Marriage and Family Midterm
After various factors associated with earnings are taken into account, research finds a varying, but perhaps as much as a ___________ differential in earnings that is usually attributed to discrimination.
20 Percent
Research suggests that physical violence occurs in about __________ percent of dating relationships.
20-40
About _______ percent of all American children are expected to live in a single parent household at some point in their lives
25
Individuals living alone constitute about ______ percent of American households.
27
What is the impact of communication technologies like e-mail, Skype, and GPS on families?
Communication technologies change the way families interact
__________ couples vacillate between commitment and ambivalence and often disagree on how committed they were as well as why they became committed in the first place.
Event-driven
__________ refers to marriage between those who are different in race, age, education, religious background, or social class.
Heterogamy
Which of the following is true about the age at marriage today?
It is the highest recorded since the 1890 census.
The text concludes that the best way to make decisions about our personal lives is to make them
Knowledgeably
The National Organization of Women was founded in 1966, and a similar Latina organization was established in 1974. What is the name of this grassroots community?
MANA Mexican American Women's national association
In the 1950s, the nonmarital pregnancy rate was _______ in comparison with today
Much lower
Which of the following reflects the relationship between personal decision making and society?
Personal decisions are impacted by, but also influence, society
Statistics on women in politics highlight that women - who make up over 50 percent of the U.S. population - are ________ in high government positions.
Significantly underrepresented
Since the 1970's American parents have reported treating their sons and daughters
Similarily
The text observes that children imitate models for behavior and are rewarded by parents and others for whatever is perceived as sex-appropriate behavior. This reflects which theory of socialization
Social Learning
Which is the phrase used to describe economic and social forces which limit personal choices?
Structural Constraints
Which of the following is not one of the steps involved with making knowledgeable choices?
Try to avoid making the decision if possible
Evolutionary perspectives stress that stratification and the division of labor in society shape gender roles. In this view it is _______ that produce the gendered behavior we see.
adaptive strategies and skills
To help accomplish ethical standards, most researchers now must have their research plans reviewed by
an institutional review board IRB
The concept of "household" is broader than that of "family" as it includes
any person residing in the home
In 1957, the total fertility rate was about 3.6 children per woman. For the last 25 years, it has been _______ children per woman
around two
According to the text, a woman lives with a _______ or a divided awareness that care giving is most important to her, but is not highly valued in society
bifurcated consciousness
The ______ perspective has been the basis for criticism of nonreproductive sexual relationships and the employment of mothers as contrary to nature
biosocial
evolutionary psychology is an alternate term for which perspective
biosocial
The text observes that most people grow up in some form of family and know something about what marriage and families are. But while personal experience provides us with information, it can also act as
blinders
Traditionally, both law and social science specified that the family consisted of people related by
blood, marriage, or adoption
Traditionally, the ideal woman has several stereotypical traits. Which of the following is NOT one of these
career ambition
Family _________ theorists posit that today's family forms need to be seen as historically expected adjustments to changing conditions.
change
Andre is a family therapist who is interested in how husbands cope when they are the victims of physical abuse suffered at the hands of their wives. He makes an intensive study of the five husbands who are currently his clients for therapy sessions because they suffer physical abuse from this source. Andre is using which type of research method?
clinician's case study
Realistic flavor and vivid detail are most likely to be found in which type of research method?
clinician's case study
We live in a society characterized by ________________ change, including increased ethnic, economic, and family diversity.
considerable
In Robert Sternberg's typology, __________ love is composed of all three dimensions of his theory.
consummate
Native American women's political power ______ with european invasion
declined
Family systems theory emphasizes that family systems seek _______, or stable balance and symmetry
equlibrium
According to the wheel of love theory, there are four stages in the development of love. Which of the following is NOT one of these?
erotic
Researchers who randomly assign subjects to different groups would suggest that the investigators are using which technique
experiment
Many households containing grandparents are __________ family households, which include other relatives besides parents and children.
extended
Family togetherness, stability, and loyalty are all examples of
familistic communal values
A photograph in the text depicts individuals waiting patiently for medical attention in a neighborhood clinic. Which group of scholars might remark on the quality of the facilities or speculate about the home that these people live in
family ecologists
A photograph in the text depicts individuals waiting patiently for medical attention in a neighborhood clinic. Which group of scholars would likely note that some of the woman are in the child-rearing stage of the family life cycle?
family life course developmentalists
The _______ perspective looks at the family as a whole; where change in one part sets in motion a process to restore equilibrium
family systems
The __________ perspective is focused on several things, including confronting and reducing oppression and patterns of subordination based on such factors as social class, race, and ethnicity, age and sexual orientation.
feminist
In terms of mate selection patterns, the United States is an example of what cross-cultural researchers call a __________ culture.
free-choice
Michael is a stay-at-home father and feels pressure from society to watch football on TV, enjoy action movies, play basketball on the weekends, and bring home a bigger paycheck than his corporate executive wife. What is this societal pressure called?
gender expectations
Which term is used by the text to describe societal attitudes and behaviors associated with an individual's anatomical sex assigned at birth
gender expectations
Dorothy perceives herself as being ultra-feminine, based on society's definitions of appropriate gender roles. Dorothy's perceptions are linked to her
gender identity
Parents, teachers, and pediatricians wrestle with issues of ______ and how much children should be able to define themselves if they are like the "other" gender
gender variance
In the contemporary version of evolutionary theory, it is the survival of one's ________ into future generations that is important
genetic material
The within-group variations among men or women are usually ______ the between-group variations of men and women.
greater than
Researchers have found it discouraging that about __________ of abusive dating relationships continue rather than being broken off.
half
The divorce rate
has been in decline since 1980
The text points out that some music videos broadcast shockingly violent misogynist messages, meaning that these presentations communicate which sentiment toward women?
hatred
Valuing personal happiness and goals and the development of distinct identity is a(n) ________ value.
individualistic
When persons think in terms of seeking primarily personal--as opposed to communal or group--happiness and goals, this reflects which orientation
individualistic
Confidence, assertiveness, and ambition can be classified as __________ character traits.
instrumental
According to the ___________ perspective, children develop self-concepts based on feedback from those around them.
interaction-constructionist
African American and Latino women consider racial-ethnic as well as gender discrimination in setting thier priorities. In fact, their feminist views are characterized by _________, or structural connections among race, class, and gender
intersectionality
Transgender and _______ individuals challenge the existing classifications of gender.
intersex
Which is the correct term for a person who has been born with ambiguous genital anatomy?
intersexual
What is the primary reason, according to the text, that the transition to adulthood has become enlongated
it takes longer to earn enough to support a family
Studying social change in the family can be best understood through ______ data
longitudinal
John Alan Lee classified six
love styles
Overall, gender schema theorists see gender schema as __________ traditional stereotypes.
maintaining
On the societal level, ______ is the assignment to men of greater control and influence over society's institutions
masculine dominance
which of the following is NOT listed by your text as a major family function
meeting sexual desires
The child population of the U.S. is ________ racially and ethnically diverse than the adult population.
more
The climate, soil, plants, and animals are all part of the ________ environment
natural physical biological
The _______ hypothesis proposes that work-marriage-family sequence is thought to be best for mental health and happiness
normative order
According to the text, one disadvantage of survey research is it depends on the
participants' honesty, motivation, and ability to respond
Within exchange theory, the ____________ refers to the relationship between commitment to the relationship and power in the relationship.
principle of least interest
Among immigrants, males may lose some masculine _________ because of the changing gender roles upon entering the U.S.
privilege
A feminine expectation that has emerged over the past thirty years is that of the "________ woman" who is independent ambitious and self-confident
professional
The structure functional theoretical perspective views the family as performing at least three important functions. Which of the following is not one of these
promoting genetic material
according to the family life course development framework, each developmental task has a certain order in which major transitions to adult roles take place, called
role sequencing
Children learn social roles by imitating the behaviors of parents, siblings, and family members through a type of play called
role-taking
Adults with a(n) __________ attachment style are inclined to trust that their relationships will provide ongoing emotional support.
secure
Parents, sibling and other relatives are usually highly influential in developing a child's _________, or that child's sense of worth and value
self-concept
Sometimes we _______ into a decision rather than making a conscious one.
slide
Through the lens of social scientific research, individual choices are shaped by
social factors
The process by which society influences members to internalize attitudes and expectations is called
socialization
the text points out that school-age boys have a greater incidence of all but which of the following problems?
stress-related illnesses
What factor may cause a father to make choices about his family by "sliding" into a decision?
strong day-to-day pressures on the job cutting into time at home
The American family takes n many forms today. The _______ approach encourages researchers to ask how well these new forms perform basic family functions
structure functional
The ______ perspective once argued for the functionality of specialized gender roles
structure-functional
The view that the family is an enduring social institution because of the important tasks it performs for society—economic security, emotional support, socialization of children—is the __________ perspective.
structure-functional
Though there is no "typical" American family today, advocates supporting the __________ perspective frequently argue that the heterosexual nuclear family is the norm, while their opponents refuse to view the nuclear family as normal, natural, or best.
structure-functional
women _________ man in the proportion of the population who are college graduates
surpass
when conducting ________, researchers ask a series of structured, or closed-ended questions
surveys
what marks the end of the family life cycle. according to the text
the death of a spouse
What is assisted reproductive technology (ART)?
the manipulation of sperm and/or egg in the absence of sexual intercourse that may involve a third party
Economic uncertainty caused by ___________ is a current societal trend impacting families
the recession that began in 2007
From interviews and observations, the authors reveal that:
there are many definitions given for "family"
Some analysts concerned about boys behavior in school note that
there is a mismatch between their high levels of physical activity and school expectations
While part of being a scientist is having objectivity, in reality
total neutrality is impossible for anyone
Individuals who change their physical anatomy through sex-reassignment surgery are
transsexuals
the U.S. Census Bureau defines a family as
two or persons sharing a household who are related by blood, marriage, or adoption
Theoretical perspectives or theories can increase our ________ families and family life
understanding of
The conflict and feminist theories call attention to __________ within groups—including families—and within the larger society
unequal power
Cross-culturally and historically, it appears that ___________ societies have been characterized by some degree of male dominance.
virtually all
Social scientist Ira Reiss has proposed what he calls a "__________ theory" of love.
wheel
