Mastering A&P Ch 16

The two lobes of the pituitary gland together produce how many hormones?

9

When hormones interact they can produce any of the following kinds of effects except

>>>apoptosis.<<< integrative. synergistic. permissive. antagonistic.

The pituitary hormone that causes the kidney to reduce water loss is

ADH

The posterior pituitary gland secretes

ADH.

Type 2 diabetes

Adults

How do endocrine hormones reach their target cells?

Hormones are transported through the blood stream to target cells. The blood stream allows hormones to be distributed throughout the body.

Why are Tanya's cells starved for sugar (glucose) if there is so much glucose in the blood

Tanya's cells don't recognize the messages telling them to let the glucose inside

Choose the correct statement regarding the mechanism of interaction for steroid hormones

The hormones diffuse across the lipid part of the plasma membrane and bind to receptors in the cytoplasm or nucleus.

Which structure of the endocrine system secretes hormones involved in the stimulation and coordination of the immune response

Thymus

All of the following are true of steroid hormones except that they

are produced by the adrenal medulla.

The functional organization of the nervous system parallels that of the ________ system in many ways

endocrine

The hypothalamus acts as both a neural and a(n) ________ organ.

endocrine

Parathyroid hormone does all of the following except

enhance the reabsorption of calcium at the kidneys. stimulate osteoclast activity. stimulate the formation and secretion of calcitriol at the kidneys. inhibit osteoblast activity. >>>build up bone.<<<

Which of the following hormones increases production of red blood cells?

erythropoietin

The ovaries secrete ________ when stimulated by FSH.

estrogen

In persons with untreated diabetes mellitus,

excessive thirst is shown. glucose is present in the urine in large amounts. a large excretion of urine occurs. blood glucose levels are very high. All of the answers are correct.

Excess secretion of growth hormone during early development will cause

gigantism

When blood glucose levels fall,

glucagon is released.

Inadequate iodine in the diet may lead to

goiter. cretinism. high blood levels of TSH. hypothyroidism. All of the answers are correct

Proper growth requires which of the following hormones?

growth hormone insulin thyroid hormone calcitriol All of the answers are correct.

The pituitary hormone that stimulates cell growth and replication by accelerating protein synthesis is

growth hormone.

All target cells

have hormone receptors and respond to chemical signals

Norepinephrine and epinephrine are considered to be ________ when released into the bloodstream, but ________ when released at synapses

hormones; neurotransmitters

Cushing disease is a result of which of the following?

hypersecretion of glucocorticoids

Which endocrine structure secretes hormones involved with fluid balance and smooth muscle contraction?

hypothalamus

The most complex endocrine responses that integrate the nervous and endocrine system involve the

hypothalamus.

The pancreatic hormone that causes blood sugar levels to fall is

insulin.

The pancreatic hormone that causes blood sugar to enter its target cells is

insulin.

Hormones that produce different but complementary results are called

integrative

The condition known as goiter can result from too

little iodine in the diet.

The targets for insulin is/are

liver cells. skeletal, cardiac, and smooth muscle cells. adipocytes. All of the answers are correct.

Which anterior pituitary hormone induces ovulation in females and stimulates sex hormone production by the interstitial cells of the testes in males?

luteinizing hormone (LH)

The inner portion of the adrenal gland is the

medulla

The hormone that does the opposite of calcitonin is

parathyroid hormone.

Extracellular membrane receptors are used by which of the following types of hormones

peptide hormones catecholamines eicosanoids All

When one hormone is needed for a second hormone to produce an effect, it is called

permissive

In which possible outcome is one hormone required for a second hormone to produce its effect?

permissive effects

Cyclic AMP is degraded by __________.

phosphodiesterase Phosphodiesterase degrades cyclic AMP into AMP.

Melatonin is produced by the

pineal gland.

Water-soluble hormones affect target cells by binding to __________.

plasma membrane receptors Water-soluble hormones bind to specific receptors in the plasma membrane, whereas steroid hormones bind to cytoplasmic receptors.

The pituitary hormone that stimulates milk production by the mammary glands is

prolactin

PRL is to ________ as ACTH is to ________.

prolactin; corticotropin

Growth hormone does all of the following except

promote bone growth. >>>cause fat accumulation within adipocytes.<<< promote muscle growth. promote amino acid uptake by cells.

Natriuretic peptides:

promote the loss of sodium and water at the kidneys

All of the following are true of the nervous system, except that it doesn't

respond with motor output. communicate by the release of neurotransmitters. respond specifically to stimuli. respond rapidly to stimuli. >>>>function independently of the endocrine system.

Oxytocin

rises (in its concentration) during sexual arousal and peaks at orgasm in both sexes.

Which is a function of melatonin in humans

sets circadian rhythms

Cells can respond to ________ hormone(s) at a time.

several

Receptors for all of the following hormones are found in the cell membranes of target cells except

steroid hormones. --- amino acid derivatives. eicosanoids. peptide hormones. All of the answers are correct.

All of the following are result of thyroid hormones except

stimulation of red blood cell formation. increased sensitivity to sympathetic stimulation. maintenance of normal sensitivity of respiratory centers. elevated rates of oxygen consumption and energy consumption. >>> decreased heart rate and force of contraction. <<<

Two hormones that have additive effects are called

synergists

The adrenal gland produces steroid hormones in

the zona fasciculate. >>>all layers of the cortex.<<< the zona glomerulosa. the zona reticularis.

The development of pubic hair in boys and girls before puberty is an effect of hormones produced by which adrenal region?

zona reticularis of the adrenal cortex

A hormone that promotes glucose formation in the liver is

cortisol.

Which of the following substances acts as a second messenger

cyclic AMP

Two hormones that have opposing effects are called

antagonists.

A hormone that is synergistic to growth hormone is

cortisol.

Type 1 Diabetes

Children

________ are chemical messengers that are released in one tissue and transported in the bloodstream to alter the activities of specific cells in other tissues

Hormones

All of the following are types of intercellular communication except

EXOCRINE. (they are: direct, endocrine, paracrine, and synaptic

What other symptom is Tanya likely experiencing as a result of diabetes that accounts for her high level of thirst

Increased urination

Which of these statements about melatonin is false?

It is made from serotonin. >>>Exposure to light stimulates production.<<< Exposure to light inhibits production. It is produced by pinealocytes. It inhibits releases of GnRH.

The pituitary hormone that promotes ovarian secretion of progesterone and testicular secretion of testosterone is

LH

Increased levels of the hormone ________ will lead to increased levels of calcium ions in the blood.

PTH

What is the role of activated protein kinases?

Phosphorylate proteins Phosphorylation can activate different proteins causing the response of the cell to water-soluble hormone

Which hormone specifically targets cells that produce hormones that affect glucose metabolism?

adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

A hormone that helps to regulate the sodium ion content of the body is

aldosterone

Falling blood glucose levels will stimulate which endocrine cells of the pancreas to secrete glucagon?

alpha cells

Steroid hormones

bind to receptors in the nucleus of their target cells

The amplification of the signal from a water-soluble hormone is achieved through an increase in _______.

cAMP in the cytoplasm Many cAMP can be generated as a second messenger to amplify the signal in response to hormone binding.

A hormone that can lower blood levels of calcium ion is

calcitonin

The outer layer of the adrenal gland is the

cortex

The primary function of ADH is to

decrease the amount of water lost at the kidneys.

Inability of the pancreas to produce insulin results in

diabetes mellitus.