media and society final

astroturf

fake grassroots organization

self-righting principle

free flow or trade of idea, even bad or uncomfortable ones, will inevitably produce the truth because a rational and good public will correct, or right, any errors

social cognitive theory

idea that people learn through observation

fake news

inaccurate internet news stories designed to be spread and deceive

ombudsman

internal arbiter of performance for media organizations

opinion leaders

people who initially consume media content, interpret it in light of their own values and beliefs, and then pass it on to opinion followers; from two-step flow theory

opinion followers

people who receive opinion leaders' interpretations of media content; from two-step flow theory

ratings

percentage of a market's total population that is reached by a piece of broadcast programming

Augmented Reality (AR)

permits users to point phones at things in the real world and be instantly linked to websites containing information about those things superimposed over the screen image

absolutist position

regarding the first amendment, the idea that no law against free speech means no law

deregulation

relaxation of ownership and other rules for radio and television

access journalism

reporters acting deferentially toward news sources in order to ensure continued access

ascertainment

requires broadcasters to ascertain or actively and affirmatively determine the nature of their audiences' interest, convenience, and necessity; no longer enforced

cover

rerecording of one artist's music by another

duopoly

single ownership and management of multiple radio stations in one market

critical research

studies of media's contribution to the larger issues of what kind of nation we are building, what kind of people we are becoming

administrative research

studies of the immediate, observable influence of mass communication

Nielsen conducts surveys of viewing patterns four times a year during what are called pocketpieces. sweeps periods. quarterlies. ratings assessments.

sweeps periods

The sale of programs to local stations on a market-by-market basis is carrying. clearing time. syndication. reciprocation.

syndication

The four National Radio Conferences produced what important piece of federal legislation of broadcasting? the Radio Act of 1927 the Communications Act of 1934 the Wireless Ship Act of 1910 the Radio Act of 1912

the Radio Act of 1927

The Radio Act of 1927 required that when a radio license was awarded, the standard of evaluation would be noninterference with neighboring stations. the station's ability to survive financially. reasonable limits on time devoted to advertising. the public interest, convenience, or necessity.

the public interest, convenience, or necessity.

Local affiliates used to receive compensation for airing network programs in their markets, but that has changed due to the loss of network audience and the rise in syndication. the rise of cable. video-on-demand. the lack of network programs.

the rise of cable

click stream

the series of choices made by a user on the Web

streaming

the simultaneous downloading and accessing (playing) of digital audio or video data

operating system

the software that tells the computer how to work

actual malice

the standard for libel in coverage of public figures consisting of "knowledge of its falsity" or "reckless disregard" for whether or not it is true

news production research

the study of how economic and other influences on the way news is produced distort and bias news coverage toward those in power

agenda setting

the theory that media may not tell us what to think but do tell us what to think about

neo-marxist theory

the theory that people are oppressed by those who control the culture, the superstructure, as opposed to the base

catharis

the theory that watching mediated violence reduces people's inclination to behave aggressively

ritual perspective

the view of media as central to the representation of shared beliefs and culture

transmissional perspective

the view of media as senders of information for the purpose of control

Broadcasters in the United States are licensed to use airwaves owned by the people under the ______ model of regulation. paternalistic economic receivership trustee

trustee

Obsenity

unprotected expression determined by 1) whether the average person, applying contemporary community standards, would find that the work, taken as a whole, appeals to the prurient interest 2) whether the work depicts or describes, in a patently offensive way, sexual conduct specifically defined by the applicable state law, and 3) whether the work, taken as a whole, lacks serious literary, artistic, political, or scientific value

spam

unsolicited commercial email

bitcasters

"radio stations" that can be accessed only over the World Wide Web

Low Power FM (LPFM)

10- to 100-watt nonprofit community radio stations with a reach of only a few miles

when did the british develop colossus and binary code

1940s

when was sputnik launched

1957

If your market has 100,000 television homes and 30,000 are tuned into your program, your rating is 60. 70. 30. 50.

30

By the end of the 1950s, how many Americans had television sets? 90% 40% 60% 75%

90%

When the government ordered NBC to divest itself of one of its networks in 1943, it sold NBC Blue to Edward Noble, who renamed it CBS. ABC. NBC Blue. Mutual.

ABC

__________ refers to a fake grassroots organization; that is, one funded in secret by those with a vested interest in the issue at hand. Spin VNR Greenwashing Astroturf

Astroturf

The first electronic digital computer to turn information into binary code (zeros and ones) was called ENIAC. Colossus. ARCA. Sputnik.

Colossus.

Which of the following was not a part of the creation of the Radio Corporation of America? Columbia Broadcasting System General Electric American Telephone and Telegraph American Marconi

Columbia Broadcasting System

Around the 1920s, public relations pioneer _____________ began stressing two-way communication—that is, public relations practitioners talking to people, and in return listening to them when they talked back. Ivy Lee Mason Weems Edward Bernays George Creel

Edward Bernays

Senator Joseph McCarthy, whose lies and hypocrisy fueled what is referred to as McCarthyism and the Red Scare, was exposed by which television news broadcast? Edward R. Murrow's See It Now on CBS PBS's Lehrer NewsHour Barbara Walter's World News Tonight on ABC NBC's Huntley-Brinkley Report

Edward R. Murrow's See It Now on CBS

Some people consider ______ the "Father of Radio" because he was the first person to send radio waves over long distances. David Sarnoff Guglielmo Marconi Lee DeForest Heinrich Hertz

Guglielmo Marconi

What was the major advance that Berliner's gramophone brought to sound recording? It could run on battery power. It could accurately reproduce high fidelity. It allowed for the creation of a master, from which copies could be made. All of these are correct.

It allowed for the creation of a master, from which copies could be made.

Around 1913, public relations pioneer _____________ issued his Declaration of Principles, which moved the profession's focus from primarily dispensing publicity to providing information. George Creel Ivy Lee Edward Bernays Mason Weems

Ivy Lee

The Foreign Agents Registration Act of 1938, which required anyone who engages in political activities in the United States on behalf of a foreign power to register as an agent of a foreign power with the Justice Department, was a result of which public relations pioneer's contacts with Nazi Germany? George Creel Mason Weems Edward Bernays Ivy Lee

Ivy Lee

Reinforcement Theory

Joseph Klapper's idea that if media have any impact at all, it is in the direction of reinforcement

The first commercial radio license went to station ______ in Pittsburgh in 1920. KCBS KDKA WEAF WNBC

KDKA

The audion tube, a vacuum tube that improved and amplified wireless signals, was developed in 1906 by Reginald Fessenden. Lee DeForest. David Sarnoff. Thomas Edison.

Lee DeForest.

The first person to send voices and music over the air was Lee DeForest. David Sarnoff. Heinrich Hertz. Guglielmo Marconi.

Lee DeForest.

In 1926, RCA linked 24 stations and established the first national radio network, which it called CBS. ABC. NBC. NBC Blue.

NBC

How were spot commercial sales different from earlier advertising on television? A single advertiser sponsored different ad spots instead of having just one long commercial during the program. Networks sold individual spots in a given program to various advertisers instead of having one advertiser sponsor a whole program. Advertising agencies now had control over content, whereas in the past, the networks had freedom to produce whatever they liked. Individual sponsors were identified with specific shows instead of selling ads to any show that wanted them.

Networks sold individual spots in a given program to various advertisers instead of having one advertiser sponsor a whole program.

Stations that are owned and operated by a broadcast network are called O&Os. translator stations. affiliates. independents.

O&Os

A sucker is born every minute" was the public relations philosophy of what legendary PR practitioner? P. T. Barnum Amos Kendall Mason Weems John Jay

P. T. Barnum

cause marketing

PR in support of social issues and causes

transparentists

PR professionals calling for full disclosure of their practices - transparency

Who are digital natives? People who create their own sites on the World Wide Web. People who teach Internet technology to others. People who have never known the world without an Internet. People who get the majority of their information from the Internet.

People who have never known the world without an Internet.

Which of the following people demonstrated his television system in 1927 in San Francisco after moving their from Idaho? Paul Nipkow Philo Farnsworth John Logie Baird Vladimir Zworykin

Philo Farnsworth

Immediately after World War I, the U.S. government, concerned that the development of radio would be delayed by patent fights and that its future would be controlled by a foreign company (British Marconi), established a government-sanctioned monopoly to run radio, called American Telephone and Telegraph. Radio Corporation of America. American Marconi. General Electric.

Radio Corporation of America.

In 1916, David Sarnoff sent his ideas on how to make radio a "household utility" to his superiors at American Marconi. This now-famous memo is called the Network Radio Memo. Radio Network Memo. Orchestra in a Box Memo. Radio Music Box Memo.

Radio Music Box Memo

Canadian inventor ______ developed the liquid barretter in 1903, making possible the radio reception of voices. David Sarnoff Reginald Fessenden Thomas Edison Lee DeForest

Reginald Fessenden

________, outright lying or obfuscation, is antithetical to authentic communication and should be avoided by PR professionals, according to executive Roxanne Taylor. Spin Covering up Embedding Dissembling

Spin

Founded in 1947, what is the principal professional group for today's public relations professionals? The American Council on Public Relations The National Association of Accredited Publicity Directors The American Publicity Bureau The Public Relations Society of America

The Public Relations Society of America

How did Lucille Ball change the business of television? Multiple Choice The television industry moved from New York to Hollywood. Television no longer used stock shots in their shows to save money. A weekly television series could now be produced in just 16 weeks instead of 24. Television programs were no longer filmed in front of a live audience.

The television industry moved from New York to Hollywood.

The first "talking machine", or sound-recording method, was developed in 1887 by David Sarnoff. Reginald Fessenden. Thomas Edison. Lee DeForest.

Thomas Edison.

The first radio commercial appeared on station ______ in 1922. KDKA WNBC WEAF KCBS

WEAF

search engines

Web- or Net-search software providing on-screen menus

The first corporate public relations department was established in 1889 by the New York Central Railroad. the New York World. the Publicity Bureau. Westinghouse Electric.

Westinghouse Electric.

In 1896, presidential contenders William Jennings Bryan and _____________ both established campaign headquarters in Chicago, where they issued news releases, position papers, and pamphlets. William McKinley Abraham Lincoln Wendell Wilkie Teddy Roosevelt

William McKinley

affiliate

a broadcasting station that aligns itself with a network

O&O

a broadcasting system that is owned and operated by a network

digital computer

a computer that processes data reduced to a binary code

metaethics

a culture's fundamental values

flack

a derogatory name sometimes applied to public relations professionals

modem

a device that translates digital computer information into an analog form so it can be transmitted through telephone lines

internet

a global network of interconnected computers that communicate freely and share and exchange information

mainframe computer

a large central computer to which users are connected by terminals

A deal that guarantees the producer that the network will order at least a pilot or it has to pay a hefty penalty is called a lock. a put. a share. first-run syndication.

a put

format

a radio station's particular sound or programming content

secondary service

a radio station's second, or nonprimary, format

minicomputer

a relatively large central computer to which users are connected by terminals; not as large as a mainframe computer

When broadcasters asked the government to help them solve their interference and other operational problems during the 1920s, it responded with the Communications Act of 1934. a refusal to cooperate. strict rules of ownership and advertising. a series of four National Radio Conferences.

a series of four National Radio Conferences.

grand theory

a theory designed to describe and explain all aspects of a given phenomenon

audion tube

a vacuum tube that improved and amplified wireless signals

microcomputer

a very small computer that uses a microprocessor to handle info (also called a PC)

Stations that link themselves to a national broadcast network for the purpose of airing its programs are called independents. O&Os. affiliates. translator stations.

affiliates

normative theory

an idea that explains how media should ideally operate in a given system of social values

cookie

an identifying code added to a computer's hard drive by a visited website

music licensing company

an organization that collects fees based on recorded music users' gross receipts and distributes the money to songwriters and artists

stereotyping

application of a standardized image or conception applied to members of certain groups, usually based on limited information

dissonance theory

argues that people, when confronted by new information, experience a kind of mental discomfort, a dissonance; as a result, they consciously and subconsciously work to limit or reduce that discomfort through the selective processes

selective retention

assumes that people remember best and longest those messages that are consistent with their preexisting attitudes and beliefs

willing suspension of disbelief

audience practice of willingly accepting the content before them as real

The "free" channels provided automatically to all cable subscribers are called bonus cable. basic cable. pay cable. premium cable.

basic cable

The need to ______ and the need for ______ are two major factors that motivate people to use social media. brag; entertainment escape; information learn; attention belong; self-presentation

belong; self-presentation

Computers that reduce information to a code made up of the digits 1 and 0 for storage and manipulation are using a(n) _____________ code. primary binary plenary abacus

binary

In 1962, Congress declared in the all-channel legislation that all television sets in the U.S. must be equipped with a coaxial cable. a Nipkow disk. a digital video recorder. both VHF and UHF receivers.

both UHF and UHF receivers

spectrum scarcity

broadcast spectrum space is limited, so not everyone who wants to broadcast can; those who are granted licenses must accept regulation

One of Lee DeForest's major contributions to the history of radio was the development and popularization of the use of radio for broadcasting. news. ship-to-shore communication. advertising.

broadcasting.

A cable system that functions as a one-stop communications provider, supplying television, audio, high-speed Internet access, long-distance and local phone service, multiple telephone lines, and fax is said to offer media linkage. open access. bundling. media-on-demand.

bundling

networks

centralized production, distribution, decision-making organization that links affiliates for the purpose of delivering their viewers to advertisers

first computer

charles babbage his computer could compute algebraic computations using stored memory and punch cards for input and output steam driven computer

When an affiliate airs a network's program, it is said to ______ the show. reciprocate carry clear time for syndicate

clear time for

Integrated Marketing Communications (IMC)

combining public relations, marketing, advertising, and promotion into a seamless communication campaign

protocals

common communication rules and languages for computers linked to the internet

The extended real-life hypothesis is the idea that most people use social media to substitute virtual relationships for meaningful offline relationships. present their idealized selves. communicate their actual identities. compare their status to that of others.

communicate their actual identities.

Early cable systems were called satellite master antenna television (SMATV). master antenna television (MATV). community antenna television (CATV). auxiliary network television (ANTV).

community antenna television (CATV).

ISP (Internet Service Provider)

company that offers Internet connections at monthly rates depending on the kind and amount of access needed

hosts

computers linking individual personal computer users to the internet

hyperlink

connection, embedded in a website's content allowing instant access to other material in that site as well as to material in other sites

opt-in

consumers giving permission to companies to sell personal data

opt-out

consumers requesting that companies do not sell personal data

policy book

delineates standards of operation for local broadcasters

facebook depression

depression resulting from intensity of social media activity

The American Academy of Pediatrics is concerned that the intensity of the online world experienced by preteens and teens who spend a great deal of time on social media sites can trigger Facebook intelligence. fear. mania. depression.

depression.

Slacktivism

derogatory name of online activism

when was ARPANET (Advanced Research Projects Network) developed and launched

developed in 1962 and launched in 1969 (for nuclear war)

in-band-on-channel (IBOC)

digital radio technology that uses digital compression to "shrink" digital and analog signals, allowing both to occupy the same frequency

digital audio radio service (DARS)

direct home or automobile delivery of audio by satellite

affective forecasting error

discrepancy between the expected and actual emotions generated by facebook activity

The ownership and management of multiple radio stations in a single market by one person or company is called duopoly. deregulation. syndication. monopoly.

duopoly

micro-level effects

effects of media on individuals

Encryption

electronic coding or masking of information on the Web that can be deciphered only by a recipient with the decrypting key

home page

entryway into a website, containing information and hyperlinks to other material

pseudo-event

event that has no real informational or issue meaning; it exists merely to attract media attention

Internet of Things (IoT)

everyday objects having built-in network connectivity, allowing them to send and receive data

social construction of reality theory

explains how cultures construct and maintain their realities using signs and symbols, argues that people learn to behave in their social world through interaction with it

mass communication theories

explanations and predictions of social phenomena relating mass communication to various aspects of our personal and cultural lives or social systems

pornography

expression calculated solely to supply sexual excitement

Instances in which copyrighted material may be used without permission or payment are referred to as commodification of information. listservs. blogs. fair use.

fair use.

flog

fake blog; typically sponsored by a company to anonymously boost itself or attack a competitor

The radio industry was on the brink of disaster in the 1920s and radio sales were down because listeners Multiple Choice felt radio was too chaotic. felt radio was inappropriate for children. did not like the programs. could no longer afford radios.

felt radio was too chaotic.

MP3

file compression software that permits streaming of digital audio and video data

BitTorrent

file-sharing software that allows users to create "swarms" of data as they simultaneously download and upload "bits" of a given piece of content

liquid barretter

first audio device permitting the reception of wireless voices; developed by Fessenden

The creation of programs expressly for sale into syndication to individual stations in individual markets is called all channel production. first-run syndication. nonduplication production. primary production.

first-run syndication

Public relations professionals are referred to as ________, both inside and outside the media industries. hucksters promoters lobbyists flacks

flacks

open source software

freely downloaded software

e-mail (electronic mail)

function of Internet allowing communication via computer with anyone else online, anyplace in the world, with no long-distance fees

normative ethics

generalized theories, rules, and principles of ethical or moral behavior

flash mobs

geographically dispersed groups connected only by communications technology, quickly drawn together to perform collective action

democracy

government by the people

Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) chip

grain-of-sand-sized microchip and antenna embedded in consumer products that transmit a radio signal

Network Neutrality

granting equal carriage over phone and cable lines to all websites

knowledge gap

growing differences in knowledge, civic activity, and literacy between better-informed and less-informed Americans

meaning-making perspective

idea that active audience members use media content to create meaning, and meaningful experiences, for themselves

Hypodermic Needle Theory

idea that media are a dangerous drug that can directly enter a person's system

critical cultural theory

idea that media operate primarily to justify and support the status quo at the expense of ordinary people

Dependency Theory

idea that media's power is a function of audience members' dependency on the media and their content

cultivation analysis

idea that television "cultivates" or constructs a reality of the world that, although possibly inaccurate, becomes the accepted reality simply because we as a culture believe it to be the reality

middle-range theories

ideas that explain or predict only limited aspects of the mass communication process

copywright

identifying and granting ownership of a given piece of expression to protect the creator's financial interest in it

spyware

identifying code placed on a computer by a website without permission or notification

public

in PR, any group of people with a stake in an organization, issue, or idea

spin

in PR, outright lying to hide what really happened

moral agent

in an ethical dilemma, the person making the decision

trustee model

in broadcast regulation, the idea that broadcasters serve as the public's trustees or fiduciaries

traffic cop analogy

in broadcast regulation, the idea that the FCC, as a traffic cop, has the right to control not only the flow of broadcast traffic but its composition as well

indencency

in broadcasting, language or material that depicts sexual or excretory activities in a way offensive to contemporary community standards

public domain

in copyright law, the use of material without permission once the copyright expires

fair use

in copywright law, instances in which material may be used without permission or payment

mainstreaming

in cultivation analysis, television's ability to move people toward a common understanding of how things are

ad hoc balancing of interests

in individual First Amendment cases, several factors should be weighed in determining how much freedom the press is granted

lobbying

in public relations, directly interacting with elected officials or government regulators and agents

catalog albums

in record retailing, albums more than 18 months old

identification

in social cognitive theory, a special form of imitation by which observers do not exactly copy what they have seen but make a more generalized but related response

modeling

in social cognitive theory, learning through imitation and identification

observational learning

in social cognitive theory, observers can acquire (learn) new behaviors simply by seeing those behaviors performed

inhibitory effects

in social cognitive theory, seeing a model punished for a behavior reduces the likelihood that the observer will perform that behavior

disinhibitory effects

in social cognitive theory, seeing a model rewarded for prohibited or threatening behavior increases the likelihood that the observer will perform that behavior

imitation

in social cognitive theory, the direct replication of an observed behavior

environmental incentives

in social cognitive theory, the notion that real-world incentives can lead observers to ignore negative vicarious reinforcement

vicarious reinforcement

in social cognitive theory, the observation of reinforcement operates in the same manner as actual reinforcement

typification schemes

in social construction of reality, collections of meanings people have assigned to some phenomenon or situation

symbols

in social construction of reality, things that have objective meaning

signs

in social construction of reality, things that have subjective meaning

binary code

information transformed into a series of digits 1 and 0 for storage and manipulation in computers

The first large-scale public relations effort in the United States was a campaign set up by Franklin Roosevelt to win support for his New Deal policies. an image campaign to build interest in Henry Ford's automobiles. a campaign to improve the image of the Pennsylvania Railroad. intended to shape public opinion following the nation's entry into World War I.

intended to shape public opinion following the nation's entry into World War I.

New video technologies that allow viewers to "talk" to programmers and content distributors while watching will produce ______ television. satellite cable interactive Correct feedback

interactive

The "network of networks", consisting of LANs (Local Area Networks—networks connecting two or more computers, usually within the same building) and WANs (Wide Area Networks—networks that connect several LANs in different locations), is called the Internet. host. provider. World Wide Web.

internet

terrestrial digital radio

land-based digital radio relying on digital compression technology to simultaneously transmit analog and one or more digital signals using existing spectrum space

shield law

legislation that expressly protects reporters' rights to maintain sources' confidentiality in courts of law

"Red Channels: The Report of Communist Influence in Radio and Television" had little impact on a television industry enjoying great public acceptance. listed the names of 151 broadcast personalities with alleged ties to the Communist Party. was produced by the FCC as a guideline for the networks. once and for all put to rest the idea that broadcasting was infiltrated by Communists.

listed the names of 151 broadcast personalities with alleged ties to the Communist Party.

When PR professionals directly interact with elected officials or government regulators and agents, they are engaging in lobbying. publicity. public affairs. promotion.

lobbying

PR professionals interact with the _____________ through press packets and briefings. employees stockholders media communities

media

readers' representative

media outlet employee who regularly responds to outside criticism

frankfurt school

media theory, centered in neo-marxism, that valued serious art, viewing its consumption as a means to elevate all people toward a better life; typical media fare was seen as pacifying ordinary people while repressing them

limited effects theory

media's influence is limited by people's individual differences, social categories, and personal relationships

macro-level effects

media's widescale social and cultural impact

Digital delivery of over-the-air television signals permits _________, sending different content on different parts of the same signal. interaction slinging multiplexing broadbanding

multiplexing

WAN (wide area network)

network that connects several LANs in different locations

The business of television is dominated by a few centralized production, distribution, and decision-making organizations, known as the major studios. production houses. affiliate councils. networks.

networks

editorial polices

newspaper and magazines positions on certain specific issues

The primary collector and reporter of television ratings is a company known as Nielsen. Arbitron. Equifax. Telecount.

nielson

social responsibility theory

normative theory asserting that media must remain free of government control but, in exchange, must serve the public

aggressive cues model

of media violence; media portrayals can indicate that certain classes of people are acceptable targets for real-world aggression

stimulation model

of media violence; viewing mediated violence can increase the likelihood of subsequent aggressive behavior

domain names

on the World Wide Web, an identifying name, rather than a site's formal URL, that gives some indication of the nature of a site's content or owner

slander

oral or spoken defamation of a person's character

P2P

peer-to-peer software that permits direct Internet-based communication or collaboration between two or more personal computers while bypassing centralized servers

Cable can trace its roots to 1948 in California. New Jersey. Nebraska. Pennsylvania.

pennsylvania

selective processes

people expose themselves to, remember best and longest, and reinterpret messages that are consistent with their preexisting attitudes and beliefs

digital natives

people who have never known a world without the internet

Libertarianism

philosophy of the press that asserts that good and rational people can tell right from wrong if presented with full and free access to information; therefore, censorship is unnecessary

Voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP)

phone calls transferred in digital packets over the Internet rather than on circuit-switched telephone wires

Marconi's interest in developing wireless transmission was the development of an advanced radio telescope. mass communication—transmitting messages to large audiences. in replacing the telephone with radio. point-to-point communication.

point-to-point communication.

prior restraint

power of the government to prevent publication or broadcast of expression

playlist

predetermined sequence of selected records to be played by a disc jockey

extended real-life hypothesis

predicts that we use social media to communicate our actual identities

Video News Release (VNR)

preproduced report about a client or its product that is distributed free of charge to television stations

collateral materials

printing, research, and photographs that PR firms handle for clients, charging as much as 17.65% for this service

Digital Rights Management (DRM)

protection of digitally distributed intellectual property

An event staged specifically to attract public attention is a nonevent. photo op. managed moment. pseudo-event.

pseudo-event.

Any group of people with a stake in an organization, issue, or idea is known as a public. stockholder. community. customer.

public

greenwashing

public relations practice of countering the public relations efforts aimed at clients by environmentalists

The public relations activity of getting media coverage for clients is called publicity. public affairs. lobbying. promotion.

publicity.

instant messaging (IM)

real-time e-mail, allowing two or more people to communicate instantaneously and in immediate response to one another

digital recording

recording based on conversion of sound into 1s and 0s logged in millisecond intervals in a computerized translation process

The primary drawback of the Edison talking machine for sound recording was its availability could not meet demand. recordings could not be copied. poor sound fidelity made it unpopular with listeners. high cost made it unpopular with buyers.

recordings could not be copied

fairness doctrine

requires broadcasters to cover issues of public importance and to be fair in that coverage; abolished in 1987

facebook envy

resentfulness of others' social media expressions of happiness

Rather than local stations receiving compensation for airing network programs, now networks receive ______, a fee paid by the local station for the right to be that network's affiliate. subscribership retransmission fees reverse compensation clear time

reverse compensation

ethics

rules of behavior or moral principles that guide actions in given situations

Syndication

sale of radio and television content to stations on a market-by-market basis

In its earliest days, the radio industry earned income through government subsidies. subscribership. sale of receivers. license fees.

sale of receivers.

stream ripping

saving streaming media to a file on a personal device to be accessed locally

The percentage of television sets currently in use that are tuned in to a given program is that show's rating. clear time. share. sweep.

share

focus groups

small groups of people who are interviewed, typically to provide advertising or public relations professionals with detailed information

dual-factor model of social media use

social media use is motivated by the need for acceptance and the need to belong

idealized virtual identity hypothesis

social media users tend to show idealized characteristics not reflective of who they really are

browsers

software programs loaded on personal computers and used to download and view Web files

mathematical songwriting

songs written specifically to be commercial hits

The trustee model of broadcast regulation is based in part on the premise that because broadcast spectrum space is limited, and therefore not everyone who wants to broadcast can, those who are granted licenses to serve a local area must accept regulation. This is called the philosophy of spectrum scarcity. trusteeism. media influence. fiduciary rule.

spectrum scarcity

As a result of the quiz show scandal, the networks changed the way they accepted sponsors' money, changing from single sponsorship for most programs to ______ sales. lottery time spot commercial subscribership

spot commercial

operating policies

standards for everyday operations for newspapers and magazines

podcasting

streaming or downloading of audio files recorded and stored on distant servers

A syndicated program that runs five nights a week at the same time is said to be shadowed. cumed. stripped. cleared.

stripped

Which of the following would now be considered a pseudo-event? the Boston Massacre the publication of The Federalist Papers the Stamp Act the Boston Tea Party

the Boston Tea Party

confidetiality

the ability of media professionals to keep secret the names of people who provide them with information

applied ethics

the application of metaethics and normative ethics to very specific situations

fixed-fee arrangement

the arrangement whereby a PR firm performs a specific set of services for a client for a specific and prearranged fee

Lucille Ball's insistence that she, rather than CBS, own the rights to her television program set the stage not only for reruns but also for the coming of comedy to network television. the creation of the syndication industry. situation comedy in full color. the rise of CBS as an industry power.

the creation of the syndication industry

abridgment

the curtailing of rights

web radio

the delivery of "radio" over the internet directly to individual listeners

URL (Uniform Resource Locator)

the designation of each file or directory on the host computer connected to the Internet

What is the term for the lack of digital access among specific groups of Americans? the information gap virtual democracy the digital divide the technology terminal

the digital divide

libel

the false and malicious publication of material that damages a person's reputation (typically applied to print media)

Magic Bullet Theory

the idea from mass social theory that media are a powerful "killing force" that directly penetrates a person's system

cultural theories

the idea that meaning and therefore effects are negotiated by media and audiences as they interact in the culture

uses and gratifications approach

the idea that media don't do things to people; people do things with media

early window

the idea that media give children a window on the world before they have the critical and intellectual ability to judge what they see

two-step flow theory

the idea that media's influence on people's behavior is limited by opinion leaders—people who initially consume media content, interpret it in light of their own values and beliefs, and then pass it on to opinion followers, who have less frequent contact with media

selective exposure

the idea that people expose themselves to or attend to those messages that are consistent with their preexisting attitudes and beliefs

symbolic interaction

the idea that people give meaning to symbols and then those symbols control people's behavior in their presence

selective perception

the idea that people interpret messages in a manner consistent with their preexisting attitudes and beliefs

mass society theory

the idea that the media are corrupting influences that undermine the social order and that "average" people are defenseless against their influence

desensitization

the idea that viewers become more accepting of real-world violence because of its constant presence in television fare

piracy

the illegal recording and sale of copyrighted material

Corporate Social Responsibility

the integration of business operations and organizational values

standards and practices departments

the internal content review operation of a television network

digital divide

the lack of technological access among people of color, people who are poor or disabled, and those in rural communities

Dataveillance

the massive electronic collection and distillation of consumer data

product positioning

the practice in advertising of assigning meaning to a product based on who buys the product rather than the product itself

crowdfunding

the practice of funding a project or venture by raising many small amounts of money from a large number of people, typically via the Internet.

The Radio Act of 1927 ensured that the airwaves belonged to the Radio Corporation of America. the public. the government. broadcasters.

the public

technology gap

the widening disparity between communication technology haves and have-nots

information gap

the widening disparity in amounts and types of information available to information haves and have-nots

british cultural theory

theory of elites' domination over culture and its influence on bounded cultures

attitude change theory

theory that explains how people's attitudes are formed, shaped, and changed and how those attitudes influence behavior

According to long-time New Yorker columnist A. J. Liebling, freedom of the press is guaranteed to the media literate. all. those who own the presses. citizens in a democracy.

those who own the presses.

Recording a television show on a home VCR or DVR for later viewing is called zipping. time-shifting. zapping. stripping.

time-shifting

At cable's inception, the primary goal of most cable television operations was to circumvent FCC all-channel rules. to challenge the over-the-air broadcasters. to improve the reception of distant signals. to deliver pay-per-view movies.

to improve the reception of distant signals

billings

total sale of broadcast airtime

terminals

user workstations that are connected to larger centralized computers

The PR strategy that relies on targeting specific Internet users with a given communication and relying on them to spread the word is referred to as spreading the news. interconnecting essential publics. viral marketing. Web-based marketing.

viral marketing

What strategy relies on targeting specific Internet users with a given communication and relying on them to spread the word through communication channels? specializing focus grouping integrated marketing viral marketing

viral marketing

Who developed the iconoscope tube? Paul Nipkow Vladimir Zworykin Philo Farnsworth John Logie Baird

vladimir zworykin

embedding

war correspondents exchanging control of their output for access to the front

social networking sites

websites that function as online communities of users

when did the US census successfully use computers

1951

Who is credited with being the originator of the computer? Marshall McLuhan Charles Babbage William Gibson Joseph C. R. Licklider

Charles Babbage

Sesame Street is produced by the National Broadcasting Company. Public Broadcasting System. Children's Television Workshop. Jim Henson Company.

Children's Television Workshop

viral marketing

PR strategy that relies on targeting specific Internet users with a given communication and relying on them to spread the word

After the sinking of the Titanic, the U.S. Congress passed the ______, mandating among other things that wireless operators be licensed by the secretary of commerce and labor. Radio Act of 1912 Radio Act of 1927 Wireless Ship Act of 1910 Communications Act of 1934

Radio Act of 1912

The ______ established definitions of authority between federal and state governments, provided for the distribution and revocation of licenses, fined violators, assigned frequencies for operation, and set the hours during which a station was authorized to broadcast. Radio Act of 1912 Communications Act of 1934 Wireless Ship Act of 1910 Radio Act of 1927

Radio Act of 1912

The first instance of U.S. government regulation of radio was the ______, passed soon after the passengers of the sinking ship Republic were saved because that vessel was equipped with a radio. Radio Act of 1927 Wireless Ship Act of 1910 Radio Act of 1912 Communications Act of 1934

Wireless Ship Act of 1910

World Wide Web

a tool that serves as a means of accessing files on computers connected via the Internet

multimedia

advanced sound and image capabilities for microcomputers