sam: "Why am I humming this stupid jingle? I don't buy this stuff; in fact, I don't even have a cat." Sam knows this jingle is ________.

incidental learning

When Sophie hums a McDonald's jingle, it is an example of ________.

incidental learning

Consumers who always are on the lookout for novel products or services and who are first to try something new are ________.

innovators

Memories of products are often replaced (forgotten) as we learn additional information. This displacement of information is called ________.

interference

The minimum difference that can be detected between two stimuli is known as the ________.

just noticeable difference

Within a knowledge structure, which of the following is the LEAST complex knowledge unit?

meaning

A church that serves 2,000 or more congregants per week is called a ________.

megachurch

The lack of marketing information about religion is primarily due to ________.

religion being somewhat of a taboo subject among researchers

When a professor reviews a certain topic many times, he is practicing ________.

repetition conditioning

A special ritual marking a person's transition from one role to another is called a ________.

rite of passage

A set of multiple symbolic behaviors that occur in a fixed sequence and tend to be repeated is called a ________.

ritual

Pavel is an inventor. He read that there were several million people who could not sleep at night until they looked under the bed. He invented a light that could be put under the bed and went on automatically when someone looked there. Pavel's product is designed to help people perform a ________.

ritual

Wedding rice, birthday candles, and diplomas are considered ________.

ritual artifacts

Thomas and his family recently toured the Gettysburg Battlefield on their vacation. The area was rich in history. While walking, Thomas remembered all the accounts of the battle that he had read in school. He finally understood why this place had such a special meaning in American history and to Americans in general. Gettysburg Battlefield is best classified as ________.

sacred

A cognitive framework we develop through experience is called ________

schema

Immigrants to the United States who exhibit ________ tend to live and shop in places separated from mainstream Anglo consumers.

segregation

Older adults that control more than 50% of discretionary income are considered the ________ market.

senior

The sensory characteristic of a product that sticks with consumers, helping them to remember the product in a unique way, is called the ________.

sensory input

Companies that think carefully about the impact of sensations on product experiences are practicing ________.

sensory marketing

When a consumer learns a desired behavior over a period of time, it is called ________.

shaping

When a consumer has a powerful emotional reaction to a song or photos, this is called ________.

spontaneous recovery

Behavioral learning theorists do not focus on internal thought processes; rather, they look to external evidence to study learning. What aspects of the environment are of most concern to behaviorists in studying learning?

stimulus and response

Family branding, licensing, and look-alike packaging are all marketing strategies based on ________.

stimulus generalization

People born between 1946 and 1964 belong to ________.

the Baby Boomer Generation

Fashion refers to ________.

the process of social diffusion by which style is adopted by consumers

An extended family unit is characterized by ________ living together

three generations of a family

Gen Y'ers are totally at home in a ________ that communicates online and by cell phone (more likely via text and IM than by voice).

thumb culture

Which of the following would not be a part of the wedding ritual?

tossing the girdle

The cultural learning acquired through ________ leads immigrants to a process of adaptation.

translation

When Bob, a wealthy real estate investor, saw an inner city kid wearing a heavy gold chain with a medallion around his neck, Bob wanted the same for himself. Bob's behavior is best explained by the ________.

trickle-up effect

A story containing symbolic elements that express the shared emotions and ideals of a culture is called a ________.

myth

Culture is best described as a society's ________.

personality

The story goes that a young George Washington cut down his father's cherry tree with a hatchet. Young Washington was then asked who might have committed this act. Even though the boy feared punishment, George replied, "I cannot tell a lie; I cut down the cherry tree." This story has taken on mythical proportions in the United States. Which of the follow functions does the myth best match?

psychological

A ________ is defined as a group whose members share beliefs and common experiences that set them apart from others.

subculture

Through the process of ________, immigrants make the unfamiliar familiar by integrating symbols from their former lives into their new homes.

warming