MARK 350
________ are 8- to 14-year-old children.
Tweens
One of the goals of marketing to Gen Yers has been to allow them to remain free of the restraints of wires and cords, but still have media available at any time. The lifestyle created by this approach is referred to as ________.
connexity
Through the process of ________, objects associated with sacred events or people become sacred in their own right.
contamination
Brands that we closely link to our rituals are called ________ brands; once they become imbedded in our rituals we are unlikely to replace them.
fortress
Movie and restaurant reviewers, magazine editors, retail buyers and DJ's are considered ________ because they filter information.
gatekeepers
Stimulus generalization refers to ________.
the tendency of stimuli similar to a conditioned stimulus to evoke similar, conditioned responses
Winnowing out is part of the cultural selection process
TRUE
The process by which people select, organize, and interpret sensations is called ________
perception
________ learning occurs when an individual watches the actions of others and notes the reinforcements they receive for their behaviors.
Observational
Christy, Jillian, and Robert were all born between 1965 and 1985; they are considered part of Generation X
TRUE
Members of which of the following age cohorts are part of today's senior market?
The War Baby Generation
Which of the following is NOT one of the four interrelated functions of myths in a culture?
anthropological
The second stage in the rite of passage is ________.
liminality
Teenagers who are obsessed with their own appearance and needs but still desire to connect on a meaningful level with other people are experiencing autonomy versus belonging conflict
FALSE
________ refers to a stage in the gift-giving process, where the giver procures an item to make some event.
Gestation
________ foods are permissible under the laws of Islam.
Halal
________ group members tend to be tightly knit, and they infer meaning that goes beyond the spoken word.
High-context culture
________ postulated that myths involve binary opposition, in which two opposing ends of some dimension are represented (such as good versus evil).
Levi Strauss
The Prizm System classifies every U.S. zip code into 1 of 66 categories, ranging from blue-blood estates to public assistance
TRUE
Manuel still remembers the impact of his first college class in the United States. As a new immigrant, he was sincere in his desire to learn about the American culture that he had chosen to adopt. His college professor taught Manuel many things about the American culture. In doing so, the professor was acting as a(n) ________.
acculturation agent
Which term refers to the bittersweet emotions that arise when a consumer views the past with happiness and sadness?
nostalgia
When Campbell's markets many products under the same brand name it is called family branding
true
The process of acquiring information and storing it over time is called ________.
memory
A mother, a father, and one or more children are considered an extended family
FALSE
Asian Americans' median income is 28% higher than the U.S. average, and they are almost twice as likely to have graduated from college.
TRUE
Classical conditioning occurs when a stimulus that elicits a response is paired with another stimulus that initially does not elicit a response on its own
TRUE
Couples who are better educated on average and choose not to have children are considered DINKS.
TRUE
Licensing occurs when a company ________.
"rents" a well-known name
________ refers to analytical techniques that combine data on consumer expenditures and other socioeconomic factors with geographic information.
.Geodemography
Items such as Swiffer, Keurig, and Dove target ________.
Baby Boomers
According to the definition of learning, how could a researcher ever show that cognitive learning had taken place in a subject?
By measuring a behavioral change that could directly be tied to a previous experience
________ memories relate to events that are personally relevant; therefore, a person's motivation to retain these memories will likely be strong.
Episodic
A fad is a relatively long-term acceptance cycle in today's marketplace because of the money necessary to develop the fad.
FALSE
A metaphysical myth fulfills the cultural function of explaining how the components of the universe relate to each other.
FALSE
A professor was given an administrative warning after he made an inappropriate joke about Princess Diana shortly after her death. Students were likely upset because they saw Princess Diana as a profane individual worthy of special attention and respect.
FALSE
According to Hofstede, values associated with a long-term orientation are respect for social obligations and the need to save face
FALSE
Acculturation agents may come from the culture of immigration, but not from the culture of origin.
FALSE
Age cohorts share similar problems because they are more genetically similar than are people from other types of cohorts
FALSE
Americans between the ages of 35 and 64 are the focus of almost 50 percent of all advertising expenditures
FALSE
An age cohort consists of people of different ages who have similar experiences.
FALSE
An interrelated function in culture that maintains social order because it authorizes a social cope for members of a culture to follow is called psychological
FALSE
Asian Americans as a whole tend to be an easy target to communicate with because of their cultural similarity to one another.
FALSE
Asian Americans, though much smaller in absolute numbers, are the fastest-growing racial group.
FALSE
Behavioral theorists rely on internal mental states to explain learning
FALSE
Bill jokes that a nuclear family is one that is about ready to explode because having your grandmother living with you can cause a lot of disruptions. Although Bill's humor is questionable, his labeling of a family living with a grandparent as a nuclear family is correct.
FALSE
Gestation is the process of gift exchange
FALSE
Low-context culture group members tend to be tightly knit, and they infer meanings that go beyond the spoken word.
FALSE
Once a culture is established, it doesn't change. An apparent change in a culture is simply the emergence of a new culture
FALSE
People born between World War I and World War II belong to the Baby Boomer Generation.
FALSE
The "Big Three" American ethnic subcultures are African Americans, Hispanic Americans, and Jewish Americans.
FALSE
An age cohort that describes kids who were born in 2003 and later is ________.
Generation Z
________ is/are the mental characteristics of people and the way they relate to their environment and social group.
Ideology
A philosophy that translates customers' feelings into design elements is called ________ engineering.
Kansei
The popularity of the movie The Passion of the Christ, the book The Da Vinci Code, and the musical The Book of Mormon are evidence of which of the following?
Religious themes can be effectively used by mainstream marketers.
Casting directors, textbook authors, and retail buyers are all examples of formal gatekeepers in the culture production process
TRUE
Conditioning effects are more likely to occur after the conditioned and unconditioned stimuli have been paired a number of times.
TRUE
Culture of origin is considered one of the acculturation agents mentioned in the text
TRUE
Every year, the students at a prestigious engineering school remove a car from the parking lot and place it on the highest point of the roof of the main engineering building. The students have been doing this for decades, but not once has anyone ever confided to an outsider how it was done. This is a classic example of a ritual.
TRUE
Fashion with an extremely long acceptance cycle is considered to be classic.
TRUE
Gen Yers tend to hold relatively traditional values and prefer to fit in rather than rebel.
TRUE
Gen Z is the most diverse generation in American history
TRUE
Gift giving involves economic and symbolic exchange
TRUE
Gone With the Wind myths often take place in times of upheaval, such as war
TRUE
Green bagels and green beer on St. Patrick's Day are both examples of de-ethnicization.
TRUE
Hofstede's Dimensions of National Culture organizes cross-cultural values based on power distance, individualism, masculinity, uncertainty avoidance, long-term orientation, and indulgence.
TRUE
Hong Kong Disneyland is an example of an emic perspective
TRUE
In many cultures, myths feature talking animals that act as mediating figures.
TRUE
In the modern holiday ritual of Christmas, the figures of Christ and Santa can be seen as binary opposites; one promotes selflessness while the other promotes materialism.
TRUE
Mainstream marketers used to avoid religion topics; now they actively target church members.
TRUE
Members of Generation X have been termed "slackers" and "baby busters."
TRUE
People occupy sacred time and space when they travel on vacation.
TRUE
Perceived age is how old a person feels.
TRUE
The indulgence versus restraint dimension of Hofstede's Dimensions of National Culture deals with the extent to which a society allows relatively free gratification of basic and natural human drives related to enjoying life.
TRUE
The mental characteristics of people and the way they relate to their environment and social group are called ideology
TRUE
The term "Asian" refers to 20 ethnic groups, the largest of which is Chinese
TRUE
The worldwide popularity of McDonald's suggests that there is a global consumer culture that unites people around the world by their common devotion to brands
TRUE
When Pavlov's famous dog responded to a bell signaling feeding time, Pavlov demonstrated classical conditioning.
TRUE
Which of the following best explains why marketers view teens as "consumers-in-training"?
Teenagers often develop brand loyalty during their adolescence, committing to a brand and continuing to purchase it for decades to come.
What is the most powerful age segment economically in the United States?
The Baby Boomer Generation
Which generation consists of people whose parents established families following the end of World War II and during the 1950s when the peacetime economy was strong and stable?
The Baby Boomer Generation
Maria Gomez is thrilled to be in the United States. After spending her childhood years in Mexico, she is looking forward to the freedom given to teenage girls in the United States. "I can wear shorts, pantsuits, and even halter tops and no one will think badly of me," says Maria. Maria is in the process of ________.
adaptation
Which of the following is NOT one of the three distinct stages of gift-giving rituals?
convention
A cultural production system is a ________.
creative subsystem managerial subsystem communications subsystem
All of the following are subsystems in a culture production system EXCEPT a ________ subsystem
marketing
Myths serve four interrelated functions in a culture, which function explains the origins of existence
metaphysical
If a woman receives compliments after wearing Obsession perfume, she is more likely to keep buying the product and wearing it. What type of instrumental conditioning has occurred in the situation?
positive reinforcement
Instrumental conditioning occurs in which of the following ways?
positive reinforcement B) negative reinforcement C) punishment D) All of the above
Peggy Simmons has a tough assignment. She is to live in Japan for the next five years and successfully introduce her company's line of cosmetics to Japanese women. Her company's management hopes that living in an average neighborhood, commuting to work every day, eating native food, and speaking Japanese will help Peggy involve herself in the society more quickly than if she stayed separate from her hosts. The company's management wants Peggy to use the ________ model.
progressive learning
In a typical ________ test, subjects are shown ads one at a time and asked if they have seen them before.
recognition
Sharon is upset with her secretary. Though everyone in the office agreed not to give Christmas presents this year, Sharon's secretary gave her an expensive bottle of perfume. Which of the following best identifies the source of Sharon's feelings?
the reciprocity norm
Which type of reinforcement best characterizes what an individual would typically experience while fishing?
variable-interval reinforcement
Grooming rituals express two kinds of binary opposition: private/public and ________.
work/leisure
Advertising to teens typically depicts ________.
"in" teens using the product
People and institutions that teach the ways of a culture are called ________.
acculturation agents
A ________ is a very short-lived fashion
fad
A relative permanent change of behavior is called ________.
learning
Profane consumption involves consumer objects and events that are ordinary
TRUE
Romance novels often follow a cultural formula
TRUE
Most holidays commemorate a cultural myth
TRUE
Passing a driving test to receive a driver's license is an example of a rite of passage
TRUE
fashion system
A fashion system includes all people and organizations that create symbolic meaning and transfer those meanings to cultural goods
myth
A myth is a story with symbolic elements that represent a culture's ideals.
A component of a person's subculture is ________.
A) age B) race C) ethnic background D) all of the above "D"
A stage in the cognitive development process is ________.
A) cued B) limited C) strategic D) all of the above
Which of the "Big Three" American subcultures makes up 13 percent of the population?
African American
The first thing D'Andrea was asked when she went to work for an advertising firm is how to promote to African Americans. After careful consideration, which of the following is the best advice D'Andrea could give her new employers?
African American children tend to gravitate toward toys and characters that look like them
Which American ethnic subculture is the fastest-growing racial group?
Asian American
Which term refers to sensations that subtly influence how we think about a product?
Context effect
________ refers to the set of individuals and organizations that create and market cultural products.
Culture production system (CPS)
Gen Y individuals are also included as ________.
Echo boomers Millennials
Nearly 60% of the Hispanic American population are of ________ descent.
Mexican
Marketers must know the needs and wants of their customers. Which of the following presents the most accurate picture of the typical elderly consumer today?
Most are active, interested in what life has to offer, and are enthusiastic consumers with the means and willingness to buy many goods and services.
________ refers to the factors that motivate people to physically uproot themselves from one location to another.
Movement
With respect to the acculturation process, what is the relationship between maintenance and segregation?
New immigrants often attempt to maintain their old cultural backgrounds by segregating themselves, living and shopping in physically separated areas from the main culture.
________ usually dictate what is right and wrong, acceptable or unacceptable
Norms
Which statement about Asian Americans is true?
One unifying factor that helps to describe the Asian American subculture is an emphasis on family.
________ is the extent to which less powerful members of organizations and institutions accept and expect that power is distributed unequally
Power distance
________ consumption occurs with objects and events that are considered to be ordinary and everyday.
Profane
People born between World War I and World War II belong to the Silent Generation
TRUE
People born during World War II would belong to the War Baby Generation.
TRUE
________ is when ordinary objects, events, and even people take on sacred meaning.
Sacralization
________ memory permits the temporary storage of information we receive from our senses.
Sensory
The ________ Generation includes people who were born between the two world wars.
Silent
________ is the way people maintain an orderly social life.
Social structure
A culture production system is a set of individuals and organizations that create and market cultural products
TRUE
A style typically begins as a risky or unique statement by a relatively small group of people
TRUE
A subculture is a group whose members share beliefs and common experiences that set them apart from others.
TRUE
According to Hofstede, power distance refers to the extent to which the less powerful members of organizations and institutions accept and expect that power is distributed unequally.
TRUE
According to the trickle-down theory, fashion moves from the upper classes to the lower classes.
TRUE
Alcoholics Anonymous and Weight Watchers follow the spiritual-therapeutic model.
TRUE
Anna's best friend, Aubrey, was getting married. Anna spent a lot of time thinking of the perfect gift and was so excited about the gift that she gave it to Aubrey before the wedding. Aubrey cried and told Anna she could never have a better friend. Reformulation best describes the gift-giving stage in this situation.
TRUE
________ refers to the tendency people have to react to stimuli similar to an original stimulus in a classical conditioning situation in much the same way they responded to the original stimulus.
The halo effect
Which of the following statements about teenagers is true?
The label teenager entered the general U.S. vocabulary when Frankie Lymon and the Teenagers became the first pop group to identify themselves with this new subculture
A nuclear family consists of ________.
a mother, a father, and at least one child
The process of movement and adaptation to one country's cultural environment by a person from another country is called ________.
acculturation
As a relationship grows and progresses, gift giving tends to become more ________.
altruistic
Jim Smith, Don Carson, and Jeff Sweeney are all 54 years old, so they can be sorted into
an age cohort
Which of the following is an object that is admired strictly for its beauty or because it inspires an emotional reaction?
an art product
In the process of ________, new immigrants adopt products, habits, and values they identify with the mainstream culture.
assimilation
When Coke weaves a sound into a piece of music, the advertisement is using ________.
audio watermarking
Jui-Jui has a need to achieve independence. He dreams daily of leaving home and getting his own apartment; however, because he lives in a neighborhood full of houses, he would have to go some distance to find an apartment that he could afford. This move would mean that he would distance himself from his friends. This example is a common dilemma for many teens. Which of the following conflicts that most teens face is most applicable to Jui-Jui's situation?
autonomy vs. belonging
Frank is sitting in his Psychology 101 class listening to his professor attempt to explain the "black box" process and its connection with learning. He suddenly smells the aroma of fresh cinnamon rolls, and his mouth begins to water. He looks around the room and sees a student in the last row bite into a big, juicy roll. "I wish I were sitting next to him," Frank thinks, "because I know I could steal a bite." What Frank just went through in class was similar to the "black box" process being described by his professor. This process is more closely associated with which of the following learning methods?
behavioral learning
Which theory listed below assumes that learning take place as the result of responses to external events?
behavioral learning
Most religion-oriented marketing activity in America can be traced to the ________ community
born-again Christian
The actual number of years a person has been alive is their ________ age
chronological
Which of the following was first demonstrated by Ivan Pavlov?
classical conditioning
What type of learning theory emphasizes that people are problem solvers who actively use information from the world around them to master the environment?
cognitive learning theory
Which theory stresses the importance of internal mental processes?
cognitive learning theory
An age ________ consists of people of similar ages who have undergone similar experiences.
cohort
Shannon Reeves and Tish Phillips remember their days as student protesters in the 1960s. Shannon remembers seeing Jim Hendrix at Woodstock and Tish remembers burning her bra in front of the central administration building at Yale. These memories about cultural heroes and events are one of the chief characteristics of an age ________.
cohort
The systematic acquisition of a particular object or set of objects is called ________.
collecting
Classical conditioning takes place when a(n) ________ is continuously matched with a(n) ________
conditioned stimulus; unconditioned stimulus
It is quite common for mainstream culture to modify symbols identified with "cutting edge" subcultures and present these to a larger audience. Such cultural products undergo a process of ________, by which their original meanings are transformed by outsiders.
cooptation
The Macah, a Native American tribe from the Northwest, built functional seagoing canoes that are considered works of art by modern shipbuilders. By definition, these boats would be considered ________.
craft products
Raymond Chandler wrote classic American detective stories. By always using certain roles for his characters and props that were appropriate to the genre, Chandler's novels followed a(n) ________.
cultural formula
In the cultural production process, the people who control the flow of information between producers and customers are called ________.
cultural gatekeepers
Watercolor tats, Alexandre Birman textured-lamé sandals, blue velvet couches, Bitmojis, and selfies are part of the ________.
cultural movement
Products are winnowed out as they make their way down the path from conception to consumption, a process called ________.
cultural selection
The process whereby a product formerly associated with a specific ethnic group is detached from its roots and marketed to other subcultures is called ________.
deethnicization
When a sacred item or symbol is removed from its special place or is duplicated in mass quantities, then it becomes profane as a result of ________.
desacralization
The ________ threshold refers to the ability of a sensory system to detect changes between two stimuli.
differential
Gen enjoys owning a micro-refrigerator, which is small enough to fit almost anywhere. Gen believes that the efficient use of space is one of the characteristics that any good product should have. With respect to the functional areas of a cultural system, Gen is focusing on ________ as a variable in selecting products.
ecology
The Japanese greatly value products that make efficient use of space because of the cramped conditions in urban areas in Japan. This is an example of ________ in Japan's cultural system.
ecology
Researchers primarily see the gift-giving ritual as a type of ________ exchange.
economic
According to the information-processing approach to studying the memory process, in the ________ stage, information enters in a way the system will recognize it.
encoding
When a stimulus comes within the range of someone's sensory receptor, a(n) ________ occurs.
exposure
A woman no longer receives compliments on the perfume she wears. In learning terms, the stimulus-response connection has weakened. Which of the following terms best describes the situation?
extinction
If a conditioned stimulus is only occasionally matched with an unconditioned stimulus, the association between the two will become weakened. This is called ________.
extinction
According to the exposure factor leading to adaptation, frequently encountered stimuli ________ as the rate of exposure increases.
habituate
The ________ sense appears to moderate the relationship between product experience and judgment confidence
haptic
As manufacturing costs decrease and the amount of products that people accumulate goes up, consumers increasingly want to buy things that will provide ________ value
hedonic
Japan is a very tightly knit culture with rich history and social identification. In this culture, people tend to infer meanings that go beyond the spoken word. This classifies Japan as a ________ culture.
high-context
Which of the following is NOT one of the basic conflicts common to all teens?
idealism vs. activism
The aspect of a cultural system which describes the mental characteristics of a people and the way they relate to their environment and social groups is known as ________.
ideology
Which functional area of culture is most closely related to the idea of a common worldview?
ideology
Much learning takes effort and time, but some learning is so casual as to be unintentional. This type of learning is referred to as ________ learning.
incidental
Sam Bolton hums the Purina Cat Chow jingle as he drives down the expressway. A thought suddenly occurs to Sam: "Why am I humming this stupid jingle? I don't buy this stuff; in fact, I don't even have a cat." Sam knows this jingle is ________.
incidental learning
When Sophie hums a McDonald's jingle, it is an example of ________.
incidental learning
Consumers who always are on the lookout for novel products or services and who are first to try something new are ________.
innovators
Memories of products are often replaced (forgotten) as we learn additional information. This displacement of information is called ________.
interference
The minimum difference that can be detected between two stimuli is known as the ________.
just noticeable difference
Within a knowledge structure, which of the following is the LEAST complex knowledge unit?
meaning
A church that serves 2,000 or more congregants per week is called a ________.
megachurch
The lack of marketing information about religion is primarily due to ________.
religion being somewhat of a taboo subject among researchers
When a professor reviews a certain topic many times, he is practicing ________.
repetition conditioning
A special ritual marking a person's transition from one role to another is called a ________.
rite of passage
A set of multiple symbolic behaviors that occur in a fixed sequence and tend to be repeated is called a ________.
ritual
Pavel is an inventor. He read that there were several million people who could not sleep at night until they looked under the bed. He invented a light that could be put under the bed and went on automatically when someone looked there. Pavel's product is designed to help people perform a ________.
ritual
Wedding rice, birthday candles, and diplomas are considered ________.
ritual artifacts
Thomas and his family recently toured the Gettysburg Battlefield on their vacation. The area was rich in history. While walking, Thomas remembered all the accounts of the battle that he had read in school. He finally understood why this place had such a special meaning in American history and to Americans in general. Gettysburg Battlefield is best classified as ________.
sacred
A cognitive framework we develop through experience is called ________
schema
Immigrants to the United States who exhibit ________ tend to live and shop in places separated from mainstream Anglo consumers.
segregation
Older adults that control more than 50% of discretionary income are considered the ________ market.
senior
The sensory characteristic of a product that sticks with consumers, helping them to remember the product in a unique way, is called the ________.
sensory input
Companies that think carefully about the impact of sensations on product experiences are practicing ________.
sensory marketing
When a consumer learns a desired behavior over a period of time, it is called ________.
shaping
When a consumer has a powerful emotional reaction to a song or photos, this is called ________.
spontaneous recovery
Behavioral learning theorists do not focus on internal thought processes; rather, they look to external evidence to study learning. What aspects of the environment are of most concern to behaviorists in studying learning?
stimulus and response
Family branding, licensing, and look-alike packaging are all marketing strategies based on ________.
stimulus generalization
People born between 1946 and 1964 belong to ________.
the Baby Boomer Generation
Fashion refers to ________.
the process of social diffusion by which style is adopted by consumers
An extended family unit is characterized by ________ living together
three generations of a family
Gen Y'ers are totally at home in a ________ that communicates online and by cell phone (more likely via text and IM than by voice).
thumb culture
Which of the following would not be a part of the wedding ritual?
tossing the girdle
The cultural learning acquired through ________ leads immigrants to a process of adaptation.
translation
When Bob, a wealthy real estate investor, saw an inner city kid wearing a heavy gold chain with a medallion around his neck, Bob wanted the same for himself. Bob's behavior is best explained by the ________.
trickle-up effect
A story containing symbolic elements that express the shared emotions and ideals of a culture is called a ________.
myth
Culture is best described as a society's ________.
personality
The story goes that a young George Washington cut down his father's cherry tree with a hatchet. Young Washington was then asked who might have committed this act. Even though the boy feared punishment, George replied, "I cannot tell a lie; I cut down the cherry tree." This story has taken on mythical proportions in the United States. Which of the follow functions does the myth best match?
psychological
A ________ is defined as a group whose members share beliefs and common experiences that set them apart from others.
subculture
Through the process of ________, immigrants make the unfamiliar familiar by integrating symbols from their former lives into their new homes.
warming
