Marriage & Family: ch. 3 -7 Test

Describe different types of communication

-Listening - the process of giving thoughtful attention to what we hear. -Verbal Communication - The spoken exchange of thoughts, feelings, or other messages. (WORDS) -Nonverbal Communication - Communicating without words, by using gestures, expressions, and body language -Electronic Written Communication - People write, electronic messages are instantaneous -Disclosure - exposing information

Identify and describe the three major theoretical approaches to love.

1. Biological Perspectives - Sociobiology studies how biology shapes our social life. Sociobiologists would argue that attraction and love are evolutionary processes that help humans pass on genetic material.Women seek out older men for support and protection, while men seek out younger women who are fertile. 2. Micro - Level Perspectives - This focuses on the interpersonal nature of love - its style, components and development. Sternberg's triangular theory expresses this (passion, commitment, intimacy) 3. Macro - Level Perspectives - love is rooted in culture and social structure. Race, class, and sex all help us influence our ideas about love. Some societies feel love is dangerous and it's monitored (child marriage, kinship rules, close supervision, ect.) (B.M.M.)

Explain the concept of covenant marriage

A type of marriage voluntarily chosen marriage available in three states that restricts access to divorce, requires premarital counseling, and imposes other rules and regulations.

Define and explain the concept of active learning

Active learning is is a process whereby students engage in activities, such as reading, writing, discussion, or problem solving that promote analysis, synthesis, and evaluation of class content.

Discuss classic and contemporary research on sexuality

Alfred Kinsey wrote "Sexual Behavior in the Human Male" and "Sexual Behavior in the Human Female", known as the "Kinsey Reports" - b/c there was a lack of information about sexuality. William Masters and Virginia Johnson discovered men and women are more alike sexually.

Explain the biochemical perspective on love.

An approach that says love is biological and chemical. When we establish eye contact with, touch, or smell the scent of a person with features we see as desirable, our brain releases a flood of natural amphetamines, such as dopamine, norepinephrine, and PEA (phenylethylamine) to the nerves and blood stream and give us the rush of "sexual attraction." This results in heavy breathing, flushed skin, dilated pupils, sweating and "butterflies."

Discuss attachment theory, and explain the differences among the three types of attachment.

Attachment theory is a theory postulating that the way in which infants form attachments early in life affects relationships throughout later life. There is secure, anxious-ambivalent, and avoidant attachment. Secure attachment is when an infant feels safe when their mothers are out of sight, anxious-ambivalent attachment is when infants become nervous when their parent leaves the room and can show rejection when the parent returns, and their is avoidant attachment when an infant shows little attachment to their primary parent. Infants whose needs are frequently ignored form insecure attachments. (S.A.A.)

Discuss attitudes toward gays and lesbians

Attitudes toward LGBT vary across countries. In the Middle East and Africa, homosexuality is against the law and carries harsh penalties. In the US, many people still disapprove of homosexuality, but attitudes are becoming more accepting.

Describe some of the major trends in marriage in US history

Because of the industrial revolution, marriage has changed. cities happened, people moved to closer communities.

Identify and describe ways that societies control whom people marry

Child Marriage - marry children off before feelings of romantic love Kinship Rules - adopting rules so there are little choice of who to marry Segregation - separating men and women so theres no interaction Close Supervision - short of isolation, strict supervision Relative Freedom - manage social environment through schools or neighborhoods

Define the concept of cohabitation and discuss the trends in cohabitation over the past one hundred years.

Cohabitation is when two people live together while being unmarried. People used to live together in rural areas in the mid 1800s and couldn't marry because there wasn't a minister available or perhaps the couple was waiting for family to come so the couple could marry. It was less common in the 1920's because of urbanization, everyone was close together. People who lived together were considered sinful. In the 60's/70s people rebelled against the social norms - the sexual revolution and the women's movement. People no longer felt the need to marry young. Divorce laws changed as well and this made it easier to get divorced. Today 8 million people cohabitate.

List and define each of Cuber and Haroff's marriage types

Conflict habituated marriage - filled with tension as well as verbal/physcial conflict, but the partners don't want to divorce. Devitalized Marriage - may have been in love, but now their relationship exists without passion, they spend time together, but without joy. Passive congenial marriage - married with low expectations and expectations have remained low Vital marriage - physical and emotional intimacies are important to each partner, their lives are intertwined- work hard at communicating total marriage - these partners have considerable energy invested in each other and their marriage is a priority.

How did consumerism bring about about change in courtship?

Consumerism is the theory that a progressively greater consumption of goods is economically beneficial. This brought about change in courtship because men with a lot of money were seen as having more control in the dating world. They had more opportunities by segregation such as private schools, private clubs and gated communities. Upper class people wanted their children to "fall in love" with someone of the same background.

List and describe the different kinds of conflict management styles

Contempt Critisism Stonewalling Defensiveness Belligerence

List and explain the major macro constraints on love relationships.

Controlling the development of love is a macro level perspective on love suggesting that all societies control of channel love. Child Marriage - one way to control love is to have a child married or betrothed before feelings of love develop. Kinship Rules - Clearly define and restrict the set of eligible people that young people can and cannot marry, such as a cousin. Isolation of Young People - Segregating young people from one another (boys and girls go to different schools) Close Supervision - Some cultures watch over children and young adults, especially women. Formally free - young people are free to choose their own mates.

Describe the changes that have taken place in the meaning of love over the centuries.

Early stories of love come from Greek and Roman mythology. Venus (Roman god of love) and her son cupid, or Aphrodite (greek god of love) and her son, Eros. Plato wrote about love. Love was seen as passionate and included adoration, but they did not connect those feelings to marriage. Greek men often kept their wives at home, locked up, and seeked out prostitutes. Marriage was more mundane and seen for reproduction purposes. Plato wrote about how only men experienced love, not women. He believed homosexual relationships were the only way to experience true love and romance. Women were seen as intellectually inferior. In Christianity, people didn't associate love with marriage. People married for practical or economic purposes OR because they couldn't control their sexual desires. Chastity belts were placed on women because virgins were sought out, if they weren't virgins, they were thought as as useless. In the 12th century, passion, desire, romance, intensity, and idolizing the other were all seen as love - similar to todays standards of love.

Distinguish between heterosexuals, homosexuals, bisexuals, and transsexuals

Heterosexuals - have attraction/sex with the other sex (male and female) Homosexual - have attraction/sex with the same sex (male and male) Bisexual - have attraction to both male and female Transsexuals - an individual who undergoes sex reassignment surgery and hormone treatments

Define and illustrate the concept of homogamy in relationships.

Homogamy is dating or marrying someone similar to you. Homogamous relationships are relationships in which we spend most of our time with people who are very similar to ourselves. This means that the partners we spend time with, including friendships, are similar to us by race and ethnicity, social class, education, age and religion. We tend to date or spend time with people who are close by (propinquity - geographic closeness).

Describe Reiss's wheel theory of love.

Ira Reiss had a "wheel theory of love" - 4 stages of love - building rapport, self-revelation, mutual dependency, and personality need fulfillment.

Discuss the negative aspects of love relationships, including jealousy, cyberstalking, and breaking up.

Jealousy is when one is threatened. This can be dangerous in relationships and some people criticize their partner to make themselves feel better. Jealousy can be rational and irrational, based on a perceived threat that isn't real. It can be responsible for some forms of physical and emotional abuse. Cyberstalking is stalking using electronic technology. Unwanted email, messages and bashing are likely to occur. Breaking up happens to a lot of us. Breaking up with someone is based on micro and macro level factors. Partners stop communicating, discover different interests, and socioeconomic factors play a role (money).

Describe Lee's styles of loving (ESPLAM)

John Lee believed in six styles of love: (ESPLAM) 1. Eros (attraction) 2. Storge (companionate) 3. Pragma (Practical) 4. Ludus (Playful) 5. Agape (Kind) 6. Mania (Obsessive) (ESPLAM)

What is love? Provide examples of three major dimensions of a loving relationship. (A.A.O.)

Love is a strong affection for one another arising out of kinship or personal ties (1); attraction based on sexual desire (2); and affection based on admiration, benevolence, or common interests (3). Love is also an enduring bond between two or more people, second is love is based on affection and emotion, and third, love includes a feeling of obligation toward each other.

Distinguish between the marital decline perspective and the marital resilience perspective

Marital Decline Perspective - the institution of marriage is increasingly treated by the hedonistic pursuit of personal happiness at the expense of long term committment. Marital Resilience Perspective - Believes that marriages are overall no weaker than in the past

Distinguish between marriage and civil unions

Marriage is a legally and socially recognized relationship that includes sexual, economic, and social rights and responsibilities for partners. Civil Unions is a public policy designed to extend some benefits to partners who aren't legally married. For example, Civil partners can't file joint tax returns, but married people can.

Describe and analyze marriage as a universal social institution

Marriage is a legally and socially recognized relationship that includes sexual, economic, and social rights and responsibilities for partners. It is a universal social institution because it ensures the success of a society - it serves as a way of ensuring intergenerational continuity. It shapes our lives.

Describe race, class and gender variations in friendships

Members of the working class tend to have friendships that last longer than the middle class. Working class people tend to stay in the area they grew up with the same friends and this allows more opportunity for the friendships. Middle class people move around a lot and maintain friendships through phone calls or mail. Blacks, Latinos, and Asian Americans tend to maintain friendships for a longer time and Asian Americans are less likely to form close friendships because their parents discourage them to. Cross sex friendships (between men and women) are more common today than in the past. More opportunities for women and men are increasing in the workplace, school, and community. These friendships provide valuable insight into how the other sex thinks, feels and behaves.

Distinguish between regulating and non-regulating couples

Non regulated couples use hostile forms of communication including contempt, criticism, stonewalling, defensiveness, and belligerence. Regulated couples use communication to promote closeness and intimacy

List and briefly describe some problems in communication

People may disagree about certain things, such as what movie to watch. You and your partner may want want to go to different places on vacation. Conflict occurs in relationships (personal conflict styles - avoiding, accommodating, competing, compromising, collaborating), power and control also play a role in communication

Explain the association between cohabitation and divorce

People who cohabitate are more likely to have unhappy marriages and are more likely to divorce. Cohabitation after a marriage is associated with reduced marital satisfaction. A selection effect may take place - people who cohabitate tend to be the same ones who divorce. People who are more likely to cohabitate are more likely to end an unhappy marriage. There are weaker ties to religion and a high value placed on freedom (spurious).

Identify and describe different types of power (PIS)

Personal power - the degree of autonomy a person has to exercise his will Social power - the ability to exercise your will over another person Intimate partner power - a type of power that involves decision making month intimate partners

Explain how the pool of eligibles affects dating and marriage relationships.

Pool of eligibles means the group from which we are likely to choose our mates. For Blacks, one out of fifteen men are incarcerated. For hispanics, one in 36, and for whites, one in 106. This affects black women especially because results in fewer opportunities for black women to date or marry black men.

Define the concept of poverty and show how it affects children and families.

Poverty is if you live below the poverty line. $17,916 was the poverty level for a family of three. Children and families are affected because they have inadequate health and nutrition, less quality of environment, and parental stress and mental health, as well as fewer resources of learning, housing problems, and poor quality neighborhoods.

Identify and describe different types of conflict (PEVC)

Pseudo Conflict - when we think our partner is interfering with our goals Content Conflict - when we disagree about information Value Conflict - results from differing opinions that may relate to personal values Ego Conflict - occurs when individuals must win at all costs to save face

Compare and contrast relative love and need theory with the "doing gender" theory

Relative Love and Need Theory - A theory of power that looks at the way that love itself is feminized, defined, and interpreted - Each partner brings something to the relationship, basically. Doing Gender - A theory of power that suggests that we take power differentials between men and women for granted and continue to reproduce them. - There is higher value placed on traditional activities of men - including employment, while devaluing women We fall into traditional roles, without realizing it.

Describe Sternbergs triangular theory of love.

Robert Sternberg says love is conceptualized as a process with 3 components: Intimacy, Passion, and Commitment in a triangular theory of love. Passion is the sexual side of love, Intimacy is the closeness, bonding and respect of love and Commitment is the short term and long term decision to love one another.

Identify, define and discuss several types of sexually transmitted diseases, including HIV/AIDS

STI's include: chlamydia, genital human papillomavirus (HPV), herpes, trichomoniasis, gonorrhea, syphilis, pelvic inflammatory disease (PID), and HIV/AIDS. Genital HPV is the most common STI in the US, with 80 million Americans infected. The virus affects the skin and mucous membranes, you can't see HPT, therefore most people who become infected aren't even aware they have it. HPV doesn't have symptoms, although HPT can sometimes cause genital warts, cervical and other cancers. HIV/AIDS, is Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) is caused by infection with the HIV (human immunodeficiency virus), and is passed from one person to another through blood-to-blood transmission, through sexual contact (fluids), and through pregnancy, delivery or breastfeeding.

Explain what we know about sexual orientation

Scientists say that a complex set of biological and social factors shape who we are. In other words, sexual orientation is not really a choice.

Discuss sex as a social problem

Sex as a social problem - STI's and STD's affect large numbers of people and are social problems. Our ideas about family privacy and personal shame tend to exacerbate our misunderstanding of STI's., allowing the infections to spread. A lot of people are unaware of the risks, such as HIV/AIDS and can strike people at any age. Abstaining from sex, reducing the number of sexual partners, and using condoms correctly all lower STI's and are STI prevention strategies.

Distinguish between sex in committed and uncommitted relationships

Sex in committed relationships: it appears that the relationship between sexual satisfaction and the quality of the overall relationship is somewhat stronger for men, but married couples are overall satisfied. Sex in uncommitted relationships: STD'S and are more widespread in uncommitted relationships. Americans frown on extramarital sex and affects whole familes

Define and explain the concept of sex

Sex is to engage in sexual intercourse. There are a variety of ways to have sex - oral, as well as non - oral.

Describe historical and cultural influences on sexuality

Sexual attitudes and behaviors can be different across cultures. In Polynesia, both girls and boys are expected to have a high level of sexual desire in early adolescence. In contrast, in Mangaia, there is little interest in sex beyond reproduction purposes. In American culture, women were believed to not have sexual desires. There were also myths about men - men were drained of their natural vitality if they had sex and would only have it once a month. Masturbation was seen as perverse and no one did it, especially women.

Discuss how sexual expression varies over the life span

Sexual relation varies by age, younger couples have sex more, while older couples have less sex. Although both are happy and satisfied with that. Sex and the elderly - older people are having sex.

Define the concept of a sexual script and provide examples

Sexual script means the norms or rules regarding sexual behavior. This governs our who, what, where, when, how, and why we have sex. Our culture prohibits sex with animals, children, unless you live in a few selected counties in Nevada, where you can have sex for money. For example, as a society, we have decided that married couples should only have sex with his/her spouse. We've decided that sex can be enjoyed for pleasure rather reproduction. Other cultures see it differently - sexual scripts act as a blueprint to what is appropriate and inappropriate. We learn from our culture, parents, friends, and mass media, ect.

Analyze the concept of singlehood and describe the four types of singles discussed in the text.

Singlehood means an unmarried person. There are four types of singles: Voluntary temporary singles, voluntary stable singles, involuntary temporary singles and involuntary stable singles. Voluntary temporary singles are unmarried and delay marriage to pursue education or a career. Voluntary stable singles are unmarried and desire a single lifestyle. Involuntary temporary singles are actively seeking a mate but are unable to find one, and involuntary stable singles are unmarried adults who expect to be single but don't want to be.

Explain how biology, culture, and social factors are intertwined to shape sexuality

Some people are born intersected (male and female sexual anatomy). Gender is associated with cultural and social practices - femininity and masculinity. We are born male or female, but learn the cultural and social traits. Transgender people manifest characteristics of the other sex. Transsexuals have sex reassignment. Sexual orientation also plays a role - who one is attracted to (male or female or both). Attitudes towards these people vary in different countries. In Africa, gays can go to prison for 14 years. Our sex and sexual orientation shape our sexual attitudes.

Analyze gender differences in love experiences.

Surveys show that men are more likely than women to be in or looking for a committed relationship and are reported to fall in love sooner than women do. There is the myth that women are looking for love all the time, which is not true. Another reason we assume women are looking for love is because of how women express love. Men are more likely to fall in love because of physical attractiveness.

Discuss the concept of a double standard and provide examples

The double standard is the idea that men have been allowed far more permissiveness in sexual behavior than women. For example, if a man sleeps with various women he is seen as "the man" while in contrast if a women sleeps with multiple men, she is seen as a "slut."

What is principle of least interest? Provide examples

The idea that unequal emotional involvement between romantic partners has implications for the quality and stability of relationships. Basically, this means that partners should have certain qualities that one looks for. Men should have money, women should be pretty. Young mean and women were rated in terms of their dating value.

Compare and contrast same-sex relationships with heterosexual relationships.

There is very little differences that Kurdek found from his studies from same sex relationships and non-same sex relationships. If there were any differences, they were small. For example, both gay and lesbians were more open and comfortable with their closeness rather than married couples. Lesbians reported more equality in their relationships and higher satisfaction. But gays and lesbians received less family support than married heterosexual couples. But lesbians and gays received more friendship support. No significant differences emerged.

Describe the critique of attachment theory as it relates to adult relationships.

This relates to adults because if a child doesn't form secure attachments, then they risk having social and emotional problems for the rest of their lives and may need intervention for help. Adult romantic relationships exhibit three types of bonds, secure( its easy to get close to others), anxious ambivalent (other people don't want to get as close as i do and it scares them away) and avoidant (I am not comfortable getting close to someone).

Describe how communication varies by race, gender social class, and ethnicity

We are more likely to interact with those like ourselves and develop our own ways of communicating through words, gestures, or expressions. Listeners can distinguish a speakers race by the way they talk and this identification has been used to discriminate against blacks. For example, a study was done that asked black and white sounding telephone callers to call for an apartment, people who sounded black were less likely to get the apartment. Racial differences in speech patterns also explain the gap in wages between blacks and whites. Some Latino American cultures and Asian cultures don't encourage eye contact and it is seen as disrespectful. People with different levels of income, education and occupational prestige communicate in different ways. Culture also affects communication.

Distinguish between verbal and nonverbal communication

With verbal communication, a person may be saying something that is straight forward, but you also have to look at the non-verbal cues/communication. Perhaps a person says they are happy to a friend, but look angry or mad in their facial expressions.

Analyze gender differences in communication

Women and men are socialized differently - men tend to approach communication from a content orientation viewpoint. Women are more likely to use conversation as a way to establish and maintain relationships, they use communication for the purpose of connecting.

Define and explain the concept of self disclosure

You tell your partner something private about yourself that he or she would not otherwise know, such as your favorite color, or a childhood trauma, or sexual fantasies

Explain the concept of a marriage premium

a concept that says married people are happier, healthier, and financially better off than those who aren't, including cohabiters.

Distinguish between heterogamous and homogamous marriages and give examples of each

hetero - people tend to marry others who don't share certain social characteristics, such as race, ethnicity, religion, education, age or social class. homo - people tend to marry others who look like them and have similar backgrounds

Define and discuss the concept of peer marriage

relationships in which spouses consider themselves to have equal status or standing in the relationship, sharing breadwinning, housework, and childrearing roles.