Marriage and Family

A person who believed in the "family-decline" theory might say the following:

"There has been a serious breakdown in marrage and family values"

Today there are approximately ___ same-sex couple households in the United States.

1 million

About what percentage of married couples in the U.S. are same-sex couples?

1%

Polygamy has been illegal in the United States since

1878

About __________ million children under age 18 live in single-parent households.

20

Today, women compose __________ percent of Congress.

24

Single-person households now make up ___ percent of US households

28

Research suggests that ____ percent of young males have been vicitims of physical violence.

35

Today, only about __________ percent of American households fit the 1950s nuclear family ideal of a married couple with children, where only the husband is employed.

5

Almost ____ percent of young adults say they believe in one true love.

75

According to the text, female full-time employees earn ___ percent of what employed males do

82

According to family historian Stephanie Coontz, the institution of marriage has changed from being seen as the fundamental unit of work and politics to being _____

A haven in a heartless world

In the year 2016, the sex ratio was about 96 men for every 100 women in the United States. Why is this important to the study of marriage and the family?

A high rate of heterosexual marriage presumes matching numbers of males and females in a population.

The text cites four social factors that may encourage young people today to postpone marriage or not to marry at all. Which of the following is NOT one of these?

A rejection of marriage as an institution

The importance of the male provider role is a powerful theme in ___

All race/ethnic groups

Which catagory (all ages) is least likely to live alone?

Asians and hispanics

Research has shown that individuals gradually filter, or sort out, those who they think would not make the best life partner; for instance, women place importance on potential financial success in a mate. This is an example of which concept?

Assortative mating

With few cross-cultural or historical exceptions, marriages have been expected to

Be lifelong undertakings

According to the text, a woman lives with a(n) ____ or a divided awareness that caregiving is most important to her but it is not highly valued in society.

Bifurcated consciousness

Significantly less likely to be married than other racial/ethic groups, ___ of all social classes are more likely than other groups to be living by themselves, particularly in older age groups.

Blacks

Personal experience provides us with information, but it can also act as ____, which is why we need scientific study.

Blinders

When family members increasingly encourage girls to develop instrumental skills, ____

Boys are still discouraged from cultivating tenderness

Family ____ theorists posit that today's family forms need to be seen as historically expected adjustments to changing conditions.

Change

Policy advocates from a marital __________ perspective are mainly concerned about the high number and proportions of parents and children living in poverty.

Change

Comparing children's well-being in married families with that of those in one-parent families, Linda Waite found that children from married families had several strengths. Which of the following is NOT one of her findings?

Children had a higher IQ and were more creative.

Arranged marriage has been the tradition in ____ societies, where decisions are made based on strong extended family ties.

Collectivist

Robert Winch proposed the theory of __________, whereby people are attracted to partners whose needs complement their own.

Complementary needs

Which of the following is NOt a style of relating, according to attachment theory?

Compliant

In an experiment, the ___ group receives no special intervention.

Control

Jane married a man from her own social group. Her marital behavior illustrates

Endogamy

The idea of bargaining resources in relationships such as marriage come to us from ___________ theory.

Exchange

What is the "marriage premise"

Expectations of permanence- lifelong commitment, sexual exclusivity, and putting one's partner first

Researchers who randomly assign subjects to different groups would suggest that the investigators are using which technique?

Experiment

Warmth, sensitivity, tenderness, and placing concern about others' welfare above self-interest can be classified as __________ character traits.

Expressive

Gender refers only to male or female anatomy and physiology. t/f

False

Gender socialization does not begin until late toddlerhood

False

Our beliefs about families, based on our own personal experience, are usually accurate.

False

Polyandry refers to multiple wives for one husband

False

Research reveals that women almost never engage in physical aggresion in male-family relationships.

False

The term transgendered implies that the individual is either homosexual or bisexual.

False

What is it meant by the term postmodern family?

Families today exhibit a multiplicity of forms.

Family togetherness, stability, and loyalty are all examples of

Familistic (communal) values

Policy advocates from a __________ perspective are concerned with the breakdown of the family including money spent on welfare.

Family decline

A recent study among immigrants found that relationships "based not on blood or marriage but rather religious rituals or close friendship ties" can servce as a functional alternative to the nuclear family. According to the text, what are these relationships called?

Fictive kin

A significant disadvantage of using case studies is that

Findings and conclusions may be highly subjective

A highly masculine male who paints his fingernails pink is BEST described as an example of

Gender blending

Michael is a stay-at-home father and feels pressure from society to watch football on TV, enjoy action movies, play basketball on the weekends, and bring home a bigger paycheck than his corporate executive wife. What is this societal pressure called?

Gender expectations

According to the U.S. Census Bureau, in the last 50 years, the marriage rate has __________.

Generally declined

Propinquity is also known as

Geographical availability

Economic ___________ has affected bread-winning and consumption in America families.

Globalization

Suzanne and Paul obtained a complete list of all 500 students in their marriage and family class. Starting with the first student on the list, each student was assigned a number ranging from 1 to 500. Then, Paul and Suzanne selected for their study every 10th number on the list. Clearly, they were trying to ensure that their research

Had a respresentative sample

More than ____ of all nonmarital births occur to cohabiting couples

Half

Which of the following is NOT one of the early indications that a dating partner is likely to come violent eventually?

He/she grew up in a divorced home

___ refers to marriage between those who are different in race, age, education, religious background, or social class.

Heterogamy

Research has compared adolescents living in married, two-biological-parent families with those who have lived with a cohabiting parent. Those adolescents who have lived with a cohabiting parent are more likely to experience all EXCEPT which of the following?

Higher academic test scores

When compared with teens in married, two-biological-parent homes, those in single-parent and cohabiting families are more likely to experience all EXCEPT which of the following?

Higher teen pregnancy rates

Friendship networks tend to be highly ______, encouraging similar people to meet and interact.

Homogeneous

The Census Bureau uses which of the following terms to describe a person or a group of people residing together?

Household

Family researchers will often generate a __________, or "educated guess" about the way things are, based on their theoretical orientation.

Hypothesis

Which of the following is attributed to the United States by family-change scholars?

Inadequate support for families

According to psychologist Beverly Smallwood, which of the following is NOT one of the most common love myths?

Individuals are not able to change who they really are.

Briefly explain the gender similarities hypothesis and list 3 differences Dr. Janet Hyde found.

Individuas follow fewer cultural expectations, motor performance, sexuality, and physical aggressiveness.

Adults with a(n) __________ attachment style exhibit possible negative behaviors such as unwarranted jealousy or attempts to control one's partner due to "fear of abandonment."

Insecure/anxious

In 1967, in the case of Loving v. Virginia, the US Supreme Court ruled that

Interracial marriage must be considered legally valid in all states.

Which is the correct term for a person who has been born with ambiguous genital anatomy?

Intersexual

What is the primary reason, according to the text, that the transition to adulthood has become enlongated?

It takes longer to earn enough to support a family.

The texts points out that the social institutions of marriage and the family have become _____ since the mid-twentieth century

Less predictable

Compare and contrast the differences in using either a longitudinal study to collect date or a basic survery technique.

Longitudianal study gathers data by observations, basic survey technique gathers data by asking questions.

Collecting date over a period of years using documented materials would reflect a(n) ______

Longitudinal study

Consider this statement: "If I can get him/her to do what I want done, then I'll be sure he/she loves me." This reflects

Manipulation

Family forms have changed alot in the last several decades. Name 4 family forms of the postmodern family.

Married couple with kids Female-headed single parent families male-headed signle parent families married couples with no kids

The child population of the U.S. is ________ racially and ethnically diverse than the adult population.

More

Compared to married couples, cohabitors are all EXCEPT which of the following?

More sexually conservative

In 2014, ___ percent of young adults aged 18-24 lived with their parents.

More than 50

Of the components of consummate love, which is the quickest to develop and the quickest to fade?

Passion

In Europe, requirements for women's sexual exclusivity emerged to maintain the ____ line of descent.

Patriarchal

Today's family ecologists stress the interdependence of all the world's families, not only with one another but also with our fragile ____________ environment.

Physical

a type of polygamy in which a woman has multiple husbands is

Polyandry

____, or having more than one spouse, is culturally accepted in many parts of the world.

Polygamy

Particulary among college-educated women, parenthood is

Postponed

Which of the following is a path young adults took in response to the recession?

Postponed marriage

Among immigrants, males may lose some masculine _________ because of the changing gender roles upon entering the U.S.

Privilege

When unmarried partners decide to move in together, there are

Regulations, customs, and laws that may cause them problems.

According to the ___ hypothesis, many of the benefits of marriage result from the personal characteristics of those who marry.

Selection

Parents, siblings and other relatives are usually highly influential in developing a child's _____________, or that child's sense of worth and value.

Self-concept

Statistics on women in politics highlight that women - who make up over 50 percent of the U.S. population - are ________ in high government positions.

Significantly underrepresented

Social scientists have defined the family as a(n) ____ - a fundamental component of social organization.

Social institution

Briefly explain social learning theory.

Social learning theory is the philosophy that people can learn from each other through observation, imitation, and modeling.

The ___ hypothesis suggests that more texting is positively associated with other forms of communication.

Stimulation

The view that the family is an enduring social institution because of the important tasks it performs for society—economic security, emotional support, socialization of children—is the __________ perspective.

Structure-functional

Once a couple start to date, ____ are viewed as places to make an emotional connection and publicize the romance.

Texting and social media

What was the first country to allow same-sex partners to legally marry?

The Netherlands

Middle-class Americans often dream of attaining "the white picket fence." That is, they see marriage as an opportunity for idealized domesticity within the "haven" of their own single-family home. Which marriage does this describe?

The companionate marriage bond

Family sociologist Andrew Cherlin has noted that time-honored family definitions and social norns "count for far less" than in the past. He calls this _____

The deinstitutionalization of marriage

Marriage partners now expect love and emotional intimacy, open communication, role flexibility, gender equality, and personal growth. Which does this describe?

The indiviualized marriage bond

Compared to marrieds, cohabitants pool their money __________.

To a lesser extent

While part of being a scientist is having objectivity, in reality

Total neutrality is impossible for anyone

Persons who change gender identity are referred to as

Transgender

Individuals who change their physical anatomy through sex-reassignment surgery are ____.

Transsexuals

One way gender identities are changing involves the increasing convergence of men's and women's social roles.

True

Single-person households now represent around a quarter of American households

True

Stable cohabiting families with two biological parents seem to offer many of the same benefits that stable married biological parents provide.

True

The United States is an example of what cross-cultural researchers call a free-choice culture.

True

The cohabition trend spread widely in the 1960s, took off sharply in the 1970s, and has risen steadily ever since.

True

The most common household type today is that of married couples without children

True

Woman now surpass men in the proportion of the total population that are college graduates.

True

Cohabiting couples are __________ as likely as marrieds to be interracial.

Twice

To the US Census Bureau, "single" means ____.

Unmarried

Briefly explain how exchange theory helps us to better understand the "marriage market."

Whether the relationship forms or continues will all depend on the rewards and costs provided to the partners. In marriage market, the increasing number of single parents find that parenthood is expensive. An unbalanced sex ratio also affects the marriage market.

Images of men as instrumental and women as expressive are based on

White, middle-class heterosexuals

In general, social scientists find that most stable marriages are those that are homogamous in ___

age, education, religion, and race

To help accomplish ethical standards, most researchers now must have their research plans reviewed by

an institutional review board (IRB)

As families become less traditional, the legal definition of a family has

become much more flexible

A practice among schoolmates involves ____________ where many cross-sexual interaction rituals are based on and reaffirm boundaries and differences between girls and boys.

boarderwork

Native American women's political power ____ with Europe invasion.

declined

Deciding about, rather than sliding into, a situation involves looking at the alternatives, not just picking the ________ choice.

easiest

According to the ___ perspective, dating couples choose either to stay committed or to break up by weighing the rewards of their relationship against its costs.

exchange

A majority of unmarried families live in poverty

false

A national random sample of approximately 10,000 people is the minimum needed to validly represent the U.S. population.

false

In most cases, marriage alone is sufficient to alleviate poverty.

false

It appears that some of the increase in singlehood results from the low sex ratio and economic disadvantages

false

Only 50 percent of Americans approve of black-white marriages.

false

___ is made up of the ideas and feelings about the uniqueness and value of ones family unit, which often emerges in family traditions, rituals, and celebrations

family identity

The idea that there are naturally two very distinct genders is called

gender dichotomy

Representative samples (like Gallup polls) are important to family survery research because the results can be ____ to the national population of the sample.

generalized

The divorce rate

has been in decline since 1980

Same-sex couples have successfully challenged ____, or the idea that heterosexuality is the only normal or acceptable option.

heteronormative bias

Life in American families reflects a tension in American culture between family solidarity and

individual freedom

Considerable research supports the overall conclusion that growing up with married parents ____

is better for children

In discussing the importance of friendships for single individuals, the text points out that

men may be more open and disclosing with a female friend

The text reports that _________ percent of marriages were preceded by cohabitation.

more than 50

According to the text, permanance and sexual exclusivity are two very important elements of the marriage

premise

A feminine expectation that has emerged over the past thirty years is that of the "__________ woman," who is independent, ambitious, and self-confident.

professional

It is not uncommon for young couples to be on-again, off-again, a pattern relationship experts refer to as ___

relationship churning

The level of domestic violence in cohabiting relationships is

similar to that within marriage

When conducting ___, researchers ask a series of structured, or closed -ended questions

surverys

The text indicates that perhaps the most important task for unmarried individuals of both genders is

the development of strong social networks

Historically, marriage and family had two important functions: (1) guaranteeing property rights, and (2) _________.

the responsible upbringing of children

In general, singles of both sexes have been less likely than marrieds to say that they were happy with their lives.

true

Polyamory refers to marriages in which one or both spouses retain the option to sexually and emotionally love others in addition to their spouse.

true

Some people live together because they are morally or politically opposed to the institution of marriage.

true

The number of one-person households has increased dramatically over the past 30 years. t/f

true

The conflict and feminist theories call attention to ___ within groups- including families- and within the larger society

unequal power