Mastering Chapter 22

A and E

A farmer wishes to develop a strain of high-yield corn that is also resistant to drought. He has the following individuals from the current year's crop: Individual A—Yield: 179 bushels/acre; drought resistance: high Individual B—Yield: 220 bushels/acre; drought resistance: low Individual C—Yield: 185 bushels/acre; drought resistance: medium Individual D—Yield: 140 bushels/acre; drought resistance: high Individual E—Yield: 200 bushels/acre; drought resistance: medium Which of the following crosses would produce the highest corn yield with the highest resistance to drought?

mammals, crocodiles

An amnion is a shared homologous characteristic for which of the following lineages?

hawks

Based on this tree, which of the following groups of organisms is most closely related to crocodiles?

Species X and Y share a greater number of homologies with each other than either does with species Z

Currently, two extant elephant species (X and Y) are classified in the genus Loxodonta, and a third species (Z) is placed in the genus Elephas. Thus, which statement should be true?

---- Z ----X ----Y

Currently, two of the living elephant species (X and Y) are placed in the genus Loxodonta, and a third surviving species (Z) is placed in the genus Elephas. Assuming this classification reflects evolutionary relatedness, which of the following is the most accurate phylogenetic tree?

dismissed the idea that species are constant and emphasized the importance of variation and change in populations

Darwin and Wallace's theory of evolution by natural selection was revolutionary because it _____.

evolution of the unity and diversity of life

Darwin used the phrase "descent with modification" to explain ________.

Gradual evolutionary change explains why organisms are well-suited to their environments

For which one of the following observations were both Lamarck's hypothesis and Darwin's hypothesis in complete agreement?

older strata carry fossils that differ greatly from living organisms

Fossils found in strata reveal that ________.

2->4->1->3

Given a population that contains genetic variation, what is the correct sequence of the following events under the influence of natural selection? 1. Well-adapted individuals leave more offspring than do poorly adapted individuals. 2. A change occurs in the environment. 3. Genetic frequencies within the population change. 4. Poorly adapted individuals have decreased survivorship.

two strata

If x indicates the fossils of two closely related species, neither of which is extinct, then their remains may be found in how many of these strata?

island forms are descended from mainland forms

It has been observed that organisms on islands are different from, but closely related to, similar forms found on the nearest continent. This is taken as evidence that ____.

a vestigial trait

Many crustaceans (for example, lobsters, shrimp, and crayfish) use their tails to swim, but crabs have reduced tails that curl under their shells and are not used in swimming. This is an example of _____.

bones in the flipper of a whale

Of the following anatomical structures, which is homologous to the bones in the wing of a bird?

Triazine-resistant weeds were more likely to survive and reproduce

Part complete A farmer uses triazine herbicide to control pigweed in his field. For the first few years, the triazine works well and almost all the pigweed dies; but after several years, the farmer sees more and more pigweed. Which of these statements explains why the pigweed reappeared?

a few thousand years old, and populations are unchanging

Prior to the work of Lyell and Darwin, the prevailing belief was that Earth is _____.

are supported by, and make sense of, many observations

Scientific theories _____.

In this wild mustard, there is enough heritable variation to permit these different varies

Starting from the wild mustard Brassica oleracea, breeders have created the strains known as Brussels sprouts, broccoli, kale, and cabbage. Therefore, which of the following statements is correct?

homology

Structures as different as human arms, bat wings, and dolphin flippers contain many of the same bones, which develop from similar embryonic tissues. These structural similarities are an example of _____.

hypotheses

The following question refer to the evolutionary tree in the figure below. The horizontal axis of the cladogram depicted below is a timeline that extends from 100,000 years ago to the present; the vertical axis represents nothing in particular. The labeled branch points on the tree (V-Z) represent various common ancestors. Let's say that only since 50,000 years ago has there been enough variation between the lineages depicted here to separate them into distinct species, and only the tips of the lineages on this tree represent distinct species. A tree diagram, with the horizontal axis labelled 100,000 years ago to the present, and no label on the vertical axis. The tree diagram has a main line that starts at point X, on the vertical axis, 100,000 years ago. There is a fork labeled Y at about 80,000 years ago; another fork at point W, about 70,000 years ago, and another at V, about 50,000 years ago. The branch resulting from fork Y further divides at point Z, about 20,000 years ago, into three branches. These three and the main line all end in the present; the branches from W and V end about 25,000 years ago. Evolutionary trees such as this are properly understood by scientists to be ________.

Y

The following question refer to the evolutionary tree in the figure below. The horizontal axis of the cladogram depicted below is a timeline that extends from 100,000 years ago to the present; the vertical axis represents nothing in particular. The labeled branch points on the tree (V-Z) represent various common ancestors. Let's say that only since 50,000 years ago has there been enough variation between the lineages depicted here to separate them into distinct species, and only the tips of the lineages on this tree represent distinct species. A tree diagram, with the horizontal axis labelled 100,000 years ago to the present, and no label on the vertical axis. The tree diagram has a main line that starts at point X, on the vertical axis, 100,000 years ago. There is a fork labeled Y at about 80,000 years ago; another fork at point W, about 70,000 years ago, and another at V, about 50,000 years ago. The branch resulting from fork Y further divides at point Z, about 20,000 years ago, into three branches. These three and the main line all end in the present; the branches from W and V end about 25,000 years ago. Which of the five common ancestors, labeled V-Z, is the common ancestor of the greatest number of species, both living and extinct?

V

The following question refer to the evolutionary tree in the figure below. The horizontal axis of the cladogram depicted below is a timeline that extends from 100,000 years ago to the present; the vertical axis represents nothing in particular. The labeled branch points on the tree (V-Z) represent various common ancestors. Let's say that only since 50,000 years ago has there been enough variation between the lineages depicted here to separate them into distinct species, and only the tips of the lineages on this tree represent distinct species. A tree diagram, with the horizontal axis labelled 100,000 years ago to the present, and no label on the vertical axis. The tree diagram has a main line that starts at point X, on the vertical axis, 100,000 years ago. There is a fork labeled Y at about 80,000 years ago; another fork at point W, about 70,000 years ago, and another at V, about 50,000 years ago. The branch resulting from fork Y further divides at point Z, about 20,000 years ago, into three branches. These three and the main line all end in the present; the branches from W and V end about 25,000 years ago. Which of the five species, labeled V-Z, is the common ancestor of the fewest number of species?

The most recent common ancestor of the subsequent branches

The following question refer to the evolutionary tree in the figure below. The horizontal axis of the cladogram depicted below is a timeline that extends from 100,000 years ago to the present; the vertical axis represents nothing in particular. The labeled branch points on the tree (V-Z) represent various common ancestors. Let's say that only since 50,000 years ago has there been enough variation between the lineages depicted here to separate them into distinct species, and only the tips of the lineages on this tree represent distinct species. A tree diagram, with the horizontal axis labelled 100,000 years ago to the present, and no label on the vertical axis. The tree diagram has a main line that starts at point X, on the vertical axis, 100,000 years ago. There is a fork labeled Y at about 80,000 years ago; another fork at point W, about 70,000 years ago, and another at V, about 50,000 years ago. The branch resulting from fork Y further divides at point Z, about 20,000 years ago, into three branches. These three and the main line all end in the present; the branches from W and V end about 25,000 years ago. In Darwin's tree of life, each fork in the tree represents ________.

C

The following question refer to the figure below, which shows an outcrop of sedimentary rock whose strata are labeled A-D. A cliff is shown with 4 strata, labeled from the top surface of the cliff to the bottom A, B, C, and D. x is marked at the bottom of area B, just above the dividing line with C. If x indicates the location of fossils of two closely related species, then fossils of their most-recent common ancestor are most likely to occur in which stratum?

V is most closely related to species W

The questions below refer to the following evolutionary tree, in which the horizontal axis represents time (present time is on the far right) and the vertical axis represents morphological change. The main line of the tree diagram is horizontal and ends sometime before the present, indicated at the right-hand end of the diagram. From the left, the first branch slants steeply down and right, and divides about two-thirds of the way along into two branches, labeled y and z, both of which exist in the present. The next branch is vertical for a short distance, then turns horizontal. The end of that horizontal ends before the present and is labelled w. About halfway along line w, another vertical branch occurs; this ends with a horizontal labeled v that extends to the present. After v branches off from w, another branch from the main line is labelled x and slants down and right, ending in the present. Which species is most closely related to species W?

flipper

The wing of a bat is homologous to the _____ of a whale.

inherited characteristics of organisms that enhance their survival

What are adaptations?

The most recent common ancestor of lungfishes and amphibians did not have an amnion

What can you conclude about the lungfish lineage based on this tree?

occurs, but that there is no evolution

When Cuvier considered the fossils found in the vicinity of Paris, he concluded that the extinction of species ________.

struggle for existence

Which of Darwin's ideas had the strongest connection to his reading of Malthus's essay on human population growth?

use essentially the same genetic code

Which of the following evidence most strongly supports the common origin of all life on Earth? All organisms _____.

better eyesight evolves in the population

Which of the following factors could cause a surge in population size?

the bones of the cat

Which of the following is(are) homologous to the bones in this image? Bones of the flipper of a whale. These bones form a branched structure.

amphibians

Which of the following lineages are not nested within the reptiles?

A cow that produces a large quantity of milk

Which of the following organisms could be produced by artificial selection?

Natural selections favors individuals that reproduce more than others

Which of the following statements about natural selection is true?

Characteristics acquired during an organism's life are generally not passed on through genes

Which of the following statements best explains why modification or change in an organ or tissue during the lifetime of an individual is not inherited?

Populations evolve in response to their environments

Which of the following statements describe evolution?

increasingly better match between a population and its environment

Which of the following statements describe the effect of evolution on a population?

2

Which of the numbers in this tree represents the most recent common ancestor of amphibians and lizards?

Condition 1 and Condition 2

Which of these conditions are always true of populations evolving due to natural selection? Condition 1: The population must vary in traits that are heritable. Condition 2: Some heritable traits must increase reproductive success. Condition 3: Individuals pass on most traits that they acquire during their lifetime.

There is variation in inherited traits

Which one of the following observations did Darwin first make during his discovery of evolution?

Process of human directed breeding aimed to produce selective traits in selected species

Which one of the following statements best defines artificial selection?

Large hen, large rooster

Which pair of chickens should a farmer breed to produce larger chickens?

Darwin and Wallace

Which pair of scientists below would probably have agreed with the process that is depicted by this tree?

Individuals with inherited traits that promote survival tend to have more surviving offspring

Which statement illustrates the connection between natural selection and over reproduction of a population?

Adaptation

Which term describes a trait that increases an individual's ability to survive in a particular environment?

Heritability

Which term describes the ability of a trait to be passed on to offspring?