Mastering A&P Ch 16
The two lobes of the pituitary gland together produce how many hormones?
9
When hormones interact they can produce any of the following kinds of effects except
>>>apoptosis.<<< integrative. synergistic. permissive. antagonistic.
The pituitary hormone that causes the kidney to reduce water loss is
ADH
The posterior pituitary gland secretes
ADH.
Type 2 diabetes
Adults
How do endocrine hormones reach their target cells?
Hormones are transported through the blood stream to target cells. The blood stream allows hormones to be distributed throughout the body.
Why are Tanya's cells starved for sugar (glucose) if there is so much glucose in the blood
Tanya's cells don't recognize the messages telling them to let the glucose inside
Choose the correct statement regarding the mechanism of interaction for steroid hormones
The hormones diffuse across the lipid part of the plasma membrane and bind to receptors in the cytoplasm or nucleus.
Which structure of the endocrine system secretes hormones involved in the stimulation and coordination of the immune response
Thymus
All of the following are true of steroid hormones except that they
are produced by the adrenal medulla.
The functional organization of the nervous system parallels that of the ________ system in many ways
endocrine
The hypothalamus acts as both a neural and a(n) ________ organ.
endocrine
Parathyroid hormone does all of the following except
enhance the reabsorption of calcium at the kidneys. stimulate osteoclast activity. stimulate the formation and secretion of calcitriol at the kidneys. inhibit osteoblast activity. >>>build up bone.<<<
Which of the following hormones increases production of red blood cells?
erythropoietin
The ovaries secrete ________ when stimulated by FSH.
estrogen
In persons with untreated diabetes mellitus,
excessive thirst is shown. glucose is present in the urine in large amounts. a large excretion of urine occurs. blood glucose levels are very high. All of the answers are correct.
Excess secretion of growth hormone during early development will cause
gigantism
When blood glucose levels fall,
glucagon is released.
Inadequate iodine in the diet may lead to
goiter. cretinism. high blood levels of TSH. hypothyroidism. All of the answers are correct
Proper growth requires which of the following hormones?
growth hormone insulin thyroid hormone calcitriol All of the answers are correct.
The pituitary hormone that stimulates cell growth and replication by accelerating protein synthesis is
growth hormone.
All target cells
have hormone receptors and respond to chemical signals
Norepinephrine and epinephrine are considered to be ________ when released into the bloodstream, but ________ when released at synapses
hormones; neurotransmitters
Cushing disease is a result of which of the following?
hypersecretion of glucocorticoids
Which endocrine structure secretes hormones involved with fluid balance and smooth muscle contraction?
hypothalamus
The most complex endocrine responses that integrate the nervous and endocrine system involve the
hypothalamus.
The pancreatic hormone that causes blood sugar levels to fall is
insulin.
The pancreatic hormone that causes blood sugar to enter its target cells is
insulin.
Hormones that produce different but complementary results are called
integrative
The condition known as goiter can result from too
little iodine in the diet.
The targets for insulin is/are
liver cells. skeletal, cardiac, and smooth muscle cells. adipocytes. All of the answers are correct.
Which anterior pituitary hormone induces ovulation in females and stimulates sex hormone production by the interstitial cells of the testes in males?
luteinizing hormone (LH)
The inner portion of the adrenal gland is the
medulla
The hormone that does the opposite of calcitonin is
parathyroid hormone.
Extracellular membrane receptors are used by which of the following types of hormones
peptide hormones catecholamines eicosanoids All
When one hormone is needed for a second hormone to produce an effect, it is called
permissive
In which possible outcome is one hormone required for a second hormone to produce its effect?
permissive effects
Cyclic AMP is degraded by __________.
phosphodiesterase Phosphodiesterase degrades cyclic AMP into AMP.
Melatonin is produced by the
pineal gland.
Water-soluble hormones affect target cells by binding to __________.
plasma membrane receptors Water-soluble hormones bind to specific receptors in the plasma membrane, whereas steroid hormones bind to cytoplasmic receptors.
The pituitary hormone that stimulates milk production by the mammary glands is
prolactin
PRL is to ________ as ACTH is to ________.
prolactin; corticotropin
Growth hormone does all of the following except
promote bone growth. >>>cause fat accumulation within adipocytes.<<< promote muscle growth. promote amino acid uptake by cells.
Natriuretic peptides:
promote the loss of sodium and water at the kidneys
All of the following are true of the nervous system, except that it doesn't
respond with motor output. communicate by the release of neurotransmitters. respond specifically to stimuli. respond rapidly to stimuli. >>>>function independently of the endocrine system.
Oxytocin
rises (in its concentration) during sexual arousal and peaks at orgasm in both sexes.
Which is a function of melatonin in humans
sets circadian rhythms
Cells can respond to ________ hormone(s) at a time.
several
Receptors for all of the following hormones are found in the cell membranes of target cells except
steroid hormones. --- amino acid derivatives. eicosanoids. peptide hormones. All of the answers are correct.
All of the following are result of thyroid hormones except
stimulation of red blood cell formation. increased sensitivity to sympathetic stimulation. maintenance of normal sensitivity of respiratory centers. elevated rates of oxygen consumption and energy consumption. >>> decreased heart rate and force of contraction. <<<
Two hormones that have additive effects are called
synergists
The adrenal gland produces steroid hormones in
the zona fasciculate. >>>all layers of the cortex.<<< the zona glomerulosa. the zona reticularis.
The development of pubic hair in boys and girls before puberty is an effect of hormones produced by which adrenal region?
zona reticularis of the adrenal cortex
A hormone that promotes glucose formation in the liver is
cortisol.
Which of the following substances acts as a second messenger
cyclic AMP
Two hormones that have opposing effects are called
antagonists.
A hormone that is synergistic to growth hormone is
cortisol.
Type 1 Diabetes
Children
________ are chemical messengers that are released in one tissue and transported in the bloodstream to alter the activities of specific cells in other tissues
Hormones
All of the following are types of intercellular communication except
EXOCRINE. (they are: direct, endocrine, paracrine, and synaptic
What other symptom is Tanya likely experiencing as a result of diabetes that accounts for her high level of thirst
Increased urination
Which of these statements about melatonin is false?
It is made from serotonin. >>>Exposure to light stimulates production.<<< Exposure to light inhibits production. It is produced by pinealocytes. It inhibits releases of GnRH.
The pituitary hormone that promotes ovarian secretion of progesterone and testicular secretion of testosterone is
LH
Increased levels of the hormone ________ will lead to increased levels of calcium ions in the blood.
PTH
What is the role of activated protein kinases?
Phosphorylate proteins Phosphorylation can activate different proteins causing the response of the cell to water-soluble hormone
Which hormone specifically targets cells that produce hormones that affect glucose metabolism?
adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
A hormone that helps to regulate the sodium ion content of the body is
aldosterone
Falling blood glucose levels will stimulate which endocrine cells of the pancreas to secrete glucagon?
alpha cells
Steroid hormones
bind to receptors in the nucleus of their target cells
The amplification of the signal from a water-soluble hormone is achieved through an increase in _______.
cAMP in the cytoplasm Many cAMP can be generated as a second messenger to amplify the signal in response to hormone binding.
A hormone that can lower blood levels of calcium ion is
calcitonin
The outer layer of the adrenal gland is the
cortex
The primary function of ADH is to
decrease the amount of water lost at the kidneys.
Inability of the pancreas to produce insulin results in
diabetes mellitus.