Mastering 11 (Chapter 6)

The energy released from the redox reactions in the electron transport chain is used by the cell to make ___________.

ATP

What compound directly provides the energy for cellular work? sugars ATP lipids complex carbohydrates DNA

ATP

The stage of cellular respiration that takes place in the cytoplasm of the cell is: glycolysis electron transport the citric acid cycle (Krebs cycle)

glycolysis

In cellular respiration, most ATP molecules are produced by _____. photosynthesis oxidative phosphorylation photophosphorylation substrate-level phosphorylation cellular respiration

oxidative phosphorylation

During ______________, the energy in sugar molecules is used to make molecules of ATP.

cellular respiration

During ____________, the energy from the sun is used to make sugar molecules.

photosynthesis

Oxygen is critical in cellular respiration because it: readily gives up electrons to other molecules. combines with carbon dioxide. readily accepts electrons at the end of cellular respiration. is necessary in fermentation. is made of glucose.

readily accepts electrons at the end of cellular respiration.

In cellular respiration, oxygen becomes _________ to water (H2O) as it gains electrons (in hydrogen atoms) that came from glucose.

reduced

In glycolysis there is a net gain of _____ ATP. 3 5 2 4 1

2

Aerobic cellular respiration generates approximately ___ ATP from one molecule of glucose. 38 1 2 depends on whether the end product is lactic acid or ethyl alcohol 6

38

Aerobic cellular respiration is about ___ efficient, while anaerobic respiration is about ___ efficient. 5%, 25% 2%, 40% 2%, 100% 25%, 20% 40%, 2%

40%, 2% Why are sweating and other body-cooling mechanisms necessary during aerobic exercise?

Why are sweating and other body-cooling mechanisms necessary during aerobic exercise? 60% of the energy from food produces body heat instead of ATP. The evaporation of water is required for cellular respiration to work. Humans can only obtain energy through anaerobic respiration. Humans can only exercise in warm weather.

60% of the energy from food produces body heat instead of ATP.

In glycolysis, what starts the process of glucose breakdown? Pyruvate FADH2 ADP ATP NADPH

ATP

Which energy-rich molecule produced by cellular respiration directly powers cell work? Ball-and-stick model of glucose molecule is shown. A scheme representing ATP molecule is shown. Ball-and-stick model of water molecule is shown. Ball-and-stick model of oxygen molecule is shown.

ATP

__________ is the high-energy molecule used to power cellular work.

ATP

Structure A is _____. There is a lipid bilayer of the mitochondrial membrane. It separates the intermembrane space and mitochondrial matrix. There are structures integrated into the membrane. Structure A is a bulb-like structure with a port connecting the intermembrane space and mitochondrial matrix. an electron donor phospholipid ATP synthase an electron acceptor sensory protein

ATP synthase

Imagine an organism with mutations in complexes I, III, and IV that prevent pumping of hydrogen ions into the intermembrane space but still allow electrons to pass through the electron transport chain. Which of the following is the most likely consequence of these mutations? Oxygen will not accept electrons and combine with 2 H+ to form water at the end of the electron transport chain. ATP synthase will not convert ADP to ATP. The mobile electron carriers Q and Cyt c will no longer pass electrons through the electron transport chain. NADH and FADH2 will not donate new electrons to the electron transport chain.

ATP synthase will not convert ADP to ATP.

What is the correct general equation for cellular respiration? C6H12O6 + 6 CO2 → 6 O2 + 6 H2O + ATP energy 6 CO2 + 6 H2O + ATP energy → C6H12O6 + 6 O2 6 O2 + 6 H2O + ATP energy → C6H12O6 + 6 CO2 C6H12O6 + 6 H2O → 6 CO2 + 6 O2 + ATP energy C6H12O6 + 6 O2 → 6 CO2 + 6 H2O + ATP energy

C6H12O6 + 6 O2 → 6 CO2 + 6 H2O + ATP energy

Autotrophs use photosynthesis to convert the energy of sunlight into the chemical energy of sugar. Which of the following is the correct equation for photosynthesis? sugar + O2 → CO2 + H2O + sunlight O2 + H2O + sunlight → CO2 + sugar CO2 + H2O + sunlight → O2 + ATP CO2 + H2O + sunlight → O2 + sugar

CO2 + H2O + sunlight → O2 + sugar

In muscle cells, fermentation produces _____. lactate and NADH carbon dioxide, ethanol, NAD+, and ATP carbon dioxide, ethanol, NADH, and ATP lactate and NAD+ pyruvate

lactate and NAD+

In what organelle would you find acetyl CoA formation, the citric acid cycle, and the electron transport chain? chloroplast Golgi apparatus lysosome nucleus mitochondrion

mitochondrion

The final electron acceptor of cellular respiration is _____. oxygen NADH FADH2 water CO2

oxygen

Cellular respiration requires fuel (glucose) and oxygen gas. The main process that produces these inputs is _____. photosynthesis glycolysis the Citric Acid cycle electron transport

photosynthesis

How many NADH are produced by glycolysis? 5 4 3 1 2

2

For each glucose that enters glycolysis, _____ NADH enter the electron transport chain. 6 10 2 0 4

10

Which of these enters the citric acid cycle (also called the Krebs cycle)? acetyl CoA glucose NADH + H+ G3P pyruvate

acetyl CoA

Which of these is NOT a product of the citric acid cycle (also called the Krebs cycle)? acetyl CoA ATP CO2 NADH + H+ FADH2

acetyl CoA

Which of the following organisms perform cellular respiration? Select all that apply. a sunflower a shark a palm tree a honeybee a mushroom

all of them

Monosaccharides __________, and polysaccharides __________. are made of proteins; are made of enzymes cause diabetes; cause obesity include cellulose; include glucose are single monomer units; are made of many monosaccharides chained together

are single monomer units; are made of many monosaccharides chained together

An organism that can use energy from the sun to directly produce food is called a(n) ______________. autotrouph heterotrouph

autotrouph

Unlike the Citric Acid cycle and electron transport, glycolysis occurs _____. in the cytoplasm directly on the surface of the mitochondrial membrane within the mitochondrial membrane within the cell nucleus

cytoplasm

Which stage of cellular respiration uses the movement of hydrogen ions across a membrane to convert ADP into ATP? the citric acid cycle (Krebs cycle) electron transport glycolysis

electron transport

The transfer of ________ from one molecule to another is an oxidation-reduction reaction, or redox reaction.

electrons

In the video, what is the primary sugar being pulled out of the hole high in the tree? glucose starch glycogen sucrose lactose

glucose

Glycolysis is the multi-step breakdown of _____. Several different _____ play a role in this process. pyruvic acid ... sugars glucose ... enzymes ATP ... complex carbohydrates glucose ... organelles

glucose ... enzymes

The proximate (immediate) source of energy for oxidative phosphorylation is _____. ATP NADH and FADH2 ATP synthase kinetic energy that is released as hydrogen ions diffuse down their concentration gradient substrate-level phosphorylation

kinetic energy that is released as hydrogen ions diffuse down their concentration gradient

In cellular respiration, glucose becomes __________ to carbon dioxide (CO2) as it loses electrons (in hydrogen atoms).

oxidized

NADH delivers electrons to an electron transport chain, which passes the electrons through carrier molecules in a series of redox reactions to the final electron acceptor, _______________ .

oxygen

Which of these is NOT a product of glycolysis? ATP water NADH + H+ pyruvate FADH2

FADH2

Scott, the doctor in the video, had fatty liver disease. What was the cause of the fat in his liver? His consumption of alcohol led to fatty liver disease and cirrhosis of the liver. He had been exercising too much, and his body was trying to store energy before it could be burned through exercise. He had undiagnosed liver cancer from consuming too much fat in his diet. He had a higher number of calories in his diet than what he burned through exercise.

He had a higher number of calories in his diet than what he burned through exercise.

In cellular respiration, organic molecules become oxidized as _______ picks up electrons and H+ and becomes reduced to NADH.

NAD+

During electron transport, energy from _____ is used to pump hydrogen ions into the _____. NADH and FADH2 ... mitochondrial matrix NADH and FADH2 ... intermembrane space acetyl CoA ... intermembrane space NADH ... mitochondrial matrix NADH ... intermembrane space

NADH and FADH2 ... intermembrane space

Oxidative phosphorylation is responsible for nearly all the ATP produced in your body. Select the three true statements about oxidative phosphorylation. Some, but not all, of oxidative phosphorylation occurs inside mitochondria. NADH and FADH2 deliver electrons to the electron transport chain during oxidative phosphorylation. Without oxygen, oxidative phosphorylation would not occur. Oxidative phosphorylation is the second step in aerobic respiration, occurring after glycolysis but before the citric acid cycle. Chemiosmosis is the final step in oxidative phosphorylation.

NADH and FADH2 deliver electrons to the electron transport chain during oxidative phosphorylation. Without oxygen, oxidative phosphorylation would not occur. Chemiosmosis is the final step in oxidative phosphorylation.

What is the role of oxygen in cellular respiration? Oxygen provides high-energy electrons for transfer to glucose. Oxygen accepts high-energy electrons after they are stripped from glucose. Oxygen is required to convert ADP to ATP. Oxygen is involved in the initial breakdown of glucose to pyruvic acid.

Oxygen accepts high-energy electrons after they are stripped from glucose.

Based on the comparison in the video between cola, fruit-flavored soda, and fruit juice, what can we assume about the processed non-diet drinks we purchase at the grocery store? Sodas and fruit juices may have large amounts of added sugar. Colas have a much higher sugar content than fruit juices. Fruit juices have a much higher sugar content than colas. Processed drinks have a much lower sugar content than natural drinks.

Sodas and fruit juices may have large amounts of added sugar.

According to the video, what is often true about low-fat diet foods? Low-fat diet foods actually have more cholesterol than regular foods. Low-fat diet foods are actually high in fat, but it is non-digestible fat. Sugar is often added to low-fat diet foods to help boost the taste. Low-fat diet foods never have the same vitamin content as regular foods.

Sugar is often added to low-fat diet foods to help boost the taste.

According to the video, what can we assume about the artificial sweeteners found in food today? They are only safe if people consume them in very low doses. They pose a serious health risk, because they have not been tested on humans. They are not safe because they are made in a lab, and are not natural substances. They are safe, and have been thoroughly tested on human subjects.

They are safe, and have been thoroughly tested on human subjects.

In the video, in the experiment on mental agility after tasting (but not swallowing) sweet liquids, the reporter got the highest score after tasting glucose. According to the reporter, what does the boost in mood and brainpower from tasting glucose illustrate? This shows that we extract energy from the food we taste, even if we do not swallow it. This boost ensures that we will continue to seek foods high in glucose. This shows that our love of sugar is entirely a learned trait, and not a genetic trait. The outcome is a clear indication that we are all at very high risk of Type II diabetes.

This boost ensures that we will continue to seek foods high in glucose.

Which statement describes the citric acid cycle? This process produces some ATP and carbon dioxide in the mitochondrion. This process uses energy captured from electrons flowing to oxygen to produce most of the ATPs in cellular respiration. This process converts pyruvic acid to acetyl CoA. This process joins 2 pyruvic acid molecules into a molecule of glucose. This process splits glucose in half and produces 2 ATPs for each glucose.

This process produces some ATP and carbon dioxide in the mitochondrion.

Which statement describes glycolysis? This process converts pyruvic acid to acetyl CoA. This process joins 2 pyruvic acid molecules into a molecule of glucose. This process uses energy captured from electrons flowing to oxygen to produce most of the ATPs in cellular respiration. This process produces some ATP and carbon dioxide in the mitochondrion. This process splits glucose in half and produces 2 ATPs for each glucose.

This process splits glucose in half and produces 2 ATPs for each glucose.

Which statement describes the electron transport chain? This process splits glucose in half and produces 2 ATPs for each glucose. This process produces some ATP and carbon dioxide in the mitochondrion. This process uses energy captured from electrons flowing to oxygen to produce most of the ATPs in cellular respiration. This process joins 2 pyruvic acid molecules into a molecule of glucose. This process converts pyruvic acid to acetyl CoA.

This process uses energy captured from electrons flowing to oxygen to produce most of the ATPs in cellular respiration.

Which part(s) of cellular respiration require(s) oxygen gas? the Citric Acid cycle the electron transport chain glycolysis a, b, and c a and b, but not c

a and b, but not c (the citric acid cycle and the E.T.C)

Energy is transferred from ATP to other molecules by transferring: an adenosine group water heat a phosphate group carbon dioxide

a phosphate group

Which of the following molecules is broken down in cellular respiration, providing fuel for the cell? Ball-and-stick model of glucose molecule is shown. A scheme representing ATP molecule is shown. Ball-and-stick model of water molecule is shown. Ball-and-stick model of oxygen molecule is shown.

glucose

Which of the following processes takes place in the cytosol of a eukaryotic cell? ATP production by ATP synthase glycolysis citric acid cycle electron transport chain acetyl CoA formation

glycolysis

Select the correct sequence of steps as energy is extracted from glucose during cellular respiration. electron transport chain → citric acid cycle → glycolysis → acetyl CoA acetyl CoA → citric acid cycle → electron transport chain → glycolysis citric acid cycle → electron transport chain → glycolysis → acetyl CoA glycolysis → citric acid cycle → acetyl CoA → electron transport chain glycolysis → acetyl CoA → citric acid cycle → electron transport chain

glycolysis → acetyl CoA → citric acid cycle → electron transport chain

An organism that must consume other organisms to obtain nourishment is called a(n) _________. autotrouph heterotrouph

heterotrouph

What is being pumped through the inner mitochondrial membrane into the intermembrane space, as indicated by the green arrows? FADH2 NADH ATP hydrogen ions electrons

hydrogen ions

Anything that prevents ATP formation within a cell will most likely: result in cell death force the cell to rely on lipids for energy result in the conversion of kinetic energy to potential energy have no effect on the cell force the cell to rely on ADP for energy

result in cell death

In glycolysis, ATP molecules are produced by _____. In glycolysis, ATP molecules are produced by _____. cellular respiration photophosphorylation photosynthesis oxidative phosphorylation substrate-level phosphorylation

substrate-level phosphorylation

In the citric acid cycle (also called the Krebs cycle), ATP molecules are produced by _____. photophosphorylation cellular respiration substrate-level phosphorylation oxidative phosphorylation photosynthesis

substrate-level phosphorylation

Virtually all organisms on Earth use cellular respiration to produce ATP from sugar. ATP is then used to power cellular work. Which of the following is the correct equation for cellular respiration? sugar + O2 → CO2 + H2O + ATP ATP + H2O + CO2 → O2 + sugar sugar + CO2 → O2 + H2O + ATP sugar + O2 + sunlight → CO2 + H2O + ATP

sugar + O2 → CO2 + H2O + ATP

Cellular respiration accomplishes two major processes: (1) it breaks glucose down into smaller molecules, and (2) it harvests the chemical energy released and stores it in ATP molecules. By the end of _____, the breakdown of glucose is complete; most ATP molecules are produced during _____. glycolysis ... the Citric Acid cycle the Citric Acid cycle ... glycolysis the Citric Acid cycle ... electron transport electron transport ... glycolysis

the Citric Acid cycle ... electron transport

Which part(s) of cellular respiration take(s) place in the mitochondria? the electron transport chain the Citric Acid cycle glycolysis the Citric Acid cycle and the electron transport chain All of the above.

the Citric Acid cycle and the electron transport chain

Which stage of cellular respiration converts organic polymers into carbon dioxide? glycolysis the citric acid cycle (Krebs cycle) electron transport

the citric acid cycle (Krebs cycle)

The burning sensation in the muscles associated with strenuous exercise is at least partly due to: an excess of ATP that builds up during vigorous exercise. the large amount of carbon dioxide that builds up in the muscle. the accumulation of alcohol from anaerobic respiration. the presence of lactic acid from anaerobic respiration by muscle cells.

the presence of lactic acid from anaerobic respiration by muscle cells.

NADH and FADH2 are important in cellular respiration because they deliver high-energy electrons to the electron transport system. Electron transport produces _____ ATP molecule(s) per NADH molecule and _____ ATP molecules(s) per FADH2 molecule. three ... two two ... three one ... one zero ... zero

three ... two

In electron transport, high-energy electrons "fall" to oxygen through a series of reactions. The energy released is used to _____. synthesize ATP directly. transport protons into the intermembrane space of the mitochondria, where they become concentrated. They then flow back out into the the inner compartment (matrix) of the mitochodria. On the way back, protons turn ATP synthase turbines and produce ATP. transport electrons out of the mitochondria, resulting in ATP production. move phosphate groups into the mitochondria. When they reach a high enough concentration, they spontaneously join with ADP to form ATP.

transport protons into the intermembrane space of the mitochondria, where they become concentrated. They then flow back out into the the inner compartment (matrix) of the mitochodria. On the way back, protons turn ATP synthase turbines and produce ATP.

What is/are the most important output(s) of glycolysis? two net ATP molecules four net ATP molecules two pyruvic acid and two NADH molecules carbon dioxide one glucose molecule

two pyruvic acid and two NADH molecules