MB: Ch. 6
100
1 meter = _____ centimeters - 1,000,000 - 100 - 1,000,000,000 - 1,000 - 1,000,000,000,000
Digestion of the food particle occurs in a vesicle enclosed by a membrane that separates the digestion from the cytoplasm. - Digestion occurs within a vesicle. If the digestive enzymes were in the cytosol, they might degrade essential components of the cell.
A cell has formed a food vacuole as it ingested a food particle. Which of the following events is associated with the breakdown of that food particle? - Proteins for digestion of the food are made by ribosomes in the Golgi apparatus. - Enzymes for the breakdown of the food are delivered to the food vacuole from the cytosol. - The membrane of the food vacuole is derived from the cell wall. - Proteins for digestion of the food particle were initially processed in mitochondria. - Digestion of the food particle occurs in a vesicle enclosed by a membrane that separates the digestion from the cytoplasm.
Digestion of the food particle occurs in a vesicle enclosed by a membrane that separates the digestion from the cytoplasm - digestion occurs within a vesicle. If the digestive enzymes were in the cytosol, they might degrade essential components of the cell
A cell has formed a food vacuole as it ingested a food particle. Which of the following events is associated with the breakdown of that food particle? [Concept 6.4, pg. 107] - Digestion of the food particle occurs in a vesicle enclosed by a membrane that separates the digestion from the cytoplasm. - Proteins for digestion of the food particle were initially processed in mitochondria. - Enzymes for the breakdown of the food are delivered to the food vacuole from the cytosol. - Proteins for digestion of the food are made by ribosomes in the Golgi apparatus. - The membrane of the food vacuole is derived from the cell wall.
producing large quantities of proteins for secretion
A cell with a predominance of rough endoplasmic reticulum is most likely _______________. - producing large quantities of proteins for secretion - producing large quantities of carbohydrates for storage in the vacuole - producing large quantities of carbohydrates to assemble an extensive cell wall matrix - producing large quantities of proteins in the cytosol
cellulose, plant
A polysaccharide that is used to synthesize cell walls, which protect cells and help maintain their shape
tubulin
Cells require which of the following to form cilia or flagella? - actin - tubulin - intermediate filaments - laminin
The outer surface of smooth ER lacks ribosomes, whereas the outer surface of rough ER has ribosomes.
Identify the correct statement about differences between rough and smooth endoplasmic reticulum (ER). - Rough ER consists of a network of membranous tubules and sacs called cisternae, whereas smooth ER is less complex. - The outer surface of smooth ER lacks ribosomes, whereas the outer surface of rough ER has ribosomes. - Smooth ER is part of the endomembrane system of the eukaryotic cell, and rough ER is not.
ribosomes - ribosomes are involved int he manufacture of polypeptides (proteins)
In a bacterium, where are proteins synthesized? - ribosomes - nucleus - peroxisome - nucleoid region - capsule
ribosomes
In the fraction of homogenized cells using differential centrifugation, which of the following will require the greatest speed to form pellets at the bottom of the tube? - chloroplasts - nuclei - ribosomes - mitochondria
gap junctions
Ions can travel directly from the cytoplasm of one animal cell to the cytoplasm of an an adjacent cell through _________________. - gap junctions - desmosomes - tight junctions -p
collagen, animal
Long fibers of protein found in the extracellular matrix that provide structural support for cells
desmosomes, animal
Membrane protein complexes that strengthen the adhesion between adjacent cells, like rivets, to protect against pulling forces
tight junctions, animal
Membrane proteins that create a watertight seal between cells
plant and animal cells - all eukaryotic cells, including plant and animal cells, contain mitochondria
Mitochondria are found in ___________. - animal cells only - all cells - plant and animal cells - animal cells and prokaryotic cells, but not plant cells - plant cells only
have membrane-enclosed organelles, which are lacking in prokaryotic cells - All cells share certain characteristics that allow cells to perform all activities required for life. All cells have both a membrane (the plasma membrane) that acts as a selective barrier and DNA, which is the cell's genetic material. Eukaryotic cells have added complexity with extensive, elaborately arranged internal membranes that divide the cell into compartments called organelles.
One difference between eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells is that eukaryotic cells - lack the complexity seen in prokaryotic cells - are enclosed by a membrane, which is lacking in prokaryotic cells - have DNA, which is lacking in prokaryotic cells - have membrane-enclosed organelles, which are lacking in prokaryotic cells
plasmodesmata, plant - A primary distinction between plant cells and animal cells is the fact that plant cells are surrounded by cell walls. If it were not for plasmodesmata, the cell walls would essentially imprison the plant's cells, making intercellular communication and the distribution of nutrients nearly impossible.
Small channels between cells that are otherwise surrounded by walls; enable movement of water and solutes between cells
gap junctions, animal - Animal cells have a variety of intercellular junctions, including tight junctions, desmosomes, and gap junctions. The gap junctions of animal cells are most similar to the plasmodesmata of plants. Gap junctions tend to be limited to tissues that require rapid and coordinated signal relay systems, such as heart muscle; they play no role in nutrient distribution.
Small channels that form across the plasma membranes of adjacent cells; especially important in intercellular communication
nearly any eukaryotic organism
Suppose a cell has the following molecules and structures: enzymes, DNA, ribosomes, plasma membrane, and mitochondria. It could be a cell from ________. - a bacterium, but not a eukaryote - nearly any eukaryotic organism - an animal, but not a plant - a plant, but not an animal
D - the nucleoid region contains DNA
The DNA-containing region of this bacterial cell is indicated by the letter _________. - A - B - C - D - E
plasma membrane - the plasma membrane is selectively permeable
The _________________ is the bacterial structure that acts as a selective barrier, allowing nutrients to enter the cell and wastes to leave the call. - plasma membrane - nucleoid regoin - ribosome - pili - cell call
endosymbiosis of an oxygen-using bacterium in a larger bacterial host cell-the endosymbiont evolved into mitochondria
The evolution of eukaryotic cells most likely involved ___________________. - endosymbiosis of an oxygen-using bacterium in a larger bacterial host cell-the endosymbiont evolved into mitochondria - evolution of an endomembrane system and subsequent evolution of mitochondria from a portion of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum - endosymbiosis of a photosynthetic archaeal cell in a larger bacterial host cell to escape toxic oxygen the anaerobic archaea evolved into chloroplasts - endosymbiosis of an oxygen-using bacterium in a larger bacterial host cell-the endosymbiont evolved into chloroplasts
smooth endoplasmic reticulum
The liver is involved in detoxification of many poisons and drugs. Which of the following structures is primarily involved in this process and, therefore, abundant in liver cells? - rough endoplasmic reticulum - smooth endoplasmic reticulum - Golgi apparatus - nuclear envelope
desmosomes - the primary role of desmosomes (anchoring junctions) is to bind cells together
The primary role of _____________ is to bind animal cells together. - tight junctions - desmosomes - the cytoskeleton - plasmodesmata - gap (communicating) junctions
C - the plasma membrane is selectively permeable
The structure that regulates the passage of material into and out of this bacterial cell is indicated by the letter _____. - A - B - C - D - E
chloroplasts
Thylakoids, DNA, and ribosomes are all components found in ________________. - lysosomes - chloroplasts - nuclei - mitochondria
protection - a bacterium's capsule has a protective role
What is the function of a bacterium's capsule? - propulsion - protein synthesis - DNA storage - protection - adhesion
ER → Golgi → vesicles that fuse with plasma membrane
What is the most likely pathway taken by a newly synthesized protein that will be secreted by a cell? - nucleus → ER → Golgi - Golgi → ER → lysosome - ER → lysosomes → vesicles that fuse with plasma membrane - ER → Golgi → nucleus - ER → Golgi → vesicles that fuse with plasma membrane
cell wall - the cell wall is a rigid supporting structure
What name is given to the rigid structure, found outside the plasma membrane, that surrounds and supports the bacterial cell? - capsule - pili - cell wall - flagella - nucleoid region
nucleoid region - bacteria lack a nucleus; their DNA is found in the nucleoid region
Where is a bacterial cell's DNA found? - ribosomes - nucleus - peroxisome - nucleoid region - capsule
phagocytic white blood cell
Which cell would be best for studying lysosomes? - bacterial cell - muscle cell - nerve cell - phagocytic white blood cell - leaf cell of a plant
phagocytic white blood cell
Which cell would be best for studying lysosomes? - bacterial cell - phagocytic white blood cell - muscle cell - nerve cell
Bacteria and Archaea
Which domains of life are classified as prokaryotes? - Bacteria and Protista - Archaea and Fungi - Bacteria and Eukarya - Bacteria and Archaea
Both have their own DNA - Mitochondria and chloroplasts contain their own DNA and ribosomes
Which of the following are common traits of chloroplasts and mitochondria? - Both have their own DNA. - Both are found in plant and animal cells. - Both are surrounded by a single membrane. - Both reproduce by meiosis. - Proteins for both are synthesized on ribosomes in the rough ER.
Both have their own DNA - mitochondria and chloroplasts contain their own DNA and ribosomes
Which of the following are common traits of chloroplasts and mitochondria? [Concept 6.5, pg. 109] - Both are found in plant and animal cells. - Both reproduce by meiosis. - Both are surrounded by a single membrane. - Both have their own DNA. - Proteins for both are synthesized on ribosomes in the rough ER.
ribosomes
Which of the following are found in plant, animal, and bacterial cells? - mitochondria - endoplasmic reticulum - ribosomes - chloroplasts
whether or not the cell is partitioned by internal membranes - prokaryotic cells lack any internal membranous compartmentalization
Which of the following clues would tell you if a cell is prokaryotic or eukaryotic? - whether or not the cell carries out cellular metabolism - the presence or absence of a rigid cell wall - whether or not the cell is partitioned by internal membranes - whether or not the cell contains DNA - the presence or absence of ribosomes
central vacuole > storage - plant cells have a central vacuole, whereas most animal cells have several smaller vacuoles located throughout the cytoplasm
Which of the following correctly matches an organelle with its function? - ribosome > manufacture of lipids - nucleus > cellular respiration - lysosome > movement - central vacuole > storage - mitochondrion > photosynthesis
central vacuole > storage - plant cells have a central vacuole, whereas most animal cells have several smaller vacuoles located throughout the cytoplasm.
Which of the following correctly matches an organelle with its function? [Concept 6.2, pg. 99] - central vacuole > storage - lysosome > movement - nucleus > cellular respiration - mitochondrion > photosynthesis - ribosome > manufacture of lipids
ratios of surface area to volume
Which of the following frequently imposes a limit on cell size? - the absence of a nucleus - ratios of surface area to volume - the number of mitochondria in the cytoplasm - the volume of the endomembrane system
Movement of RNA molecules from the nucleus to the cytoplasm - RNA molecules exit the nucleus via nuclear pass
Which of the following functions if NOT associated with the cytoskeleton in eukaryotic cells? - determining the shape of animal cells - maintaining the position of the nucleus in the cell - the beating of cilia or flagella - the contraction of muscle cells in animals - Movement of RNA molecules from the nucleus to the cytoplasm
Movement of RNA molecules from the nucleus to the cytoplasm - RNA molecules exit the nucleus via nuclear pores.
Which of the following functions is NOT associated with the cytoskeleton in eukaryotic cells? [Concept 6.6, pg. 112] - the beating of cilia or flagella - maintaining the position of the nucleus in the cell - determining the shape of animal cells - the contraction of muscle cells in animals - Movement of RNA molecules from the nucleus to the cytoplasm
ribosome
Which of the following is present in a prokaryotic cell? - chloroplast - nuclear envelope - ER - mitochondrion - ribosome
mitochondrion
Which of the following is the smallest structure that would most likely be visible with a standard (not super-resolution) research-grade light microscope? - ribosome - mitochondrion - virus - microtubule
Golgi apparatus
Which of the following organelles produces and modifies polysaccharides that will be secreted? - peroxisome - lysosome - mitochondrion - Golgi apparatus
Proteins secreted by prokaryotes are likely synthesized on ribosomes bound to the cytoplasmic surface of the plasma membrane.
Which of the following statements correctly describes some aspect of protein secretion from prokaryotic cells? - Proteins secreted by prokaryotes are likely synthesized on ribosomes bound to the cytoplasmic surface of the plasma membrane. - The mechanism of protein secretion in prokaryotes is probably the same as that in eukaryotes. - Prokaryotes cannot secrete proteins because they lack rough endoplasmic reticulum. - Prokaryotes cannot secrete proteins because they lack an endomembrane system.
plasmodesmata
Which of the following structures form cytoplasmic channels adjacent plant cells through the cell walls? - desmosomes - tight junctions - plasmodesmata - gap junctions
a box that is 1 x 1 x 1
Which of the following will have the greatest ratio of surface area of surface area to volume? - a box that is 2 x 2 x 2 - a box that is 2 x 2 x 1 - a box that is 1 x 1 x 1 - a box that is 1 x 1 x 2
tight junctions - tight junctions form a barrier that prevents fluids from moving between cells
Which of these cell junctions form a barrier to the passage of materials? - gap (communicating) junctions - tight junctions - plasmodesmata - desmosomes (anchoring junctions) - keratin fibers
Proteins that will be secreted from the cell are likely to be found in closed spaces bounded by membranes of the endomembrane system. - Proteins that will be secreted are always enclosed by some membrane of the endomembrane system until they are secreted.
Which one of the following statements about the endomembrane system is correct? - Most of the phospholipids of the endomembrane system are synthesized in the mitochondria. - The endoplasmic reticulum is continuous with the plasma membrane. - Mitochondria function in the modification and sorting of lipids and proteins. - Proteins that will be secreted from the cell are likely to be found in closed spaces bounded by membranes of the endomembrane system. - Ribosomes move lipids and proteins among the different organelles of the endomembrane system.
mitochondrion
Which organelle is the primary site of ATP synthesis in eukaryotic cells? - lysosome - mitochondrion - peroxisome - Golgi apparatus
central vacuole
Which organelle often takes up much of the volume of a plant cell? - Golgi apparatus - chloroplast - central vacuole - lysosome
lysosome - the prefix "lyso-" means decomposition
Which organelle plays a role in intracellular digestion? - ribosome - Golgi apparatus - plasmodesma - lysosome - chloroplast
mitochondrion
Which structure is common to plant and animal cells? - centriole - chloroplast - central vacuole - mitochondrion
mitochondrion
Which structure is common to plant and animal cells? - wall made of cellulose - central vacuole - chloroplast - mitochondrion - centriole
chloroplast
Which structure is not part of the endomembrane system? - chloroplast - nuclear envelope - ER - Golgi apparatus - plasma membrane
Fimbriae - Fimbriae enable bacterial cells to stick to a surface
_____________ are surface appendages that allow a bacterium to stick to a surface. - Ribosomes - Fimbriae - Mitochondria - Cell walls - Flagella
Gap (communicating) junctions - Gap junctions allow for the passage of material between cells, thus facilitating communication between these cells
_______________ aid in the coordination of the activities of adjacent animal cells - Plasmodesmata - Tight junctions - Gap (communicating) junctions - Desmosomes - Keratin fibers
hyper-
above, greater than
trans-
across
hypo-
below, less than
inter-
between
-some (or soma-)
body
-cyte (cyto-)
cell
chrom-
color
phago-
eat
-plasm
formed substance
chloro-
green
endo-
inside, inner
-phyll
leaf
-elle
little, small
ex-
out of
sym-
same
micro-
small
mito-
thread
eu-
true, good
bi-
two
aqu- (or aqua-)
water
a- (or an-)
without, lack of, not
