Mastering A&P Chapter 23

thyroid

A common site to place a tracheostomy tube is through the ligament that connects the cricoid cartilage to the ________ cartilage.

thickness

A patient with a connective tissue disease experiences increased pulmonary vascular resistance. Over a period of time, you would expect to observe increased ______ of the right ventricular wall.

blood clots masses of fat air bubbles circulating objects in the blood

A pulmonary embolism can be caused by ________ becoming trapped in a pulmonary artery.

heart; body cells

After blood becomes oxygenated, it returns to the ______, and is then pumped to ______ ______.

upper

Air entering the body is filtered, warmed, and humidified by the ______ respiratory tract.

phonation

Air passing through the glottis vibrates the vocal folds and produces

air

Alveolar ventilation refers to the movement of ______ into and out of the alveoli.

smooth muscle; bronchioles

Asthma is due to an excessive stimulation of the ______ ______ in ______.

carbonic acid

Carbon dioxide and water combine to form

pH levels BPG concentration temperature

Carbon monoxide poisoning is possible because carbon monoxide binds readily with heme at very low partial pressures compared to those of oxygen. Besides partial pressure, what else determines the affinity of oxygen molecules for heme?

is in RBCs. can increase the amount of bicarbonate ion in plasma. is an enzyme. can decrease the amount of bicarbonate ion in plasma.

Carbonic anhydrase

total; abundance

Dalton's Law- A gas will contribute to the ______ pressure in proportion to its ______.

pressure; sum

Dalton's law states that in a mixture of gases such as air, the total ______ is the ______ of the individual partial pressures of the gases in the mixture.

nitrogen

Decompression sickness is a painful condition that develops when a person is exposed to a sudden drop in atmospheric pressure. Bubbles of ________ gas are responsible for the problem.

epinephrine

During an allergic reaction, which of the following would aid respiration?

diaphragm; rib muscles

During inhalation, the ______ and ____ ______ contract.

internal intercostal

Expiratory movements are produced by contraction of the ________ muscle.

alveoli

From which structures do oxygen molecules move from the lungs to the blood?

thick secretions that are difficult to transport

Harry suffers from cystic fibrosis and has severe breathing difficulties. His problems result from

is a protein that can bind four molecules of oxygen

Hemoglobin

less

Hemoglobin's affinity for oxygen when the BPG level is high is ______ than when the BPG level is low.

volume; solubility

Henry's law states that the ______ of a gas that will dissolve in a solvent is proportional to the ______ of the gas and the gas pressure.

bicarbonate ions

How is the majority of CO2 transported in blood?

15-20; alkaline

How much difference is there in the ability of hemoglobin to hold oxygen when comparing slightly alkaline blood to slightly acidic blood at a Po2 of 40 mm Hg?

1 billion

If a red blood cell is 100% saturated, how many molecules of O2 are bound to it?

a person would stop breathing

If the dorsal respiratory group of neurons in the medulla oblongata were destroyed bilaterally,

lungs will colapse

If the transpulmonary pressure equals zero, what will happen to the lung?

Haldane

In the lungs, O2 loading facilitates CO2 unloading from hemoglobin. This is known as the ______ effect.

conditioning

Inhaling through the nostrils is preferred over the mouth because it allows better ______ of the inhaled air.

tissues; interstitial fluid

Internal respiration refers to exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the blood and the ______ and ______ ______.

hypoxia

Low partial pressure of oxygen in tissues is a condition called

bicarbonate ions

Most of the carbon dioxide in the blood is transported as

hemoglobin

Most of the oxygen transported by the blood is bound to ______.

air; lungs

Pulmonary ventilation refers to the movement of ______ into and out of the ______.

arytenoid laryngeal

Tension on the vocal cords is regulated by the movement of the ______ cartilages and contraction of the ______ muscles.

large masses of food can move through the esophagus

The C shape of the tracheal cartilages is important because

respiratory membranes

The actual sites of gas exchange within the lungs are the ______ ______ of the alveoli.

2.5 cm; 15-20

The adult human trachea is about ________ in diameter and contains ________ tracheal cartilages.

inspiratory center

The apneustic centers of the pons provide stimulation to the ______ ______.

nasopharynx

The auditory tubes open into the ______.

bicarbonate; blood plasma

The chloride shift occurs in order to transport ______ atoms into the ______ ______.

pharynx

The common passageway shared by the respiratory and digestive systems is the ______.

epiglottis

The elastic cartilage that covers the opening to the larynx during swallowing is the

epiglottis

The flap-like structure that prevents food from entering the larynx is called the

thyroid

The largest cartilage of the larynx is the ________ cartilage.

lower

The larynx, trachea, bronchi, and bronchioles all make up the ______ respiratory tract.

carbon dioxide

The most important chemical regulator of respiration is ______ ______.

greater than the number of lobes in the left lung

The number of lobes in the right lung is

oropharynx

The palatine tonsils lie in the walls of the

rate; depth

The pneumotaxic center of the pons modifies the ______ and ______ of breathing.

oropharynx

The portion of the pharynx that receives both air and food is the

internal respiration

The process by which dissolved gases are exchanged between the blood and interstitial fluids is ______ ______.

pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium

The respiratory epithelium of the conducting airways consists of

simple squamous epithelium

The respiratory membrane of the gas exchange surfaces consists of ______ ______ ______.

nasopharynx

The superior region of the pharynx is called the ______.

eupnea

The technical term for quiet breathing is ______.

PCO2

The term hypercapnia refers to elevated ______.

larynx

The vocal folds are located within the ______.

nasal conchae

What is the name of the structures projecting from the lateral surfaces of the nasal cavity that function to create turbulence and help humidify and warm the incoming air?

apnea

What would be the immediate effect of damage to the Dorsal Respiratory Group (DRG)?

elastic rebound

When the inspiratory muscles relax, the rib cage returns to its original position as a result of ______ ______.

in the plasma

Where is more than 70 percent of the carbon dioxide carried in the blood?

apneustic center

Which breathing center promotes inhalation by stimulating the DRG? Choose the best answer. VRG Hypothalamus Apneustic center Pneumotaxic center

diaphragm and external intercostals

Which muscles, when contracted, would increase the volume of air in the thoracic cavity?

The DRG is mainly active during inspiration, while the VRG is primarily active during expiration.

Which of the following statements correctly contrasts the dorsal respiratory group (DRG) and the ventral respiratory group (VRG)? Choose the best answer. The VRG receives input from cerebrospinal fluid chemoreceptors, while the DRG receives input from chemoreceptors in the bloodstream. The VRG has inspiratory and expiratory centers that are active during every breathing cycle, while the DRG is only active during expiration. The DRG only becomes active when there is a need for increased breathing activity, while the VRG is active during every respiratory cycle. The DRG is mainly active during inspiration, while the VRG is primarily active during expiration.

air humidity

Which of the following variables is NOT monitored by the medullary breathing centers? Choose the best answer. Blood acidity Partial pressure of CO2 Amount of stretch in the lungs Air humidity

transport RBCs to the tissues

Which of these is NOT a function of the respiratory system? protect against environmental hazards produce sounds for speaking and singing exchange gases with the atmosphere transport RBCs (red blood cells) to the tissues

intrapleural pressure

Which pressure is the result of the natural tendency of the lungs to decrease their size (because of elasticity) and the opposing tendency of the thoracic wall to pull outward and enlarge the lungs?

tidal volume

________ is the amount of air that moves into the respiratory system during a single respiratory cycle.

pulmonary embolism

Blockage of pulmonary blood flow by a clot or similar obstruction is

apnea

Both sneezing and coughing are examples of protective reflexes triggered by irritation. Sneezing and coughing both involve a disruption in respiration. What is the formal name for the period when respiration is suspended?

pressure; volume

Boyle's law is that the ______ of gas in your lungs is inversely proportional to the ______ in your lungs

volume; pressure

Boyle's law of gases states that if the ______ goes up, the ______ goes down.

inversely proportional to the volume of its container

Boyle's law states that the pressure of a gas is

hyperpnea

Breathing that involves active inspiratory and expiratory movements is called ______.