Mcgraw Hill Bio CH. 6-8

A pregnant woman needs to be concerned about her fetus developing hemolytic disease of the newborn only if the woman is Rh - and the father is Rh

+

Select the four main functions of the lymphatic system.

- absorbs excess interstitial fluid and returns it to the blood - absorbs fat from the small intestine- produce and distributes lymphocytes -defend the body against pathogens

Place these steps in the formation of a blood clot in the correct chronological order, beginning with the first step at the top.

1. Aa blood vessel is damaged 2. A platelet plug forms 3. Prothrombin is formed nd converted to thrombin 4. Fibrinogen is formed and converted to fibrin

Arrange these events of the reproductive cycle of HIV life cycle in chronological order, with the earliest event at the top.

1. Attachment 2. Fusion/entry 3. Reverse transcription 4. Integration 5. Biosynthesis/assembly 6. Budding

As of 2019, about how many people were estimated to be living with HIV infection worldwide?

38 million

It is generally accepted that HIV originated in the continent of

Africa

Select all functions of bacterial capsules.

Aid in sticking to surfaces Help to avoid phagocytosis

Select all descriptions that apply to basophils, eosinophils, and neutrophils.

All 3 have a nucleus. All 3 are white blood cells. All 3 have noticeable cytoplasmic granules.

What is lysozyme?

An antibacterial enzyme

Which of the following involves defense of the body by B cells and plasma cells?

Antibody-mediated immunity

Which type of cells display fragments of antigens to T cells?

Antigen-presenting cells

Lymphocytes

B and T cells that carry out specific (adaptive) immunity

The cell type that is most directly responsible for antibody-mediated immunity against pathogens is the

B cell

Select all characteristics of viruses.

Bacterium

Monocytes

Become macrophages in tissues

Which of the following is formed after carbonic acid dissociates and loses a hydrogen ion?

Bicarbonate ion

Protease

Breaks down viral polypeptides into functional proteins

Endocrine system

Can increase blood pressure, regulate blood volume and aid with blood cell formation

Biosynthesis

Cell produces viral RNA, and viral proteins.

Select all components of innate immune defenses.

Chemical barriers Protective proteins (e.g., complement) Inflammatory response

Which of the following are characteristics of red blood cells?

Contain hemoglobin Carry oxygen Biconcave shape

Which of these features is unique to the retroviruses?

Convert viral RNA into DNA

Reverse transcriptase

Converts viral RNA into viral DNA

Select the three ways carbon dioxide is carried in the blood.

Dissolved in the plasma As bicarbonate ion Combined with hemoglobin

How do T and B lymphocytes recognize different antigens?

Each lymphocyte has antigen receptors in its plasma membrane, which can bind to only one specific antigen.

Which type of white blood cell is most directly involved in the protection of the body against parasitic infections?

Eosinophil

Problems associated with Rh incompatibility are most likely to arise under what conditions?

Father is Rh-positive During pregnancy after a first pregnancy Pregnant mother is Rh-negative

Eosinophils

Fight large parasites, such as worms

Attachment

HIV gp120 binds to CD4 receptor.

Lymphatic system

Helps maintain blood volume by collecting excess fluid

Respiratory system

Helps regulate acid/base balance and aids venous return

Urinary system

Helps regulate blood-salt balance and blood volume

Blood is red because of the presence of which molecule?

Hemoglobin

Select the scenarios that can result in active immunity.

Immunization with a vaccine Infection with a pathogen

Integrase

Inserts viral DNA into host cell DNA

Select all of the examples of cytokines, the signaling molecules produced by T lymphocytes, macrophages, and other cells.

Interferons Interleukins

Select all of the following that are true about a retrovirus.

It has RNA. A retrovirus uses reverse transcription.

Which human organ system returns excess interstitial fluid to the blood?

Lymphatic system

To minimize organ transplant rejection, which type of molecules must be cross-matched between the donor and the recipient?

MHC molecules

Select the two main phagocytic cells that are involved in the inflammatory response.

Macrophages Neutrophils

Select the two most common strategies that are currently used to control rejection of organ transplants.

Matching MHC types between organ and recipient Administration of immunosuppressive drugs

Platelets are produced by fragmentation of which type of cells in red bone marrow?

Megakaryocytes

Select all descriptions that apply to neutrophils.

Multi-lobed nucleus First responders to bacterial infection Most abundant of the white blood cells

Assembly

New viral particles are made.

Neutrophils

Phagocytize pathogens and cellular debris

The liquid portion of the blood, which functions to transport substances in the blood, is called

Plasma

Which of the formed elements are actually fragments of larger cells called megakaryocytes?

Platelets

Select all major characteristics of B cells.

Produces memory cells with clonal expansion Carry out antibody-mediated immunity

All bacteria are ______ that ______ a nucleus.

Prokaryotes; lack

Basophils

Promote inflammation, blood flow to injured tissues

Digestive system

Provides necessary molecules for blood protein formation and blood cell formation

Which of these are considered emerging or new diseases?

Swine flu (H1N1) Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) Avian influenza (H5N1)

Cell-mediated immunity most directly involves the destruction of diseased and/or cancerous cells by

T Cells

Which statement is correct regarding the activation of T cells?

T cells are unable to recognize an antigen unless it is presented by an APC such as a macrophage.

Why is passive immunity always temporary?

The antibodies are not produced by the body.

Which two of the following descriptions apply to eosinophils?

They are involved in the phagocytosis of allergens associated with the inflammatory response. They have a bilobed nucleus.

During blood clotting, which enzyme converts fibrinogen to fibrin?

Thrombin

Currently the number one cause of death in AIDS patients worldwide is

Tuberculosis (TB)

Integration

Viral DNA inserts into host cell genome.

Reverse transcription

Viral RNA genome is converted into DNA.

Fusion/entry

Viral envelope fuses with host cell, HIV RNA is released.

Which type of microbe is a parasite of cells, is acellular, and bridges the gap between what is considered to be living and nonliving?

Virus

Budding

Virus exits host cell.

An antigen is a(n)

a foreign substance that stimulates immunity

The vector of malaria is

a mosquito

The complement system is actually composed of

a number of blood plasma proteins

Select the three types of molecules that are common antigens recognized by the adaptive immune system.

abnormal proteins on cancer cells fragments of microbes foreign protein structures

The human immunodeficiency virus causes AIDS, which stands for

acquired immunodeficiency syndrome

The type of immunity that results from the the production of antibodies by an individual following an infection or vaccination is

active immunity

Based on their structure, the two major types of white blood cells are granular leukocytes and

agranular leukocytes

Because substances like pollen, food, and animal hair can provoke hypersensitivity reactions, they are called

allergens

Regardless of the cause, a person with an abnormally low number of red blood cells or hemoglobin has the general condition known as

anemia

During pregnancy, if a woman is Rh- and the father is Rh+ the child can be Rh+. In this case, the presence of of Rh+ antigens causes the mother to produce

anti-Rh antibodies

ABO blood types are determined by the presence or absence of

antigens on the surface of the red blood cells

Most of the carbon dioxide is transported in the blood

as bicarbonate ion

The cell wall of some bacteria is surrounded by a structure with a thick, gelatinous consistency, called a ______, that may help the bacteria to stick to surfaces.

capsule

Hemoglobin that is carrying carbon dioxide is called

carbaminohemoglobin

When carbon dioxide moves into red blood cells it combines with water to form

carbonic acid

The enzyme in red blood cells that converts carbon dioxide into carbonic acid is

carbonic anhydrase

Lymphatic vessels move lymph to the ______________ system

cardiovascular

The type of adaptive immunity in which T cells destroy virus-infected or cancer cells is

cell-mediated immunity.

A group of protective plasma proteins designated by the letter C and a number are all part of the

complement system

The signaling molecule that regulates white blood cell formation and activation is called

cytokine

XDR TB stands for extensively

drug-resistant tuberculosis.

The five major types of white blood cells are monocytes, lymphocytes, neutrophils,

eosinophils, and basophils.

The major sign that would be expected in a person with hemophilia is

excessive bleeding

The most common symptom of anemia is

fatigue

Lymphatic vessels

form a one-way system of vessels which transport lymph to the cardiovascular veins

Neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils are the three types of

granular leukocytes

The pigment molecule that transports oxygen in the red blood cells of humans is called

hemoglobin

The best definition of passive immunity is

immunity that is gained without exposure to an antigen

The type of immunity that is fully functional without previous exposure to various foreign invaders is

innate immunity

A pathogen is a microbe that

is a disease causing agent

A cancer of white blood cells that involved uncontrolled growth of lymphocytes would be specifically called

leukemia

Select all of the secondary lymphatic organs.

lymph nodes and spleen (also tonsils)

Tears, saliva and perspiration contain an enzyme called ________ that helps kill or inhibit bacteria.

lysozyme

The two main cells used in the inflammatory response to engulf and kill pathogens are neutrophils and

macrophages

Antibodies that are produced by a plasma cell derived from a single B cell, and which therefore bind to exactly the same antigen, are called

monoclonal antibodies

Because the affected gene coding for the factor VIII clotting protein is located on the X chromosome, hemophilia A is

more common in males

MDR TB is ______ common than XDR TB. Eastern Europe and Southeast Asia have the highest rates of ______ TB.

more; MDR

The function of bacterial flagella relates to

motility

In a normal, healthy individual, the most abundant type of white blood cell present in the blood is the

neutrophil

The type of immunity that results from the administration of prepared antibodies by injection is

passive immunity

The liquid portion of blood is called

plasma

The portion of the blood responsible for carrying dissolved salts, proteins, and buffers is the

plasma

Two major components of blood

plasma and formed elements

Infectious particles made of only proteins are called

prions

The most unique and significant feature of monoclonal antibodies is that they are

produced by plasma cells derived from the same B cell

B cells and T cells are capable of recognizing foreign antigens because they have specific antigen _________ in their plasma membrane.

receptors

Small, biconcave blood cells that lack a nucleus are ___ blood cells, or erythrocytes.

red

Select all of the primary lymphatic organs.

red bone marrow and thymus

A bacterium that is unaffected by an antibiotic drug is said to be a

resistant bacterium

How is HIV classified?

retrovirus

The enzyme inside the HIV matrix that catalyzes the conversion of viral RNA into viral DNA is

reverse transcriptase

It is estimated that a person's immune system can produce antibodies that can bind to up to two million different antigens. The immune system accomplishes this feat by

shuffling and combining DNA segments to produce the genes that code for unique B cell receptors

Antibiotics in the penicillin class kill bacteria by inhibiting production of

the cell wall

Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome is caused by

the human immunodeficiency virus

Which disease was once called "consumption"?

tuberculosis

A living organism, such as a mosquito, that transfers a pathogen from one host to another is a(n)

vector

The causative agent of influenza is a

virus

Antibiotics with the root "cillin" in their names, interfere with bacterial cell

wall