Mastering (all three) NEW STUFF !!!

Gustatory receptors and lingual papillae

**Filiform is at tip of tongue (not shown) **the taste buds are the upper right square

structures associated with sympathetic varicosities

**pre-ganglionic fiber (myelinated) **ganglionic neuron **post-ganglionic fiber (un-myelinated) **ganglion **vesicles containing norepinephrine (NE) **mitochondrion **Schwann cell cytoplasm **Varicosities **smooth muscle cells

structures associated with ganglia in sympathetic pathways: the adrenal medullae

**pre-ganglionic fibers **endocrine cells **adernal medullae SECRETES NEUROTRANSMITTER INTO GENERAL CIRCULATION

structures associated with ganglia in sympathetic pathways: [[collateral ganglia]]

**pre-ganglionic fibers **post-ganglionic fibers (on both sides) **collateral ganglion (center) **lateral gray horn (on both sides at bottom) **white rams (both sides) INNERVATES VISCERAL ORGANS IN ABDOMINOPELVIC CAVITY

structures associated with the ganglia in sympathetic pathways: sympathetic chain ganglia

**spinal nerve **autonomic ganglion of left sympathetic chain [[INNERVATES VISCERAL ORGANS IN THORACIC CAVITY BY SYMPATHETIC NERVES]] -BOTTOM **sympathetic nerve (post-ganglionic fibers) **pre-ganglionic neuron **autonomic ganglion of right sympathetic chain [[INNERVATES VISCERAL EFFECTORS BY SPINAL NERVES]] -TOP **white ramus (lateral) **ganglionic neuron **gray rams (medial)

The Relationship Among the Brain, Cranium, and Cranial Meninges

*dura matter (periosteal layer and meningeal layer) *dural sinus *subdural space *arachnoid matter *subarachnoid space *pia matter *cerebral cortex (question 28)

sectional anatomy of the eye (horizontal dissection of right eye - part 2)

*lacrimal punctum *lacrima caruncle *ciliary processes *ciliary body *anterior cavity (includes: posterior/anterior chamber) *cornea *iris *ciliary body *conjunctiva *lateral canthus

sectional anatomy of the eye (horizontal dissection of right eye - part 1)

*medial rectus muscle *optic disc *optic nerve *sclera *choroid *retina *posterior cavity *lateral rectus muscle *fovea

anatomical structures of the inner ear

*semicircular canals *facial nerve (N VII) *vestibulochochlear nerve (N VIII) *Bony labyrinth of internal ear (whole portion of cochlea) *cochlea *auditory tube *vestibule

Components of the somatic nervous system

*upper motor neurons in primary motor cortex *somatic motor nuclei of brainstem *BRAIN *skeletal muscle *lower motor neurons *spinal cord *somatic motor nuclei of spinal cord

Components of the autonomic nervous system

*visceral motor nuclei in hypothalamus -autonomic ganglia *pre-ganglionic neuron *autonomic nuclei in brain stem *autonomic nuclei in spinal cord **along with visceral effectors (smooth muscle, glands, cardiac muscle, and adipocytes)

transduction of sound energy

1. sound waves arrive at tympanic membrane 2. movement of the tympanic membrane causes displacement of the auditory ossicles 3. movement of the stapes at the oval window establishes pressure waves in the perilymph of scala vestibuli 4. the pressure wave distort basilar membrane on their way to the round window of the scala tympani 5. vibration of the basilar membrane causes vibration of hair cells against the tectorial membrane 6. info about the region and the intensity of the stimulation to the CNS over the cochlear branch of cranil nerve VIII

The cranial nerves that innervate the eye muscles are

3-III, 4-IV, 6-VI

Which of the following statements is true regarding gustatory receptors?

A taste receptor for salt chemicals acts differently from a taste receptor for sweet chemicals.

________ is a condition resulting from an inflammation of a facial nerve.

Bell's palsy

Production and flow of cerebrospinal fluid

CSF forms in the choroid plexuses located in the ventricles. As it flows around the central nervous tissue, the cells are able to exchange nutrients with the CSF, which is ultimately reabsorbed into the venous system at the superior sagittal sinus.

Which cells are most directly associated with the formation of CSF?

Ependymal cells

anatomical structures of the external and middle ear

External: *elastic cartilages *auricle *external auditory meatus Middle: *auditory ossicles *tympanic cavity Internal: *round window *oval window

Which statement best describes the location and organization of parasympathetic ganglia and ganglionic neurons?

Ganglia are located in or near to their target organ, and both the pre- and postganglionic neurons use acetylcholine as their neurotransmitter.

Which of the following statements accurately reflects a difference between ganglia in the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions?

Ganglia of the sympathetic division are located near the spinal cord, but ganglia of the parasympathetic division are located in or near the target organ.

Why is there a synaptic delay in gustatory receptors that is not seen in olfactory receptors?

Gustatory receptors have a separate receptor cell and sensory neuron.

Brain dopamine levels are important in all of these EXCEPT __________.

Huntington's disease

Droopy eyelids and double vision can result from injury to the ________ nerve.

III oculomotor

Which anatomical description is TRUE of the sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system?

Its innervation originates mainly in the thoracic segment of the spinal cord.

olfactory pathway to the cerebrum in the correct order

LEFT IMAGE

Which of these is NOT one of the three layers of the eye? -vascular -fibrous -inner

NOT scleral layer

Autonomic Plexuses and Ganglia

ONLY FOCUS ON RIGHT SIDE

Signaling in Olfaction and Gustation

Odorants and sweet, bitter, and umami chemicals all trigger G-linked protein actions, although the action in the cell is different. Salt and sour chemicals trigger direct signaling pathways.

Terry has recently been diagnosed with an inherited form of depression. Which of the flowing is the most likely cause for the depression?

Terry has a mutation in the enzyme involved in NE synthesis.

What is the last spot where CSF circulates before being resorbed by the circulatory system?

The arachnoid villi

When reviewing the general functions of the parasympathetic division, which of the following statements best summarizes the physiologic outcome?

The parasympathetic division works at counterbalancing the sympathetic division by conserving energy and lowering metabolic rate.

What is the correct pairing of neurotransmitters in the parasympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system?

The preganglionic neuron releases ACh, and the postganglionic neuron releases ACh.

The ANS consists of two divisions: the sympathetic and the parasympathetic. Which statement best describes the organization of the sympathetic division's preganglionic neurons?

The preganglionic neurons are located in the thoracic and lumbar regions of the spinal cord.

When an olfactory receptor is stimulated, what type of change must happen before it signals the brain that a change has occurred?

The receptor must produce a generator potential.

Tim has suffered a vasovagal loss of consciousness, commonly known as fainting. Environmental triggers, including the smell of the anatomy lab and the sight of the cadaver, caused a momentary malfunction of his autonomic nervous system (ANS). How is the structural organization of the ANS different from or similar to that of the somatic nervous system (SNS)?

They are different. In the ANS, motor neurons of the central nervous system do not directly control visceral effectors. They synapse with visceral motor neurons in ganglia, and the ganglionic neurons control the visceral effectors.

Jean needs to have a tooth in her mandible filled. Her dentist injects a local anesthetic to block pain afferents in one of her cranial nerves. What cranial nerve does the dentist numb?

Tigerminal (V) ****facial senses, chewing

Which of the following is not a function of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)?

Transport blood to brain structures

Which of the cranial nerves is named for the fact that it "wanders," that is, innervates structures throughout the thorax and abdomen?

VAGUS (X) _VISCERAL ORGANS

The patient has the following symptoms: change in vocal tone, problems swallowing, inability to control urination, erratic heart rate, and gastric problems. You would identify the problem as being related to the

VAGUS NERVE (X) VISCERAL ORGANS

Which of these is NOT a type of photoreceptor? (red, green, blue)

YELLOW CONE

The parasympathetic nervous system releases __________ at ganglionic synapses and __________ at its neuroeffector junctions.

acetylcholine; acetylcholine

Which of the following would NOT be an example of a structural or functional change associated with aging?

an increase in brain blood flow due to a weakening of the blood-brain barrier as a function of aging

facial (VII)

both - facial expressions, tase

trigeminal (V)

both - facial senses, chewing

vagus (x)

both - parasympathetic intervention of visceral organs

The medulla oblongata, pons, and midbrain comprise the

brainstem

Overseeing the postural muscles of the body and making rapid adjustments to maintain balance and equilibrium are functions of the

cerebellum

What is a function of the general brain area indicated by the arrow?

conscious thought (Cerebrum)

Visual pathway

consists of *photoreceptors in retina *optic nerve (N II) *optic chiasm *lateral geniculate nucleus *projection fibers (optic radiation) *visual cortex of cerebral hemispheres ***MASTERING #9*** chapter 17

What is the function of the brain structure indicated by the arrow?

coordination of complex motor patterns (Cerebellum)

In this picture, the label is on the vascular layer of the eye. Which structure would NOT be found in the vascular layer?

corna ***TOP RIGHT PICTURE

Gustatory information reaches the brain by way of

cranial nerve IX [salivary glands and taste]

Relative movement of the __________ in the semicircular ducts signals rotation of the head.

endolymph

Nicotine, the highly addictive plant toxin, activates nicotinic receptors in the peripheral nervous system. This means it will __________.

facilitate synaptic transmission at all autonomic ganglionic synapses

Difficulty in swallowing may be a sign of damage to which cranial nerve(s)?

glossopharyngeal (IX) and vagus (X)

A patient develops a tumor of a cranial nerve that leads to difficulty in speaking from a loss of tongue movement. Which cranial nerve is affected?

hypoglossal (XII) *moving tongue

The brain requires a substantial blood supply. The vessels that deliver blood to the brain are the

internal carotid and vertebral arteries.

A person with damage to this part of the brain will have normal acoustic reflexes but will have difficulty with the ability to do which of the following?

interpreting sounds and recognizing a pattern in them

functional areas of the left and right cerebral hemispheres

left side order: *speech center *writing *auditory cortex (right ear) *general interpretive center [language and math] *visual cortex [right field of vision] right she order: *analysis by touch *auditory cortex (left ear) *spatial visualization and analysis *visual cortex (left field) RIGHT SIDE --> LEFT LEFT SIDE ---> RIGHT

Sensory innervation of the lower teeth ad gums is by the ________ nerve.

mandibular branch of the trigeminal

As you ascend from the medulla oblongata to the cerebrum, the functions of each successive level become

more complex

accessory (XI)

motor - back and neck muscles

abducens (VI)*

motor - eye muscle

oculomotor (III)*

motor - eye muscle

trochlear (IV)*

motor - eye muscle

hypoglossal (XII)

motor - moving tounge

The only sensation that is received directly by the cerebrum is

olfaction

What is the function of the brain structure indicated by the arrow?

processes visual data (midbrain)

Cranial nerves

question 1

cranial nerves

question 2

What is the function of the brain structure indicated by the arrow?

relays sensory information to the thalamus and connects the cerebellum to the cerebrum (thalamus)

All visual pigments contain __________ derived from __________.

retinal; vitamin A

glossopharyngeal (IX)

salivary glands and taste

vestibulochoclear (VIII)

sensory - balance and hearing

olfactory (I)

sensory - smell

optic (II)

sensory - vision

Which of these organ systems LEAST requires the nervous system to function?

skeletal

When Tim fainted, the sympathetic division of the ANS failed him, while the parasympathetic division went into overdrive. Parasympathetic stimulation of the vagus nerve caused Tim's heart rate to slow, the force of contractions to decrease, and his blood pressure to drop. As a result, blood flow to the brain decreased, causing the fainting episode. Which part of the brain is critical for maintaining consciousness through its interactions with the cortex?

the reticular activating system

The cranial nerve that has three major branches is the

trigeminal (V)

Which of the following target organs will have its parasympathetic regulation impacted by damage to the sacral region of the spinal cord?

urinary bladder

Which sensation(s) does the vestibulocochlear nerve carry?

vestibulocochlear (VIII) : balance and hearing

Which of the following symptoms would you associate with damage to the spinal accessory nerve?

weakness of the sternocleidomastoid muscle