ME-344 Leadership

In the situational approach, leaders evaluate the _____ and _____ of followers.

competence, commitment

Servant Leader Behaviors (Liden et al.)

conceptualizing, emotional healing, putting followers first, helping followers grow and succeed, behaving ethically, empowering, creating value for the community

Coaching involves providing

constructive feedback on someone's performance while focusing on future improvement.

Antecedent conditions include

context & culture, leader attributes, and follower receptivity

For transactional leadership, be especially familiar with the factor of _____ _____ (i.e., follower effort is exchanged for rewards (e.g., salaries, promotion) that are specified by the leader).

contingent reward

According to the Chaleff typology, followers need to be _____ (e.g., to challenge a leader when necessary).

courageous

Authentic leaders often have experienced a _____ _____ _____ (e.g., death of a loved one) that shaped their worldview and leadership style.

critical life event

The trait approach began with research attempting to

differentiate leaders from non-leaders based on traits

Which outcome within the inclusion framework depicts a person who is high in uniqueness but low in belongingness?

differentiation

Blake & Mouton indicated that opportunistic leaders have a ______ style that they typically use and a ______ style they use under pressure.

dominant, back up

Cadets who excel in the VMI Leader Journey represent the _____ developmental domain.

efficacy

This can be defined as our ability to perceive and use emotions to facilitate thinking.

emotional intelligence

Which outcome within the inclusion framework depicts a person who is low in uniqueness and low in belongingness?

exclusion

The faculty member on your study abroad trip to Costa Rica has traveled there many times and is quite knowledgeable about the country and places you visit. She gives you guidance about the country, local culture, and safety issues while you are interning with the local farmers. The faculty member is using this kind of power.

expert

Based on a study by Judge et al. (2002), this Big Five personality factor was most strongly associated with leadership.

extraversion

In a study by Judge et. al., the Big Five factor most strongly associated with leadership was ______ and the factor most weakly associated with leadership was ______.

extraversion and agreeableness

Leadership outcomes include

follower performance & growth, organizational performance, and societal impact

This aspect of Liden et al.'s Servant Leadership Model may involve servant leadership being seen as micromanagement.

follower receptivity

Servant leaders put

followers first

The six adaptive leader behaviors include

getting on the balcony, identifying the adaptive challenge, regulating distress, maintaining disciplined attention, giving work back to people, protecting voices of leadership from below.

Empowering -

giving followers independence and self-sufficiency

Results-driven structure -

having methods of conduct and other procedures that create team effectiveness

Standards of excellence -

having performance criteria and a code of conduct

Internalized moral perspective -

having your own moral standards

This term refers to the dynamic power shifting in teams.

heterarchy

This creates a safe opportunity for people to psychologically adjust to change and to come up with solutions.

holding environment

Identify the four positive psychological attributes of authentic leadership

hope, optimism, resilience, confidence

The factors (elements) of transformational leadership are

idealized influence, inspirational motivation, intellectual stimulation, individualized consideration

According to Blake and Mouton's Leadership Grid, a leader who is indifferent and apathetic is displaying ________ management.

impoverished

A leader who invites a follower to take on more responsibility is attempting to help the follower into the ______.

in group

A criticism of LMX is that the _____/_____ process may appear to discriminate (although it was not designed to do so).

in group, out group

Definition of leadership (Northouse, 2021): a process whereby an ________________. There are four elements of this definition:

individual influences a group of individuals to achieve a common goal. process, influence, group, and goal

Mentoring provides

individualized attention with feedback and future orientation, but tends to be less task specific.

Leaders provide a supportive environment to meet followers' needs

individualized consideration

Based on the Ohio State Studies, ______ and ______ referred to task and relationship behaviors, respectively.

initiating structure, consideration

Research indicates that a leader's ________ ability should not differ too much from that of followers.

intellectual

Leaders encourage followers to be creative and innovative

intellectual stimulation

Based on extensive research, major leadership traits include

intelligence, self-confidence, determination, integrity, and sociability

Although a team may have an appointed leader, team members are _____.

interdependent

The team I am leading is in constant conflict, and members do not collaborate. Based on the Hill Model for Team Leadership, I should take ______ action.

internal relational

Based on the situation, the team leader may take action that is _____ or _____ to the team.

internal, external

Followers may be differentiated by level of engagement, what are the levels?

isolate, bystander, participant, activist, and diehard

Leaders who focus on fairness take a _____ approach.

justice

Mumford et al.'s Skills Model depicts a relationship among leader

knowledge, skills, and performance

According to the Gender and Leadership chapter, the leadership ______ refers to the challenges women face in attaining leadership positions.

labyrinth

Teamwork involves _____ decision making, meaning there is _____ _____ than traditional organizations, and _____ team members are part of decision making.

lateral, less hierarchy, all

According to the VMI Leader Journey, these are the four stages of leader development from the Fourth Class to the First Class year.

lead/self followership, influence others, lead within the organization, and command

Ethical egoism focuses on creating the greatest good for the _____.

leader

Mumford et al.'s Skills Model suggests that leadership outcomes are the result of a

leader's competencies

Leader-member exchange theory (LMX) focuses on the interaction between _____ and _____. Based on LMX, leaders treat followers independently.

leaders, followers

Good _____ is highly sought-after. _____ make or break situations.

leadership, Leaders

Research shows that women in management roles have _____ _____ in key networks, placing them at a _____.

less inclusion, disadvantage

Servant leaders communicate by

listening first

Protect leadership voices from below -

listening to ideas of people who may be on the fringe or may not have high status in the organization

Servant Leader Characteristics (Spears)

listening, empathy, healing, awareness, persuasion, conceptualization, foresight, stewardship, commitment to the growth of people, building community

Planning, organizing, staffing, and controlling are the primary functions of this.

management

Based on the Hill Model of Team Leadership, negotiating upward to secure necessary resources, support, and recognition for the team is an example of this kind of leadership action.

External environmental leadership action

This Larson and LaFasto characteristic of team excellence is associated with Hackman's "team focused coaching."

Principled leadership

This Larson and LaFasto characteristic of team excellence refers to a strong sense of purpose that focuses the team on a shared objective.

clear, elevating goal

Liden et al.'s three main components of the Servant Leadership Model include

antecedent conditions, servant leader behaviors, and leadership outcomes

Empathy -

attempting to see another person's point of view, including what they're thinking and feeling

_____ _____ are genuine in their communications and other behaviors. _____ _____ focuses on being trustworthy and believable to followers. _____ _____ stay true to who they are and their beliefs.

authentic leaders

_____ _____ is especially important nowadays because people are apprehensive and want trustworthy leadership.

authentic leadership

Be familiar with French & Raven's bases of social power. Reward -

based leader's ability to give rewards

Be familiar with French & Raven's bases of social power. Referent

based on followers' liking & respect for a leader

Be familiar with French & Raven's bases of social power. Expert -

based on followers' perception of leader's competence

Be familiar with French & Raven's bases of social power. Information -

based on leader having knowledge that others want or need

Be familiar with French & Raven's bases of social power. Coercive -

based on leader's ability to punish

Be familiar with French & Raven's bases of social power. Legitimate -

based on leader's status or formal authority

Assigned -

based on occupying a position in an organization

In other words, the development level in the situational leadership model is based on followers' _____ and _____ for task accomplishment. Follower _____ and _____ will vary.

capability, motivation

_____ _____ are part of Mumford et al.'s Skills Model, and these experiences may guide how a leader solves problems.

career experiences

Ethical theories fall into these two broad domains.

character and conduct

In leadership, ethical theories fall into the broad domains of _____ and _____.

character, conduct

Idealized influence is also called _____. It refers to leaders acting as role models for followers.

charisma

Larson and Lafasto's Characteristics of Team Excellence include

clear/elevating goal, standards of excellence, results-driven structure

Technical challenge - Example: fixing a software problem.

clearly defined problem with known solution that can be implemented with existing procedures

Based on the situation, the team leader may take action and may be

task-focused, relational, or environmental

The _____ _____ job is to monitor the team and take appropriate action

team leader's

What are the skills from Katz's three-skill approach

technical, human, and conceptual

At the top management level, _____ skills are less important than _____ or _____ skills.

technical, human, conceptual

Be familiar with the Big 5 personality factors. Agreeableness -

tendency to be accepting, trusting, and nurturing

Be familiar with the Big 5 personality factors. Neuroticism -

tendency to be depressed, anxious, insecure, and hostile

Be familiar with the Big 5 personality factors. Openness -

tendency to be informed, creative, and curious

Be familiar with the Big 5 personality factors. Extraversion -

tendency to be sociable and assertive

Be familiar with the Big 5 personality factors. Conscientiousness -

tendency to be thorough, organized, controlled, and dependable

In LMX theory, this is the focal point of the leadership process.

the dyadic relationship

Maintain disciplined attention -

the leader encourages people to focus on difficult tasks that are part of the adaptive work

Alienated followers

think for themselves but have a negative outlook

In a meta-analysis by Eagly and colleagues (2003), women's leadership styles were found to be more ______ than men's were.

transformational and contingent-reward based

Women are _____ in elite leadership positions. They face long-held biases against women in leadership positions.

underrepresented

Emotional intelligence is the ability to

understand one's own and others' feelings, behaviors, and thoughts, and to act appropriately

According to Bill George, these are the five characteristics of authentic leaders.

understand their purpose, strong values, trusting relationships, self-discipline, and act from the heart

Conceptualizing -

understanding the complexities of an organization

The inclusion framework depicts inclusion as a combination of ______ and _____

uniqueness, belongingness

A leader bases her decisions on what results in the greatest good for the greatest number of people. This illustrates this ethical theory.

utilitarianism

Inclusive leaders encourage a _____ _____ _____.

variety of viewpoints

This was the name of the theory that referred to early research on LMX.

vertical dyad linkage theory

We may use traits to describe leadership qualities that we like (e.g., integrity). However, research suggests that

very few traits can actually predict leadership effectiveness.

There are several definitions of authentic leadership (intrapersonal, interpersonal, and developmental). Be especially familiar with the intrapersonal definition

what goes on within the leader, such as self-reflection & self-knowledge

Kohlberg's Stages of Moral Development, Stage 4

(maintaining the social order), in which people focus on obeying laws

Kohlberg's Stages of Moral Development, Stage 5

(social contract and individual rights), in which people make decisions based on what a good society should be like

This person wrote the book "True North" to describe his approach to authentic leadership.

Bill George

Our team has just the right mix of people with complementary skills and strengths. Our team is displaying this characteristic of team excellence.

Competent team members

I tend to tell my staff what to do and how to do it, while I encourage them and ask them for input about the goals of our organization. My followers who will benefit most are at this developmental level.

D2

These two researchers focused on leaders matching their styles to the competence and commitment of employees.

Hersey and Blanchard

This scholar argued that transformational leadership raises the moral values of subordinates.

James MacGregor Burns

The most recognized followership typology has been offered by this person.

Kelley

This leadership questionnaire was originally constructed from a list of more than 1,800 items.

Leader Behavior Description Questionnaire (LBDQ)

______ refers to improvement in one's ability to be an effective leader, whereas ______ is the ability of an organization to accomplish tasks through its many leaders.

Leader development, leadership development

This scholar suggested that a person with a very strong need to have a reassuring authority figure in their life is vulnerable to following abusive leaders.

Lipman-Blumen

This is the most widely-used measure of transformational leadership.

Multifactor Leadership Questionnaire

This researcher used a sample of Army officers to develop a theory of leadership based on problem-solving skills.

Mumford and colleagues

I have high-quality interactions and exchanges with my leader. According to LMX, I am in which phase of leadership making?

Phase 3 (mature partnership)

This characteristic of team excellence refers to each member having a specific job, clarity on their role, and assessment of individual performance.

Results-driven structure

After reading "The Journey to the East," this person formulated the idea of servant leadership.

Robert Greenleaf

This Facebook Chief Operating Officer wrote the book "Lean In: Women, Work, and the Will to Lead."

Sheryl Sandberg

A culture of servant leadership plays a role in the success of this well-known airline.

Southwest

I make a moral decision based on whether or not I will be punished. I am at this stage of moral development.

Stage 1: obedience and punishment

These studies explored how leadership functioned in small groups.

University of Michigan studies

This person assumed that followers behaved in certain ways based on their responses to inner and sometimes unconscious tensions involving authority.

Zaleznik

Emergent -

a person perceived by others as an influential member of a group, regardless of the person's title

Clear, elevating goal -

a sense of purpose that gets people to focus on objectives and outcomes

Conceptual -

ability to work with ideas and concepts

Human -

ability to work with people

VMI's three-legged stool:

academics, physical development, and military environment

Exemplary followers

active, and think critically/independently

Adaptive leaders motivate their people to do _____ _____. They help people to _____ _____ _____.

adaptive work, deal with change

Emotional intelligence is based on the interplay between these two domains.

affective and cognitive

Be familiar with the Kelley followership typology, followers may be

alienated, exemplary, passive, conformist, or pragmatist

Be familiar with the five transformational leadership practices by Kouzes & Posner

model the way, inspire a shared vision, challenge the process, enable others to act, and encourage the heart

In the Hill Model for Team Leadership, the leader's primary job is to ______ and ______.

monitor, take appropriate action

Be familiar with Lipman-Blumen's psychological factors that contribute to follower susceptibility to toxic leaders

need for reassuring authority figures, need for security, need to feel chosen/special, need for membership in community, fear of ostracism, and fear of powerlessness

Major criticisms of the trait approach include that there is

no definitive list of leadership traits

Balanced processing -

objectively listening to everyone's opinions before making a decision

Relational transparency -

openly presenting your true self to others

This theory states that individuals strive to balance their basic human need to be part of larger social groups with their need to maintain a distinctive self-concept.

optimal distinctiveness theory

Management aims to create

order and consistency

Servant leadership calls for leaders to serve and influence others at the same time. For this reason, it is sometimes called a __________.

paradox

In a psychologically-safe environment,

people can take risks without fear of negative consequences.

Self-awareness - (e.g., core values, personal strengths & weaknesses, who you really are at the deepest level, etc.)

personal insights of the leader

Servant leadership is not effective when follower receptivity is _____ (when followers don't want lots of guidance).

poor

Legitimate, coercive, and reward are examples of this kind of power.

position

A person who judges morality actions by their direct consequences is in this level of moral development.

pre-conventional morality

Gender stereotypes and cross-pressures are examples of this category of explanations for women's underrepresentation in top leadership positions.

prejudice

These are the three competencies in Mumford's skills model.

problem solving skills, social judgment skills, and knowledge

Adaptive challenge - Example: implementing fundamental changes to health care to accommodate surging COVID-19 cases, requiring personnel to shift priorities and take on new roles.

problems that are not clear-cut and require people to change their attitudes or beliefs

Technical -

proficiency in a specific type of work or activity, or to work with things

The five principles of ethical leadership

respects others, serves others, shows justice, manifests honesty, and builds community

This refers to studying followership by considering how followers impact leaders and organizations.

reversing the lens

You are told you need to work weekends. Your supervisor gives you a pay raise in return. Your supervisor is using this type of power.

reward

Followership may be _____-based (based on formal or informal positions) or _____-based (based on interpersonal behaviors).

role, relational

Identify the four components of authentic leadership

self awareness, internalized moral perspective, balanced processing, relational transparency

As the leadership making process progresses through the stages, the follower's interest moves mostly from an interest in ______ to an interest in ______.

self, group

Pragmatic followers

support the status quo

The purpose of the behavioral approach is to describe how leaders combine two main types of behaviors, what are they?

task and relationship behaviors