MC questions

What are the three steps involved in analogical reasoning? Describe each step

Notice the relationship between the analogy and the current problem. This is the hardest step and is best accomplished if the analogy and the current problem share similar surface features, Map the analogy to the current problem - identify the common elements between the analogy and the current problem, Apply the mapping - after identifying common elements apply the solution to the current problem from the shared common solution to the analogy)

Amber lives in a housing development between two parallel streets that both connect to a freeway. She usually takes the street to the south when heading southbound on the freeway to work, but that street is closed for repairs for three months. Amber takes the street to the north during that time. After the street to the south is re-opened, she continues to take the street to the north, even though it is a slightly longer route. Continuing to take the street to the north represents

a mental set.

According to the situation model of text processing,

people create a mental representation of what the text is about in terms of people, objects, locations, and events.

The information processing approach describes problem solving as a process involving

search

Which of the following is not true about divergent thinking?

It has a single correct answer.

The analogy that makes the solution to the mutilated checkerboard problem obvious is the ____ problem.

Russian marriage

Describe expected utility theory. What factors do we base our judgments on? What approach to judgment and decision making does expected utility theory correspond to?

We weight our decisions based on 2 factors. 1. Utility which is the value that an outcome provides to us and 2. Probability which is how likely the outcome is to occur. This approach focuses an analysis of the costs and benefits to make a decision. Expected utility theory corresponds to the normative approach as it is logically what we should do in a situation

What are 2 factors which impact the speed with which we are able to activate a concept (lexical access)? Describe the effect each of those factors has on lexical access

Word frequency - words that are common we are able access much quick. So for instance we can get the meaning of cat much faster than the meaning of porpoise., Lexical ambiguity - words that have more than one meaning we are slower at accessing than words that have a single meaning because we activate both meanings and we must then choose the appropriate meaning. So for instance when reading the sentence the boy caught the bat with a net. We are slower at accessing the meaning of bat because we activate the meaning for both the animal or the object

Imagine you are interpreting a pair of sentences such as "The sidewalk was covered with ice" and "Ramona fell down." The kind of inference we use to link these sentences together would most likely be a(n) _____ inference.

casual

An experiment measures participants' performance in judging syllogisms. Two premises and a conclusion are presented as stimuli, and participants are asked to indicate (yes or no) if the conclusion logically follows from the premises. Error rates are then calculated for each syllogism. This experiment studies _____ reasoning.

deductive

Greg was recounting a fishing tale of the one that got away: "I had a huge ahi tuna on my line. I fought for it for a few minutes, then my line snapped. The tuna swam away across the pond." Greg's friend, Matt, didn't believe his story because Matt knew that tuna are salt-water fish and aren't found in ponds. Greg's account contains

descriptive information that is inconsistent with base rate information.

Experts categorize problems based on

general principles that problems share.

In New Guinea, tribes that had been isolated for centuries were found that

had a large number of sophisticated language systems.

Chaz is listening to his grandma reminisce about the first time she danced with his grandpa 60 years ago. When his grandma says, "It seemed like the song would play forever," Chaz understands that it is more likely his grandma was listening to a radio playing and not a CD. This understanding requires Chaz use a(n)

instrument inference.

Evidence that language is a social process that must be learned comes from the fact that when deaf children find themselves in an environment where there are no people who speak or use sign language, they

invent a sign language themselves.

Actions that take the problem from one state to another are known as

operators.

Many people receive unsolicited calls from telemarketers or unwanted "junk" mailers advertising offers for products such as cable or internet services or cellular phone companies. Most people do not consider these offers and do not make a change to the plans or services that they receive because they do not want to make a decision that requires serious consideration or thought. This is an example of the ________ bias.

status quo

Given its definition, expected utility theory is most applicable to deciding whether to

the falsification principle.

Tanenhaus and coworkers' eye movement study presented participants with different pictures for interpreting the sentence, "Put the apple on the towel in the box." Their results support

the interactionist approach to parsing.

Within the realm of conversational speech, knowledge refers to

the previously understood information that we bring into the conversation.

The conjunction rule states that

the probability of two events co-occurring is equal to or less than the probability of either event occurring alone.

Janet is alone in a room that contains a chair and a shelf with a book resting on top. She attempts to retrieve the book, but the shelf is a foot above her reach. How will Janet retrieve the book? Psychologists would NOT classify this scenario as a problem because

the solution is immediately obvious.

All cats are birds. All birds have wings. All cats have wings. This syllogism is

valid