Mathematics

dividend

a number that is divided by another number. for example, in 36 / 4 = 9, the 36 is the dividend.

multiplicand/multiplier

a number that is multiplied by another number. in 7 * 4 = 28, the multiplicand is 7; the multiplier is 4.

exponent

a number that tells how many times the base is to be used as a factor. in 2 third , 2 is the base, 3 is the exponent.

decimal

a number that uses place value and a decimal point to show tenths, hundredths, thousandths, and so on.

factor

a number to be multiplied or a number that divides evenly into a given second number is a factor of that number. (2 * 3 = 6,2 and 3 are factors of 6.

circle.

a plane figure with all of its points the same distance from a given point called the center.

octagon

a polygon with eight sides.

hexagon

a polygon with six sides.

parallelogram

a quadrilateral any four- sided polygon with opposite sides parallel and congruent.

cube

a rectangular solid with six congruent square faces.

circle graph

a round graph that uses different sized wedges to show how portions of a set of data compare with the whole set.

cone

a solid with a circular base and one vertex.

cylinder

a solid with two bases that are congruent circles.

algorithm

a step-by-step procedure used to find a solution.

line

a straight path that extends forever in both directions.

acute triangle

a triangle that contains an acute angle.

obtuse triangle

a triangle that contains an obtuse angle

equilateral triangle

a triangle with three congruent sides.

isosceles triangle

a triangle with two congruent sides.

pictograph

a visual representation used to make comparisons. a key always appears at the bottom of a pictograph or picture graph showing how many each object represents.

conjecture

a well-thought out guess prediction, or estimate.

composite number

a whole number greater than 1 that is not prime.

even number

a whole number that is a multiple of 2.

odd number

a whole number that is not a multiple of 2.

diameter

in a circle, a segment that passes through the center and has its endpoints on the circle.

diagonal

in a polygon, a segment that connects one vertex to another vertex but is not a side of the polygon.

parallel lines

lines in the same plane that do not intersect.

perpendicular lines

lines that intersect at right angles.

inverse operations

operations that "undo" each other. addition and subtraction are inverse operations. multiplication and division are inverse operations.

equally likely outcomes

outcomes that have the same chance of occurring in a probability experiment.

line segment

part of a line with two endpoints.

arc

part of the circumference of a circle.

order of operations

when there is more than one operation and parentheses are used, first do what is inside the parentheses. net, multiply or divide from left to right. then add or subtract form left to right PEMDAS.

factorization

writing a whole number as a product of factors. ( the factorization of 12 would be 2*2*3 = 12).

counting

1,2,3,4 (naming sequence of numbers).

algebra

a branch of mathematics in which arithmetic relations are explored using letter symbols to represent numbers.

common denominator.

a common multiple of two or more denominators. for 1/6 and 5/8, it would be 24.

factor tree

a diagram showing how a composite number breaks down into its prime factors.

pentagon

a five- sided polygon.

face a flat surface of a solid figure.

a flat surface of a solid figure.

plane

a flat surface that extends indefinitely in both directions.

line of symmetry

a fold line of a figure that makes the two parts of the figure match exactly.

line graph

a graph in which a line shows changes in data, often over time.

box and whiskers

a graph showing the shape of a data set.

bar graph

a graph using vertical or horizontal bars to display numerical information.

coordinate system

a graph with a horizontal number line (x-axis) and a vertical number line (y-axis) that are perpendicular to each other. the point of intersection is called the origin and labeled 0 on the graph. an ordered pair (x,y) is used to name a point on a coordinate system.

equation

a mathematical sentence that uses the = symbol.

multiple

a multiple of a number is the product of that number and a whole number. some multiples of 2 are 4, 6, and 8.

average

a number obtained by dividing the sum of two or more addends by the number of addends.

ordered pair

a number pair, such a (2,3), in which the 2 x-axis is the first number and the 3 is the second number y -axis.

basic fact.

a number sentence that has at least two one-digit numbers. examples are: 7+1=8, 15 - 8 = 7, 9 * 2 = 18, 8/4 = 2.

divisor

a number that divides another number in the example. in the example 36 / 4 = 9, the 4 is the divisor.

common factor

a number that is a factor of two or more numbers. a common factor of 9 and 6 is 3.

common multiple

a number that is a multiple of two or more numbers. a common multiple of 2 and 3 is 6.

addend

a number that is added. in 5+8 = 13 the addends are 5 and 8.

acute angle

an angle that measures greater than 0 degrees and less than 90 degrees.

obtuse angle

an angle that measures greater than 90 degrees and less than 180 degrees.

division

an operation on two numbers that results in a quotient and a possible remainder.

outcome

any possible result in a probability experiment.

dependent events

events such that the outcome of the first event affects the outcome of the second event

expanded form

expressing a number as factors. 325 = (3 * 100 ) + (2 * 10 ) + ( 5 * 1).

function

for every input value there is one and only one output value.

equivalent fractions

fractions that name the same fraction (1/2 = 2/4 = 4/8).

congruent.

having the same size and the same shape, as in a congruent figure.

independent events

if two events A and B are independent, then the probability that both will happen is P(A) * P(B).

greatest possible error (GPE)

the GPE of a measurement is equal to one - half the unit of measure.

mass

the amount of matter that something contains.

difference

the answer for subtraction. in 16- 9 = 7, 7 is the difference.

mean

the average of a set of numbers; the sum of the numbers divided by the number of numbers.

denominator

the bottom number of a fraction, telling in how many parts the whole is divided.

circumference

the distance around a circle.

greatest common factor (GCF)

the greatest whole number that divides two whole numbers. the GCF of 24 and 32 is 4 evenly.

least common denominator (LCD)

the least common multiple (LCM) of two denominators. 30 is the LCM of 1/6 and 1/15.

median

the middle number of a set of numbers after they have been placed in numerical order. if there are an even number of numbers, the median is the average of the two "middle" numbers.

minuend

the number from which another number is subtracted. for example, 14 - 8 = 6, 14 is the minuend.

pi

the number obtained by dividing the circumference of any circle by its diameter. a common approximation for pi is 3.14

area

the number of square units needed to cover a surface.

frequency

the number of times a score appears in a list of data.

mode

the number that occurs the most frequently in a set of data.

event

the particular outcome one is looking at in a probability experiment.

height of a triangle

the perpendicular distance from a vertex to the opposite side, or base.

endpoint

the point at the end of a line segment.

associative property of multiplication

the product is always the same when the factors are grouped differently. (2*3) *4 =2*(3*4).

distributive property of multiplication over addition

the product of a number and the sum of two numbers equals the sum of the two products. 3 * (4 +2) = (3 * 4) + (3* 2 )

fact families

the related number sentences for addition and subtraction or multiplication and division that contain all the same numbers ( for example. 2+3 = 5, 3 +2 =5, 5 - 3 = 2, and 5 - 2 = 3.

least common multiple (LCM)

the smallest number that is a common multiple of two given numbers. (the LCM of 3 and 4 is 12).

associative property of addition

the sum is always the same when the addends are grouped differently. (2+3) + 4 = 2 + (3+4).

perimeter

the sum of the lengths of the sides of polygon.

numerator

the top number in a fraction, telling how many parts of the whole are being named.

capacity

the volume of a figure, given in terms of liquid measure.

integers

the whole numbers and their opposites... -2, -1, 0, 1, 2....

bisect

to divide into two congruent parts.

plane figures

two - dimensional figures with flat surfaces such as squares, rectangles, hexagons, triangles, pentagons, quadrilaterals.

congruent angles

two angles that have the same measure.

complementary angles

two angles whose measures add up to 90 degrees.

adjacent angles

two angles with a common vertex, a common ray, and no common interior points.

commutative property of addition

two numbers can be added in either order. the sums are the same.

commutative property of multiplication

two numbers can be multiplied in either order. the products are the same.

angle

two rays with the same endpoint. the endpoint is called the vertex of the angle.

divisible

when one number is divided by another and the remainder is 0, the first number is divisible by the second number.