Chapter 16 Foreign Policy
Still a communist nation, _______________ is a crucial market for U.S. goods and products, given that it contains one-fifth of the world's population.
China
The Security Council consists of 5 permanent members: ___________________ .
China, France, the Russian Federation, the United States, and Great Britain (these members maintain the absolute right to veto decisions of the all-important Security Council.)
Out of the wreckage of World War II emerged two global military and political superpowers, the UNITED STATES and SOVIET UNION, locked in what would become a half-century-long struggle called the ___________
Cold War
Constitution give _____________ the power to declare war.
Congress
The U.S. Constitution grants which of the following the power to declare war?
Congress
____________of the Constitution gives Congress the exclusive power to declare war, raise armies, punish maritime crimes, and regulate foreign commerce.
Article 1
United Nations, founded at the conclusion of World War II, is structured around five separate governing bodies:
1. General Assembly, which is made up of all member states 2. Economic and Social Council, which is made up of 54 members chosen by the General Assembly and serves primarily an advisory body 3. The Secretariat, which supports the other UN bodies and carries out tasks as directed by those bodies 4. The International Court of Justice, the UN's judicial organ that has jurisdiction to try certain international war criminals 5. Security Council, which maintains peace and security among nations by issuing resolutions
Four propositions to describe American public opinion concerning foreign policy:
1.Americans will tolerate a substantial loss of American lives only if the enemy is seen to be truly powerful and set on jeopardizing vital American interests. 2.The advantage to a president of a success in minor foreign policy ventures is marginal; the disadvantage to a president of a failure in such a venture is more than marginal. 3.If they are not being killed, American troops can remain in peacekeeping or other ventures virtually indefinitely with little public criticism. 4.Although few concerns can turn the public's attention to foreign affairs, nuclear weapons retain the capacity to arrest the public's attention, and the same may hold for biological and chemical weapons.
The collapse of the Soviet Union was in __________
1991
_______________ - correlate, evaluate, and disseminate intelligence information from throughout the world that affects national security.
Central Intelligence Agency (CIA)
The ______________ has influenced important appropriation decisions on Capitol Hill during the past 30 years, helping to ensure the continuation of American aid to Israel.
American-Israel Public Affairs Committee (AIPAC)
The ___________________ plays a critical role in helping formulate and implement U.S. foreign policy by managing the nation's military. The secretary of defense is the principal civilian adviser to the president on military matters.
Department of Defense
The U.S. cabinet department primarily responsible for protecting the United States from a terrorist attack is the
Department of Homeland Security
The ______________, headed by the secretary of state, maintains primary responsibility for many foreign policy programs. Its programs include diplomatic missions to other countries, foreign aid to developing nations, and contributions to international organizations
Department of State
Two of the three original cabinet departments created by Congress in 1789 were the _____________________.
Department of State & the Department of War
Posited that communist takeovers of these Southeast Asian countries would be followed by takeovers of Taiwan, India, Iran, and possibly other nations as well.
Domino theory
The doctrine of expanding the territory or economic influence of one's own country.
Expansionism
George Washington's Continental army struggled for victories throughout the war for American independence; American fortunes in the war were raised only after Benjamin Franklin helped convince ______ in 1778 to join the war on the side of the colonies.
France
_______________was split. The East was communist, and the West was democratic.
Germany
The Cold War formally came to a close in 1991, when ________________ resigned his position with the Soviet government amid extremely difficult economic times.
Gorbachev
World War I in 1914 produced no immediate change in U.S. foreign policy; President Woodrow Wilson openly proclaimed U.S. neutrality in the dispute and between 1915 and 1917 continually attempted mediation among the warring parties. Only when those efforts to settle the war failed, and Germany began to relentlessly attack U.S. vessels in 1917, did America enter the war on the side of the Allies—____________________.
Great Britain, France, Italy, and Russia
________ call for aggressive military action wherever hostile forces might be found
Hawks
"The Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant"
ISIL
"The Islamic State if Iraq and Al-Sham"
ISIS
The _______________ helps to maintain the value of foreign currencies during times of crisis.
International Monetary Fund
Official entities of international scope or character, usually established by treaty, such as the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund.
International organizations
Which of the following best characterizes U.S. foreign policy prior to the twentieth century?
Isolationism
The United States detonated two atomic bombs over ________ in August 1945, forcing the Japanese to surrender.
Japan
On the military side, the president is advised by the _____________, which consists of the chief officers of the four branches of the armed forces (U.S. Army, Navy, Air Force, and Marines) as well as the JCS chair and vice chair.
Joint Chiefs of Staff
_____________________ was intended to arbitrate international disputes and thereby avoid future wars.
League of Nations
America's purchase of the massive ________________ from the French in 1803 more than doubled the land size of the United States at the time.
Louisiana Territory
Our nation's defining ideology to acquire lands and occupy the entire continent from the Atlantic to the Pacific Ocean.
Manifest Destiny
Providing monetary aid to struggling nations and allies was first established on a monumental scale with the _____________ to help Western European nations recover after World War II.
Marshall Plan
_________________refers to the vast network of defense industries in America, such as manufacturers of weapons, missiles, aircraft, submarines, and so forth, and their bureaucratic allies.
Military-industrial complex
Proclaimed that both North and South America should not be considered "as subjects for future colonization by any European power," and that the United States would consider any efforts by Europeans to colonize these areas "as dangerous to our peace and safety." America would consider any new colonization efforts on its side of the Atlantic Ocean as tantamount to an act of war against the United States.
Monroe Doctrine
The policy that the United States would consider any European colonization of the Americas as an act of war is known as
Monroe Doctrine
By law the _____________ must include the president, vice president, and the secretaries of state and defense.
National Security Council
The __________________ as an advisory body to the president, coordinating information about foreign, military, and economic policies that affect national security.
National Security Council
___________________- numerous nations would work together for the purpose of securing collective peace, security, freedom, and the rule of law.
New World Order
Congress approved the _______________, which lifted trade barriers such as protective tariffs and investment restrictions between the United States and Canada and Mexico.
North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA)
The ___________________ bound the United States to the military defense of Western Europe.
North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)
During the Second World War, he Japanese attack on _______________ on December 7, 1941, propelled the United States into the war against Germany, Japan, and Italy.
Pearl Harbor
The modern foreign policy position that states the United States may use advance military strikes to prevent rogue nations from developing weapons of mass destruction is
Preemption Doctrine
_____________ reserved the right of the U.S. military to use advance strikes to stop rogue states from developing weapons of mass destruction.
Preemption Doctrine
__________________ on foreign policy issues is a central concern for key actors in the U.S. foreign policymaking arena.
Public opinion
_________counsel diplomacy as the primary means of protecting U.S. interests abroad.
Realists
The ________________ headed by Vladimir Putin controls a landmass of more than 6.5 million square miles, nearly twice the size of the United States. It also maintains one of the world's most powerful military threats
Russian Federation
The events of ____________ turned the attention of Americans to foreign policy
September 11
The Cold War ended when
Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev resigned amid the economic collapse of soviet nations in 1991
President Ronald Reagan, denouncing the Soviet Union as an "evil empire," outlined a new defense plan, the controversial ___________________, an antimissile system based on the use of lasers and particle beams to shoot down Soviet nuclear missiles in outer space.
Strategic Defense Initiative
Provided $13 billion in loans to Western European countries whose economies had been ravaged by World War II.
The Marshall Plan
______________ established a system of reparations and called for the creation of a League of Nations. (World War ONE era)
Treaty of Versailles
Provided money and resources to sustaining noncommunist governments in areas strategically vital to the United States, such as the Mediterranean and the Middle East.
Truman Doctrine
An international organization formed to promote and maintain international security and peace.
United Nations
Theoretically restricted the president's power to engage in war to instances in which Congress had declared war or specifically granted the president permission to use armed forces, or to cases where the nation was under attack.
War Powers Resolution
The Soviet Union in the late 1940s dominated its Eastern European neighbors, including Poland and Romania. In 1955, those nations and others within the Soviet sphere formed the _______________.
Warsaw Pact
In modern history, control over foreign affairs has shifted from Congress to the _______________.
White House
The United States continues to be a leading contributor to such international aid institutions as the _______________, which since 1945 has extended credit to nations for building and economic development.
World Bank
Under Article II, the president is empowered as ________________ to conduct the course of war.
commander in chief
Restricted Soviet power to its current geographical sphere and resisting any efforts to expand communist influence.
containment
The "two presidencies theory" suggests that presidents
have more power in influencing foreign policy
After World War II, America's prevailing foreign policy changed from one marked by isolationism to one featuring ________________.
internationalism
During the nation's early years, the United States maintained a foreign policy marked by _________.
isolationism
Opposition to both (1) interventions in distant wars (that is, outside the Western hemisphere) and (2) involvement in permanent military alliances.
isolationism
Period of somewhat eased tensions
limited détente
A policy that refuses to sanction any military conflict and opposes ALL war making.
pacifism
Those who advocate diplomacy as the initial means of protecting U.S. interests abroad are known as
realists
The ________________ are in a position to advise the president on foreign policy.
secretary of defense, the secretary of state, and the national security adviser
The ____________ emerged as a principal spokesperson for the U.S. government on all foreign policy matters.
secretary of state
Militarily, the greatest threats to U.S. security during the first decade of the twenty-first century appear to be in two areas of the world: __________________.
the Middle East and North Korea
The most basic elements of foreign policy during the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries were the __________.
treaties
___________posits the existence of a more powerful presidency in foreign affairs and a more limited presidency in the domestic sphere.
two-presidencies theory
The events of September 11, 2001, refocused the U.S. government's foreign policy energies toward a global _______________.
war on terrorism
