Mastering A and P Chapter 22

4

If the disulfide bonds in IgG were broken, how many peptide changes would be set free

immunodeficiency disease

In an ____ either the immune system fails to develop normally or the immune response is blocked

an inflammatory response is triggered when

Mast cells release histamine and heparin

Liver

Microglia are the the CNS as Kupffer cells re to the

inhibit T and B cell activities

Suppressor T cells act to

Thymus

T cells develop from stem cells in the

exposure to a specific antigen at a specific site on a plasma membrane

T cels and b Cells can be activated only by

thymus dependent; bone marrow derived

T is to _____ as B is to _____

Cytotoxic T

The lymphocytes that enter tissue and directly attack antigens are _____ cells

activate B cells and cytotoxic T lymphocytes to kill infected host cells

What is the role of helper T cells in the adaptive immune response

Helper T

When an antigen is bound to a class II MHC protein, it can activate a ____ _cell

Colony Stimulating Factors

Which type of cytokine stimulates red blood cell production

Peyer's Patches

____ are cluster of lymphatic nodes deep to the epithelial lining of the small intestine

Antigen presentation

____ occurs when an antigen fragment glycoprotein complex appears in a plasma membrane

antibody titer

a measure of antibody level in the plasma is the

lymphocytes

adaptive defenses depend on the activities of

lymphedema

an accumulation of lymph in a region where lymphatic drainage has been blocked is called

Tonsillitis

an infection and inflammation of the aggregated lymphatic nodules in the pharynx

autoantibodies

antibodies directed against the body's own antigens

Dendritic cells

antigen presenting cells located in the epithelia of the skin are called

white pulp

areas of the spleen that contain large aggregations of lymphocytes are known as

Tolerance

autoimmune illness results from a failure of what aspect of immunity?

cytotoxic T cells

cancer cells would be attacked by which type of cell

CD8

class I MHC proteins are recognized by what cell type

antigen presenting cells

class II MHC proteins are found on what type of cells

interferons

cytokines that make a cells and its neighbors resistant to virus infection are called

adaptive immunity

defense of the body against a particular pathogen is provided by

interleukins

hormones that regulate the activity of b and t cells and enhance nonspecific defense are called

Cell mediated immunity

if a virus attacks a cell, which type of immunity would be activated

naturally acquired active

immunity that results from exposure to an antigen in the environment is called _____ immunity

IgA

immunoglobulins that are primarily found in glandular secretions such as saliva and tears

IgM

immunoglobulins that are the first antibody to be produced in response to infection

IgE

immunoglobulins that attach to and sensitize mast cells and basophils are

passive immunity

in what type of immunity does the body receive antibodies produced by other humans or animals

allergies

inappropriate or excessive immune responses to antigens are

1 mm to 25 mm

lymph nodes range in diameter from

fibrous capsule

lymphatic organs are surrounded by ______

lymphocytes

lymphatic tissues are connective tissues dominated by

blood vessels

lymphatic vessels commonly occur in association with

cytotoxic t

lymphocytes that destroy foreign cells or virus infected cells are ______ cells

thoracic duct

most of the lymph returns to the venous circulated by way of the

antibodies passed across the placenta to their mother

newborns gain their immunity initially from

innate external defenses

tears and mucus would be a part of which defense system

Efferent

the ____ lymphatics leave the lymph node at the hilum

immunological competence

the ability to demonstrate an immune response upon exposure to an antigen

cytotoxic t cells

the cells directly responsible for cellular immunity are the

NK

the cells that perform immunological surveillance are the ___ cells

lymphocytes

the lymphoid tissue of the spleen (white pulp) contains many

IgG

the only antibodies that normally cross the placenta are

Defending the body against both external and internal threats

the primary function of the lymphatic system is

neutralization

the process by which antibodies bind to antigenic sites on viruses or toxins, rendering them incapable of binding to other cells is

opsonization

the process by which the surface of a microorganism is covered with antibodies and complement, rendering it more likely to be phagocytized

immunoglobulins

the term _____ refers to antibodies found in body fluids

b cells

the thymus does not activate

heavy chain constant segments

the various classes of immunoglobulins are differentiated on the basis of their

Bone marrow and thymus

what are the two primary lymphoid organs

white pulp of the spleen

what area of a secondary lymphatic organ allows intimate contact between blood and the lymphocytes

plasma B cells

what cells make antibodies

they all impart viral resistance to cells

what do the interferons alpha, beta, and gamma all have in common?

antigenic determinant

what is the name of the unique area that a lymphocyte recognizes and binds to

CD8

what major class of lymphocytes becomes cytotoxic T cells

humoral immunity

what type of immunity can be transferred form bodily fluids from one person to another

immune complex

when large numbers of antibodies encounter their antigenic targets, they interact to form a three dimensional structure known as

Deep in the cortex

where in the lymph node do the T cells first encounter antigens presented by dendritic cells

lymphocytes

which cell type is essential

Class II

which class of MHC proteins presents exogenous antigens

IgM

which class of antibody forms a five antibody starburst

IgE

which class of immunoglobulins sensitizes cells to allergens

thymus

which lymphoid organ plays a role in the decline of the lymphatic system as we age

all nucleated cells

which type of cell displays protein fragments produced by the cancer within them

IgM titer is initially higher than IgG titer

During a primary immune response

helper T

HIV causes AIDS which selectively infects _____ cells

antigen

A substance that provokes an immune response is called an

helper T cells

B cells are primarily activated by the activities of

Cytoxic; helper

CD8 markers are to _____ t cells as CD4 markers are to ______ t cells

Helper T

Cells that help regulate the immune response are _______ cells

lymphocyte and antigen presenting cells

Class II MHC molecules are found on which of the following

Rejection

Cyclosporin A is a drug that inhibits _______ of transplanted organs

germinal center

Dividing lymphocytes can be found in the ________ of the lymphatic nodule

Tolerance

exists when the immune system does not respond to a particular antigen

3;7.2/99

fever is the maintenance of a body temp greater than

Microglia

fixed macrophages that are found in the central nervous system are called

alveolar macrophages

free phagocytes found in the air sacs of the lungs are called

Fixed macrophages

phagocytic cells that are permanent residents of specific tissues and organs are called

innate internal defenses

phagocytic cells would be a part of which defense system

more than 30

plasma contains ____ special proteins that form a complement system

red bone marrow

stem cells that can form all types of lymphocytes are concentrated in the