Marriage and Family
A person who believed in the "family-decline" theory might say the following:
"There has been a serious breakdown in marrage and family values"
Today there are approximately ___ same-sex couple households in the United States.
1 million
About what percentage of married couples in the U.S. are same-sex couples?
1%
Polygamy has been illegal in the United States since
1878
About __________ million children under age 18 live in single-parent households.
20
Today, women compose __________ percent of Congress.
24
Single-person households now make up ___ percent of US households
28
Research suggests that ____ percent of young males have been vicitims of physical violence.
35
Today, only about __________ percent of American households fit the 1950s nuclear family ideal of a married couple with children, where only the husband is employed.
5
Almost ____ percent of young adults say they believe in one true love.
75
According to the text, female full-time employees earn ___ percent of what employed males do
82
According to family historian Stephanie Coontz, the institution of marriage has changed from being seen as the fundamental unit of work and politics to being _____
A haven in a heartless world
In the year 2016, the sex ratio was about 96 men for every 100 women in the United States. Why is this important to the study of marriage and the family?
A high rate of heterosexual marriage presumes matching numbers of males and females in a population.
The text cites four social factors that may encourage young people today to postpone marriage or not to marry at all. Which of the following is NOT one of these?
A rejection of marriage as an institution
The importance of the male provider role is a powerful theme in ___
All race/ethnic groups
Which catagory (all ages) is least likely to live alone?
Asians and hispanics
Research has shown that individuals gradually filter, or sort out, those who they think would not make the best life partner; for instance, women place importance on potential financial success in a mate. This is an example of which concept?
Assortative mating
With few cross-cultural or historical exceptions, marriages have been expected to
Be lifelong undertakings
According to the text, a woman lives with a(n) ____ or a divided awareness that caregiving is most important to her but it is not highly valued in society.
Bifurcated consciousness
Significantly less likely to be married than other racial/ethic groups, ___ of all social classes are more likely than other groups to be living by themselves, particularly in older age groups.
Blacks
Personal experience provides us with information, but it can also act as ____, which is why we need scientific study.
Blinders
When family members increasingly encourage girls to develop instrumental skills, ____
Boys are still discouraged from cultivating tenderness
Family ____ theorists posit that today's family forms need to be seen as historically expected adjustments to changing conditions.
Change
Policy advocates from a marital __________ perspective are mainly concerned about the high number and proportions of parents and children living in poverty.
Change
Comparing children's well-being in married families with that of those in one-parent families, Linda Waite found that children from married families had several strengths. Which of the following is NOT one of her findings?
Children had a higher IQ and were more creative.
Arranged marriage has been the tradition in ____ societies, where decisions are made based on strong extended family ties.
Collectivist
Robert Winch proposed the theory of __________, whereby people are attracted to partners whose needs complement their own.
Complementary needs
Which of the following is NOt a style of relating, according to attachment theory?
Compliant
In an experiment, the ___ group receives no special intervention.
Control
Jane married a man from her own social group. Her marital behavior illustrates
Endogamy
The idea of bargaining resources in relationships such as marriage come to us from ___________ theory.
Exchange
What is the "marriage premise"
Expectations of permanence- lifelong commitment, sexual exclusivity, and putting one's partner first
Researchers who randomly assign subjects to different groups would suggest that the investigators are using which technique?
Experiment
Warmth, sensitivity, tenderness, and placing concern about others' welfare above self-interest can be classified as __________ character traits.
Expressive
Gender refers only to male or female anatomy and physiology. t/f
False
Gender socialization does not begin until late toddlerhood
False
Our beliefs about families, based on our own personal experience, are usually accurate.
False
Polyandry refers to multiple wives for one husband
False
Research reveals that women almost never engage in physical aggresion in male-family relationships.
False
The term transgendered implies that the individual is either homosexual or bisexual.
False
What is it meant by the term postmodern family?
Families today exhibit a multiplicity of forms.
Family togetherness, stability, and loyalty are all examples of
Familistic (communal) values
Policy advocates from a __________ perspective are concerned with the breakdown of the family including money spent on welfare.
Family decline
A recent study among immigrants found that relationships "based not on blood or marriage but rather religious rituals or close friendship ties" can servce as a functional alternative to the nuclear family. According to the text, what are these relationships called?
Fictive kin
A significant disadvantage of using case studies is that
Findings and conclusions may be highly subjective
A highly masculine male who paints his fingernails pink is BEST described as an example of
Gender blending
Michael is a stay-at-home father and feels pressure from society to watch football on TV, enjoy action movies, play basketball on the weekends, and bring home a bigger paycheck than his corporate executive wife. What is this societal pressure called?
Gender expectations
According to the U.S. Census Bureau, in the last 50 years, the marriage rate has __________.
Generally declined
Propinquity is also known as
Geographical availability
Economic ___________ has affected bread-winning and consumption in America families.
Globalization
Suzanne and Paul obtained a complete list of all 500 students in their marriage and family class. Starting with the first student on the list, each student was assigned a number ranging from 1 to 500. Then, Paul and Suzanne selected for their study every 10th number on the list. Clearly, they were trying to ensure that their research
Had a respresentative sample
More than ____ of all nonmarital births occur to cohabiting couples
Half
Which of the following is NOT one of the early indications that a dating partner is likely to come violent eventually?
He/she grew up in a divorced home
___ refers to marriage between those who are different in race, age, education, religious background, or social class.
Heterogamy
Research has compared adolescents living in married, two-biological-parent families with those who have lived with a cohabiting parent. Those adolescents who have lived with a cohabiting parent are more likely to experience all EXCEPT which of the following?
Higher academic test scores
When compared with teens in married, two-biological-parent homes, those in single-parent and cohabiting families are more likely to experience all EXCEPT which of the following?
Higher teen pregnancy rates
Friendship networks tend to be highly ______, encouraging similar people to meet and interact.
Homogeneous
The Census Bureau uses which of the following terms to describe a person or a group of people residing together?
Household
Family researchers will often generate a __________, or "educated guess" about the way things are, based on their theoretical orientation.
Hypothesis
Which of the following is attributed to the United States by family-change scholars?
Inadequate support for families
According to psychologist Beverly Smallwood, which of the following is NOT one of the most common love myths?
Individuals are not able to change who they really are.
Briefly explain the gender similarities hypothesis and list 3 differences Dr. Janet Hyde found.
Individuas follow fewer cultural expectations, motor performance, sexuality, and physical aggressiveness.
Adults with a(n) __________ attachment style exhibit possible negative behaviors such as unwarranted jealousy or attempts to control one's partner due to "fear of abandonment."
Insecure/anxious
In 1967, in the case of Loving v. Virginia, the US Supreme Court ruled that
Interracial marriage must be considered legally valid in all states.
Which is the correct term for a person who has been born with ambiguous genital anatomy?
Intersexual
What is the primary reason, according to the text, that the transition to adulthood has become enlongated?
It takes longer to earn enough to support a family.
The texts points out that the social institutions of marriage and the family have become _____ since the mid-twentieth century
Less predictable
Compare and contrast the differences in using either a longitudinal study to collect date or a basic survery technique.
Longitudianal study gathers data by observations, basic survey technique gathers data by asking questions.
Collecting date over a period of years using documented materials would reflect a(n) ______
Longitudinal study
Consider this statement: "If I can get him/her to do what I want done, then I'll be sure he/she loves me." This reflects
Manipulation
Family forms have changed alot in the last several decades. Name 4 family forms of the postmodern family.
Married couple with kids Female-headed single parent families male-headed signle parent families married couples with no kids
The child population of the U.S. is ________ racially and ethnically diverse than the adult population.
More
Compared to married couples, cohabitors are all EXCEPT which of the following?
More sexually conservative
In 2014, ___ percent of young adults aged 18-24 lived with their parents.
More than 50
Of the components of consummate love, which is the quickest to develop and the quickest to fade?
Passion
In Europe, requirements for women's sexual exclusivity emerged to maintain the ____ line of descent.
Patriarchal
Today's family ecologists stress the interdependence of all the world's families, not only with one another but also with our fragile ____________ environment.
Physical
a type of polygamy in which a woman has multiple husbands is
Polyandry
____, or having more than one spouse, is culturally accepted in many parts of the world.
Polygamy
Particulary among college-educated women, parenthood is
Postponed
Which of the following is a path young adults took in response to the recession?
Postponed marriage
Among immigrants, males may lose some masculine _________ because of the changing gender roles upon entering the U.S.
Privilege
When unmarried partners decide to move in together, there are
Regulations, customs, and laws that may cause them problems.
According to the ___ hypothesis, many of the benefits of marriage result from the personal characteristics of those who marry.
Selection
Parents, siblings and other relatives are usually highly influential in developing a child's _____________, or that child's sense of worth and value.
Self-concept
Statistics on women in politics highlight that women - who make up over 50 percent of the U.S. population - are ________ in high government positions.
Significantly underrepresented
Social scientists have defined the family as a(n) ____ - a fundamental component of social organization.
Social institution
Briefly explain social learning theory.
Social learning theory is the philosophy that people can learn from each other through observation, imitation, and modeling.
The ___ hypothesis suggests that more texting is positively associated with other forms of communication.
Stimulation
The view that the family is an enduring social institution because of the important tasks it performs for society—economic security, emotional support, socialization of children—is the __________ perspective.
Structure-functional
Once a couple start to date, ____ are viewed as places to make an emotional connection and publicize the romance.
Texting and social media
What was the first country to allow same-sex partners to legally marry?
The Netherlands
Middle-class Americans often dream of attaining "the white picket fence." That is, they see marriage as an opportunity for idealized domesticity within the "haven" of their own single-family home. Which marriage does this describe?
The companionate marriage bond
Family sociologist Andrew Cherlin has noted that time-honored family definitions and social norns "count for far less" than in the past. He calls this _____
The deinstitutionalization of marriage
Marriage partners now expect love and emotional intimacy, open communication, role flexibility, gender equality, and personal growth. Which does this describe?
The indiviualized marriage bond
Compared to marrieds, cohabitants pool their money __________.
To a lesser extent
While part of being a scientist is having objectivity, in reality
Total neutrality is impossible for anyone
Persons who change gender identity are referred to as
Transgender
Individuals who change their physical anatomy through sex-reassignment surgery are ____.
Transsexuals
One way gender identities are changing involves the increasing convergence of men's and women's social roles.
True
Single-person households now represent around a quarter of American households
True
Stable cohabiting families with two biological parents seem to offer many of the same benefits that stable married biological parents provide.
True
The United States is an example of what cross-cultural researchers call a free-choice culture.
True
The cohabition trend spread widely in the 1960s, took off sharply in the 1970s, and has risen steadily ever since.
True
The most common household type today is that of married couples without children
True
Woman now surpass men in the proportion of the total population that are college graduates.
True
Cohabiting couples are __________ as likely as marrieds to be interracial.
Twice
To the US Census Bureau, "single" means ____.
Unmarried
Briefly explain how exchange theory helps us to better understand the "marriage market."
Whether the relationship forms or continues will all depend on the rewards and costs provided to the partners. In marriage market, the increasing number of single parents find that parenthood is expensive. An unbalanced sex ratio also affects the marriage market.
Images of men as instrumental and women as expressive are based on
White, middle-class heterosexuals
In general, social scientists find that most stable marriages are those that are homogamous in ___
age, education, religion, and race
To help accomplish ethical standards, most researchers now must have their research plans reviewed by
an institutional review board (IRB)
As families become less traditional, the legal definition of a family has
become much more flexible
A practice among schoolmates involves ____________ where many cross-sexual interaction rituals are based on and reaffirm boundaries and differences between girls and boys.
boarderwork
Native American women's political power ____ with Europe invasion.
declined
Deciding about, rather than sliding into, a situation involves looking at the alternatives, not just picking the ________ choice.
easiest
According to the ___ perspective, dating couples choose either to stay committed or to break up by weighing the rewards of their relationship against its costs.
exchange
A majority of unmarried families live in poverty
false
A national random sample of approximately 10,000 people is the minimum needed to validly represent the U.S. population.
false
In most cases, marriage alone is sufficient to alleviate poverty.
false
It appears that some of the increase in singlehood results from the low sex ratio and economic disadvantages
false
Only 50 percent of Americans approve of black-white marriages.
false
___ is made up of the ideas and feelings about the uniqueness and value of ones family unit, which often emerges in family traditions, rituals, and celebrations
family identity
The idea that there are naturally two very distinct genders is called
gender dichotomy
Representative samples (like Gallup polls) are important to family survery research because the results can be ____ to the national population of the sample.
generalized
The divorce rate
has been in decline since 1980
Same-sex couples have successfully challenged ____, or the idea that heterosexuality is the only normal or acceptable option.
heteronormative bias
Life in American families reflects a tension in American culture between family solidarity and
individual freedom
Considerable research supports the overall conclusion that growing up with married parents ____
is better for children
In discussing the importance of friendships for single individuals, the text points out that
men may be more open and disclosing with a female friend
The text reports that _________ percent of marriages were preceded by cohabitation.
more than 50
According to the text, permanance and sexual exclusivity are two very important elements of the marriage
premise
A feminine expectation that has emerged over the past thirty years is that of the "__________ woman," who is independent, ambitious, and self-confident.
professional
It is not uncommon for young couples to be on-again, off-again, a pattern relationship experts refer to as ___
relationship churning
The level of domestic violence in cohabiting relationships is
similar to that within marriage
When conducting ___, researchers ask a series of structured, or closed -ended questions
surverys
The text indicates that perhaps the most important task for unmarried individuals of both genders is
the development of strong social networks
Historically, marriage and family had two important functions: (1) guaranteeing property rights, and (2) _________.
the responsible upbringing of children
In general, singles of both sexes have been less likely than marrieds to say that they were happy with their lives.
true
Polyamory refers to marriages in which one or both spouses retain the option to sexually and emotionally love others in addition to their spouse.
true
Some people live together because they are morally or politically opposed to the institution of marriage.
true
The number of one-person households has increased dramatically over the past 30 years. t/f
true
The conflict and feminist theories call attention to ___ within groups- including families- and within the larger society
unequal power
