Marriage and Family Midterm

After various factors associated with earnings are taken into account, research finds a varying, but perhaps as much as a ___________ differential in earnings that is usually attributed to discrimination.

20 Percent

Research suggests that physical violence occurs in about __________ percent of dating relationships.

20-40

About _______ percent of all American children are expected to live in a single parent household at some point in their lives

25

Individuals living alone constitute about ______ percent of American households.

27

What is the impact of communication technologies like e-mail, Skype, and GPS on families?

Communication technologies change the way families interact

__________ couples vacillate between commitment and ambivalence and often disagree on how committed they were as well as why they became committed in the first place.

Event-driven

__________ refers to marriage between those who are different in race, age, education, religious background, or social class.

Heterogamy

Which of the following is true about the age at marriage today?

It is the highest recorded since the 1890 census.

The text concludes that the best way to make decisions about our personal lives is to make them

Knowledgeably

The National Organization of Women was founded in 1966, and a similar Latina organization was established in 1974. What is the name of this grassroots community?

MANA Mexican American Women's national association

In the 1950s, the nonmarital pregnancy rate was _______ in comparison with today

Much lower

Which of the following reflects the relationship between personal decision making and society?

Personal decisions are impacted by, but also influence, society

Statistics on women in politics highlight that women - who make up over 50 percent of the U.S. population - are ________ in high government positions.

Significantly underrepresented

Since the 1970's American parents have reported treating their sons and daughters

Similarily

The text observes that children imitate models for behavior and are rewarded by parents and others for whatever is perceived as sex-appropriate behavior. This reflects which theory of socialization

Social Learning

Which is the phrase used to describe economic and social forces which limit personal choices?

Structural Constraints

Which of the following is not one of the steps involved with making knowledgeable choices?

Try to avoid making the decision if possible

Evolutionary perspectives stress that stratification and the division of labor in society shape gender roles. In this view it is _______ that produce the gendered behavior we see.

adaptive strategies and skills

To help accomplish ethical standards, most researchers now must have their research plans reviewed by

an institutional review board IRB

The concept of "household" is broader than that of "family" as it includes

any person residing in the home

In 1957, the total fertility rate was about 3.6 children per woman. For the last 25 years, it has been _______ children per woman

around two

According to the text, a woman lives with a _______ or a divided awareness that care giving is most important to her, but is not highly valued in society

bifurcated consciousness

The ______ perspective has been the basis for criticism of nonreproductive sexual relationships and the employment of mothers as contrary to nature

biosocial

evolutionary psychology is an alternate term for which perspective

biosocial

The text observes that most people grow up in some form of family and know something about what marriage and families are. But while personal experience provides us with information, it can also act as

blinders

Traditionally, both law and social science specified that the family consisted of people related by

blood, marriage, or adoption

Traditionally, the ideal woman has several stereotypical traits. Which of the following is NOT one of these

career ambition

Family _________ theorists posit that today's family forms need to be seen as historically expected adjustments to changing conditions.

change

Andre is a family therapist who is interested in how husbands cope when they are the victims of physical abuse suffered at the hands of their wives. He makes an intensive study of the five husbands who are currently his clients for therapy sessions because they suffer physical abuse from this source. Andre is using which type of research method?

clinician's case study

Realistic flavor and vivid detail are most likely to be found in which type of research method?

clinician's case study

We live in a society characterized by ________________ change, including increased ethnic, economic, and family diversity.

considerable

In Robert Sternberg's typology, __________ love is composed of all three dimensions of his theory.

consummate

Native American women's political power ______ with european invasion

declined

Family systems theory emphasizes that family systems seek _______, or stable balance and symmetry

equlibrium

According to the wheel of love theory, there are four stages in the development of love. Which of the following is NOT one of these?

erotic

Researchers who randomly assign subjects to different groups would suggest that the investigators are using which technique

experiment

Many households containing grandparents are __________ family households, which include other relatives besides parents and children.

extended

Family togetherness, stability, and loyalty are all examples of

familistic communal values

A photograph in the text depicts individuals waiting patiently for medical attention in a neighborhood clinic. Which group of scholars might remark on the quality of the facilities or speculate about the home that these people live in

family ecologists

A photograph in the text depicts individuals waiting patiently for medical attention in a neighborhood clinic. Which group of scholars would likely note that some of the woman are in the child-rearing stage of the family life cycle?

family life course developmentalists

The _______ perspective looks at the family as a whole; where change in one part sets in motion a process to restore equilibrium

family systems

The __________ perspective is focused on several things, including confronting and reducing oppression and patterns of subordination based on such factors as social class, race, and ethnicity, age and sexual orientation.

feminist

In terms of mate selection patterns, the United States is an example of what cross-cultural researchers call a __________ culture.

free-choice

Michael is a stay-at-home father and feels pressure from society to watch football on TV, enjoy action movies, play basketball on the weekends, and bring home a bigger paycheck than his corporate executive wife. What is this societal pressure called?

gender expectations

Which term is used by the text to describe societal attitudes and behaviors associated with an individual's anatomical sex assigned at birth

gender expectations

Dorothy perceives herself as being ultra-feminine, based on society's definitions of appropriate gender roles. Dorothy's perceptions are linked to her

gender identity

Parents, teachers, and pediatricians wrestle with issues of ______ and how much children should be able to define themselves if they are like the "other" gender

gender variance

In the contemporary version of evolutionary theory, it is the survival of one's ________ into future generations that is important

genetic material

The within-group variations among men or women are usually ______ the between-group variations of men and women.

greater than

Researchers have found it discouraging that about __________ of abusive dating relationships continue rather than being broken off.

half

The divorce rate

has been in decline since 1980

The text points out that some music videos broadcast shockingly violent misogynist messages, meaning that these presentations communicate which sentiment toward women?

hatred

Valuing personal happiness and goals and the development of distinct identity is a(n) ________ value.

individualistic

When persons think in terms of seeking primarily personal--as opposed to communal or group--happiness and goals, this reflects which orientation

individualistic

Confidence, assertiveness, and ambition can be classified as __________ character traits.

instrumental

According to the ___________ perspective, children develop self-concepts based on feedback from those around them.

interaction-constructionist

African American and Latino women consider racial-ethnic as well as gender discrimination in setting thier priorities. In fact, their feminist views are characterized by _________, or structural connections among race, class, and gender

intersectionality

Transgender and _______ individuals challenge the existing classifications of gender.

intersex

Which is the correct term for a person who has been born with ambiguous genital anatomy?

intersexual

What is the primary reason, according to the text, that the transition to adulthood has become enlongated

it takes longer to earn enough to support a family

Studying social change in the family can be best understood through ______ data

longitudinal

John Alan Lee classified six

love styles

Overall, gender schema theorists see gender schema as __________ traditional stereotypes.

maintaining

On the societal level, ______ is the assignment to men of greater control and influence over society's institutions

masculine dominance

which of the following is NOT listed by your text as a major family function

meeting sexual desires

The child population of the U.S. is ________ racially and ethnically diverse than the adult population.

more

The climate, soil, plants, and animals are all part of the ________ environment

natural physical biological

The _______ hypothesis proposes that work-marriage-family sequence is thought to be best for mental health and happiness

normative order

According to the text, one disadvantage of survey research is it depends on the

participants' honesty, motivation, and ability to respond

Within exchange theory, the ____________ refers to the relationship between commitment to the relationship and power in the relationship.

principle of least interest

Among immigrants, males may lose some masculine _________ because of the changing gender roles upon entering the U.S.

privilege

A feminine expectation that has emerged over the past thirty years is that of the "________ woman" who is independent ambitious and self-confident

professional

The structure functional theoretical perspective views the family as performing at least three important functions. Which of the following is not one of these

promoting genetic material

according to the family life course development framework, each developmental task has a certain order in which major transitions to adult roles take place, called

role sequencing

Children learn social roles by imitating the behaviors of parents, siblings, and family members through a type of play called

role-taking

Adults with a(n) __________ attachment style are inclined to trust that their relationships will provide ongoing emotional support.

secure

Parents, sibling and other relatives are usually highly influential in developing a child's _________, or that child's sense of worth and value

self-concept

Sometimes we _______ into a decision rather than making a conscious one.

slide

Through the lens of social scientific research, individual choices are shaped by

social factors

The process by which society influences members to internalize attitudes and expectations is called

socialization

the text points out that school-age boys have a greater incidence of all but which of the following problems?

stress-related illnesses

What factor may cause a father to make choices about his family by "sliding" into a decision?

strong day-to-day pressures on the job cutting into time at home

The American family takes n many forms today. The _______ approach encourages researchers to ask how well these new forms perform basic family functions

structure functional

The ______ perspective once argued for the functionality of specialized gender roles

structure-functional

The view that the family is an enduring social institution because of the important tasks it performs for society—economic security, emotional support, socialization of children—is the __________ perspective.

structure-functional

Though there is no "typical" American family today, advocates supporting the __________ perspective frequently argue that the heterosexual nuclear family is the norm, while their opponents refuse to view the nuclear family as normal, natural, or best.

structure-functional

women _________ man in the proportion of the population who are college graduates

surpass

when conducting ________, researchers ask a series of structured, or closed-ended questions

surveys

what marks the end of the family life cycle. according to the text

the death of a spouse

What is assisted reproductive technology (ART)?

the manipulation of sperm and/or egg in the absence of sexual intercourse that may involve a third party

Economic uncertainty caused by ___________ is a current societal trend impacting families

the recession that began in 2007

From interviews and observations, the authors reveal that:

there are many definitions given for "family"

Some analysts concerned about boys behavior in school note that

there is a mismatch between their high levels of physical activity and school expectations

While part of being a scientist is having objectivity, in reality

total neutrality is impossible for anyone

Individuals who change their physical anatomy through sex-reassignment surgery are

transsexuals

the U.S. Census Bureau defines a family as

two or persons sharing a household who are related by blood, marriage, or adoption

Theoretical perspectives or theories can increase our ________ families and family life

understanding of

The conflict and feminist theories call attention to __________ within groups—including families—and within the larger society

unequal power

Cross-culturally and historically, it appears that ___________ societies have been characterized by some degree of male dominance.

virtually all

Social scientist Ira Reiss has proposed what he calls a "__________ theory" of love.

wheel