media and society final
astroturf
fake grassroots organization
self-righting principle
free flow or trade of idea, even bad or uncomfortable ones, will inevitably produce the truth because a rational and good public will correct, or right, any errors
social cognitive theory
idea that people learn through observation
fake news
inaccurate internet news stories designed to be spread and deceive
ombudsman
internal arbiter of performance for media organizations
opinion leaders
people who initially consume media content, interpret it in light of their own values and beliefs, and then pass it on to opinion followers; from two-step flow theory
opinion followers
people who receive opinion leaders' interpretations of media content; from two-step flow theory
ratings
percentage of a market's total population that is reached by a piece of broadcast programming
Augmented Reality (AR)
permits users to point phones at things in the real world and be instantly linked to websites containing information about those things superimposed over the screen image
absolutist position
regarding the first amendment, the idea that no law against free speech means no law
deregulation
relaxation of ownership and other rules for radio and television
access journalism
reporters acting deferentially toward news sources in order to ensure continued access
ascertainment
requires broadcasters to ascertain or actively and affirmatively determine the nature of their audiences' interest, convenience, and necessity; no longer enforced
cover
rerecording of one artist's music by another
duopoly
single ownership and management of multiple radio stations in one market
critical research
studies of media's contribution to the larger issues of what kind of nation we are building, what kind of people we are becoming
administrative research
studies of the immediate, observable influence of mass communication
Nielsen conducts surveys of viewing patterns four times a year during what are called pocketpieces. sweeps periods. quarterlies. ratings assessments.
sweeps periods
The sale of programs to local stations on a market-by-market basis is carrying. clearing time. syndication. reciprocation.
syndication
The four National Radio Conferences produced what important piece of federal legislation of broadcasting? the Radio Act of 1927 the Communications Act of 1934 the Wireless Ship Act of 1910 the Radio Act of 1912
the Radio Act of 1927
The Radio Act of 1927 required that when a radio license was awarded, the standard of evaluation would be noninterference with neighboring stations. the station's ability to survive financially. reasonable limits on time devoted to advertising. the public interest, convenience, or necessity.
the public interest, convenience, or necessity.
Local affiliates used to receive compensation for airing network programs in their markets, but that has changed due to the loss of network audience and the rise in syndication. the rise of cable. video-on-demand. the lack of network programs.
the rise of cable
click stream
the series of choices made by a user on the Web
streaming
the simultaneous downloading and accessing (playing) of digital audio or video data
operating system
the software that tells the computer how to work
actual malice
the standard for libel in coverage of public figures consisting of "knowledge of its falsity" or "reckless disregard" for whether or not it is true
news production research
the study of how economic and other influences on the way news is produced distort and bias news coverage toward those in power
agenda setting
the theory that media may not tell us what to think but do tell us what to think about
neo-marxist theory
the theory that people are oppressed by those who control the culture, the superstructure, as opposed to the base
catharis
the theory that watching mediated violence reduces people's inclination to behave aggressively
ritual perspective
the view of media as central to the representation of shared beliefs and culture
transmissional perspective
the view of media as senders of information for the purpose of control
Broadcasters in the United States are licensed to use airwaves owned by the people under the ______ model of regulation. paternalistic economic receivership trustee
trustee
Obsenity
unprotected expression determined by 1) whether the average person, applying contemporary community standards, would find that the work, taken as a whole, appeals to the prurient interest 2) whether the work depicts or describes, in a patently offensive way, sexual conduct specifically defined by the applicable state law, and 3) whether the work, taken as a whole, lacks serious literary, artistic, political, or scientific value
spam
unsolicited commercial email
bitcasters
"radio stations" that can be accessed only over the World Wide Web
Low Power FM (LPFM)
10- to 100-watt nonprofit community radio stations with a reach of only a few miles
when did the british develop colossus and binary code
1940s
when was sputnik launched
1957
If your market has 100,000 television homes and 30,000 are tuned into your program, your rating is 60. 70. 30. 50.
30
By the end of the 1950s, how many Americans had television sets? 90% 40% 60% 75%
90%
When the government ordered NBC to divest itself of one of its networks in 1943, it sold NBC Blue to Edward Noble, who renamed it CBS. ABC. NBC Blue. Mutual.
ABC
__________ refers to a fake grassroots organization; that is, one funded in secret by those with a vested interest in the issue at hand. Spin VNR Greenwashing Astroturf
Astroturf
The first electronic digital computer to turn information into binary code (zeros and ones) was called ENIAC. Colossus. ARCA. Sputnik.
Colossus.
Which of the following was not a part of the creation of the Radio Corporation of America? Columbia Broadcasting System General Electric American Telephone and Telegraph American Marconi
Columbia Broadcasting System
Around the 1920s, public relations pioneer _____________ began stressing two-way communication—that is, public relations practitioners talking to people, and in return listening to them when they talked back. Ivy Lee Mason Weems Edward Bernays George Creel
Edward Bernays
Senator Joseph McCarthy, whose lies and hypocrisy fueled what is referred to as McCarthyism and the Red Scare, was exposed by which television news broadcast? Edward R. Murrow's See It Now on CBS PBS's Lehrer NewsHour Barbara Walter's World News Tonight on ABC NBC's Huntley-Brinkley Report
Edward R. Murrow's See It Now on CBS
Some people consider ______ the "Father of Radio" because he was the first person to send radio waves over long distances. David Sarnoff Guglielmo Marconi Lee DeForest Heinrich Hertz
Guglielmo Marconi
What was the major advance that Berliner's gramophone brought to sound recording? It could run on battery power. It could accurately reproduce high fidelity. It allowed for the creation of a master, from which copies could be made. All of these are correct.
It allowed for the creation of a master, from which copies could be made.
Around 1913, public relations pioneer _____________ issued his Declaration of Principles, which moved the profession's focus from primarily dispensing publicity to providing information. George Creel Ivy Lee Edward Bernays Mason Weems
Ivy Lee
The Foreign Agents Registration Act of 1938, which required anyone who engages in political activities in the United States on behalf of a foreign power to register as an agent of a foreign power with the Justice Department, was a result of which public relations pioneer's contacts with Nazi Germany? George Creel Mason Weems Edward Bernays Ivy Lee
Ivy Lee
Reinforcement Theory
Joseph Klapper's idea that if media have any impact at all, it is in the direction of reinforcement
The first commercial radio license went to station ______ in Pittsburgh in 1920. KCBS KDKA WEAF WNBC
KDKA
The audion tube, a vacuum tube that improved and amplified wireless signals, was developed in 1906 by Reginald Fessenden. Lee DeForest. David Sarnoff. Thomas Edison.
Lee DeForest.
The first person to send voices and music over the air was Lee DeForest. David Sarnoff. Heinrich Hertz. Guglielmo Marconi.
Lee DeForest.
In 1926, RCA linked 24 stations and established the first national radio network, which it called CBS. ABC. NBC. NBC Blue.
NBC
How were spot commercial sales different from earlier advertising on television? A single advertiser sponsored different ad spots instead of having just one long commercial during the program. Networks sold individual spots in a given program to various advertisers instead of having one advertiser sponsor a whole program. Advertising agencies now had control over content, whereas in the past, the networks had freedom to produce whatever they liked. Individual sponsors were identified with specific shows instead of selling ads to any show that wanted them.
Networks sold individual spots in a given program to various advertisers instead of having one advertiser sponsor a whole program.
Stations that are owned and operated by a broadcast network are called O&Os. translator stations. affiliates. independents.
O&Os
A sucker is born every minute" was the public relations philosophy of what legendary PR practitioner? P. T. Barnum Amos Kendall Mason Weems John Jay
P. T. Barnum
cause marketing
PR in support of social issues and causes
transparentists
PR professionals calling for full disclosure of their practices - transparency
Who are digital natives? People who create their own sites on the World Wide Web. People who teach Internet technology to others. People who have never known the world without an Internet. People who get the majority of their information from the Internet.
People who have never known the world without an Internet.
Which of the following people demonstrated his television system in 1927 in San Francisco after moving their from Idaho? Paul Nipkow Philo Farnsworth John Logie Baird Vladimir Zworykin
Philo Farnsworth
Immediately after World War I, the U.S. government, concerned that the development of radio would be delayed by patent fights and that its future would be controlled by a foreign company (British Marconi), established a government-sanctioned monopoly to run radio, called American Telephone and Telegraph. Radio Corporation of America. American Marconi. General Electric.
Radio Corporation of America.
In 1916, David Sarnoff sent his ideas on how to make radio a "household utility" to his superiors at American Marconi. This now-famous memo is called the Network Radio Memo. Radio Network Memo. Orchestra in a Box Memo. Radio Music Box Memo.
Radio Music Box Memo
Canadian inventor ______ developed the liquid barretter in 1903, making possible the radio reception of voices. David Sarnoff Reginald Fessenden Thomas Edison Lee DeForest
Reginald Fessenden
________, outright lying or obfuscation, is antithetical to authentic communication and should be avoided by PR professionals, according to executive Roxanne Taylor. Spin Covering up Embedding Dissembling
Spin
Founded in 1947, what is the principal professional group for today's public relations professionals? The American Council on Public Relations The National Association of Accredited Publicity Directors The American Publicity Bureau The Public Relations Society of America
The Public Relations Society of America
How did Lucille Ball change the business of television? Multiple Choice The television industry moved from New York to Hollywood. Television no longer used stock shots in their shows to save money. A weekly television series could now be produced in just 16 weeks instead of 24. Television programs were no longer filmed in front of a live audience.
The television industry moved from New York to Hollywood.
The first "talking machine", or sound-recording method, was developed in 1887 by David Sarnoff. Reginald Fessenden. Thomas Edison. Lee DeForest.
Thomas Edison.
The first radio commercial appeared on station ______ in 1922. KDKA WNBC WEAF KCBS
WEAF
search engines
Web- or Net-search software providing on-screen menus
The first corporate public relations department was established in 1889 by the New York Central Railroad. the New York World. the Publicity Bureau. Westinghouse Electric.
Westinghouse Electric.
In 1896, presidential contenders William Jennings Bryan and _____________ both established campaign headquarters in Chicago, where they issued news releases, position papers, and pamphlets. William McKinley Abraham Lincoln Wendell Wilkie Teddy Roosevelt
William McKinley
affiliate
a broadcasting station that aligns itself with a network
O&O
a broadcasting system that is owned and operated by a network
digital computer
a computer that processes data reduced to a binary code
metaethics
a culture's fundamental values
flack
a derogatory name sometimes applied to public relations professionals
modem
a device that translates digital computer information into an analog form so it can be transmitted through telephone lines
internet
a global network of interconnected computers that communicate freely and share and exchange information
mainframe computer
a large central computer to which users are connected by terminals
A deal that guarantees the producer that the network will order at least a pilot or it has to pay a hefty penalty is called a lock. a put. a share. first-run syndication.
a put
format
a radio station's particular sound or programming content
secondary service
a radio station's second, or nonprimary, format
minicomputer
a relatively large central computer to which users are connected by terminals; not as large as a mainframe computer
When broadcasters asked the government to help them solve their interference and other operational problems during the 1920s, it responded with the Communications Act of 1934. a refusal to cooperate. strict rules of ownership and advertising. a series of four National Radio Conferences.
a series of four National Radio Conferences.
grand theory
a theory designed to describe and explain all aspects of a given phenomenon
audion tube
a vacuum tube that improved and amplified wireless signals
microcomputer
a very small computer that uses a microprocessor to handle info (also called a PC)
Stations that link themselves to a national broadcast network for the purpose of airing its programs are called independents. O&Os. affiliates. translator stations.
affiliates
normative theory
an idea that explains how media should ideally operate in a given system of social values
cookie
an identifying code added to a computer's hard drive by a visited website
music licensing company
an organization that collects fees based on recorded music users' gross receipts and distributes the money to songwriters and artists
stereotyping
application of a standardized image or conception applied to members of certain groups, usually based on limited information
dissonance theory
argues that people, when confronted by new information, experience a kind of mental discomfort, a dissonance; as a result, they consciously and subconsciously work to limit or reduce that discomfort through the selective processes
selective retention
assumes that people remember best and longest those messages that are consistent with their preexisting attitudes and beliefs
willing suspension of disbelief
audience practice of willingly accepting the content before them as real
The "free" channels provided automatically to all cable subscribers are called bonus cable. basic cable. pay cable. premium cable.
basic cable
The need to ______ and the need for ______ are two major factors that motivate people to use social media. brag; entertainment escape; information learn; attention belong; self-presentation
belong; self-presentation
Computers that reduce information to a code made up of the digits 1 and 0 for storage and manipulation are using a(n) _____________ code. primary binary plenary abacus
binary
In 1962, Congress declared in the all-channel legislation that all television sets in the U.S. must be equipped with a coaxial cable. a Nipkow disk. a digital video recorder. both VHF and UHF receivers.
both UHF and UHF receivers
spectrum scarcity
broadcast spectrum space is limited, so not everyone who wants to broadcast can; those who are granted licenses must accept regulation
One of Lee DeForest's major contributions to the history of radio was the development and popularization of the use of radio for broadcasting. news. ship-to-shore communication. advertising.
broadcasting.
A cable system that functions as a one-stop communications provider, supplying television, audio, high-speed Internet access, long-distance and local phone service, multiple telephone lines, and fax is said to offer media linkage. open access. bundling. media-on-demand.
bundling
networks
centralized production, distribution, decision-making organization that links affiliates for the purpose of delivering their viewers to advertisers
first computer
charles babbage his computer could compute algebraic computations using stored memory and punch cards for input and output steam driven computer
When an affiliate airs a network's program, it is said to ______ the show. reciprocate carry clear time for syndicate
clear time for
Integrated Marketing Communications (IMC)
combining public relations, marketing, advertising, and promotion into a seamless communication campaign
protocals
common communication rules and languages for computers linked to the internet
The extended real-life hypothesis is the idea that most people use social media to substitute virtual relationships for meaningful offline relationships. present their idealized selves. communicate their actual identities. compare their status to that of others.
communicate their actual identities.
Early cable systems were called satellite master antenna television (SMATV). master antenna television (MATV). community antenna television (CATV). auxiliary network television (ANTV).
community antenna television (CATV).
ISP (Internet Service Provider)
company that offers Internet connections at monthly rates depending on the kind and amount of access needed
hosts
computers linking individual personal computer users to the internet
hyperlink
connection, embedded in a website's content allowing instant access to other material in that site as well as to material in other sites
opt-in
consumers giving permission to companies to sell personal data
opt-out
consumers requesting that companies do not sell personal data
policy book
delineates standards of operation for local broadcasters
facebook depression
depression resulting from intensity of social media activity
The American Academy of Pediatrics is concerned that the intensity of the online world experienced by preteens and teens who spend a great deal of time on social media sites can trigger Facebook intelligence. fear. mania. depression.
depression.
Slacktivism
derogatory name of online activism
when was ARPANET (Advanced Research Projects Network) developed and launched
developed in 1962 and launched in 1969 (for nuclear war)
in-band-on-channel (IBOC)
digital radio technology that uses digital compression to "shrink" digital and analog signals, allowing both to occupy the same frequency
digital audio radio service (DARS)
direct home or automobile delivery of audio by satellite
affective forecasting error
discrepancy between the expected and actual emotions generated by facebook activity
The ownership and management of multiple radio stations in a single market by one person or company is called duopoly. deregulation. syndication. monopoly.
duopoly
micro-level effects
effects of media on individuals
Encryption
electronic coding or masking of information on the Web that can be deciphered only by a recipient with the decrypting key
home page
entryway into a website, containing information and hyperlinks to other material
pseudo-event
event that has no real informational or issue meaning; it exists merely to attract media attention
Internet of Things (IoT)
everyday objects having built-in network connectivity, allowing them to send and receive data
social construction of reality theory
explains how cultures construct and maintain their realities using signs and symbols, argues that people learn to behave in their social world through interaction with it
mass communication theories
explanations and predictions of social phenomena relating mass communication to various aspects of our personal and cultural lives or social systems
pornography
expression calculated solely to supply sexual excitement
Instances in which copyrighted material may be used without permission or payment are referred to as commodification of information. listservs. blogs. fair use.
fair use.
flog
fake blog; typically sponsored by a company to anonymously boost itself or attack a competitor
The radio industry was on the brink of disaster in the 1920s and radio sales were down because listeners Multiple Choice felt radio was too chaotic. felt radio was inappropriate for children. did not like the programs. could no longer afford radios.
felt radio was too chaotic.
MP3
file compression software that permits streaming of digital audio and video data
BitTorrent
file-sharing software that allows users to create "swarms" of data as they simultaneously download and upload "bits" of a given piece of content
liquid barretter
first audio device permitting the reception of wireless voices; developed by Fessenden
The creation of programs expressly for sale into syndication to individual stations in individual markets is called all channel production. first-run syndication. nonduplication production. primary production.
first-run syndication
Public relations professionals are referred to as ________, both inside and outside the media industries. hucksters promoters lobbyists flacks
flacks
open source software
freely downloaded software
e-mail (electronic mail)
function of Internet allowing communication via computer with anyone else online, anyplace in the world, with no long-distance fees
normative ethics
generalized theories, rules, and principles of ethical or moral behavior
flash mobs
geographically dispersed groups connected only by communications technology, quickly drawn together to perform collective action
democracy
government by the people
Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) chip
grain-of-sand-sized microchip and antenna embedded in consumer products that transmit a radio signal
Network Neutrality
granting equal carriage over phone and cable lines to all websites
knowledge gap
growing differences in knowledge, civic activity, and literacy between better-informed and less-informed Americans
meaning-making perspective
idea that active audience members use media content to create meaning, and meaningful experiences, for themselves
Hypodermic Needle Theory
idea that media are a dangerous drug that can directly enter a person's system
critical cultural theory
idea that media operate primarily to justify and support the status quo at the expense of ordinary people
Dependency Theory
idea that media's power is a function of audience members' dependency on the media and their content
cultivation analysis
idea that television "cultivates" or constructs a reality of the world that, although possibly inaccurate, becomes the accepted reality simply because we as a culture believe it to be the reality
middle-range theories
ideas that explain or predict only limited aspects of the mass communication process
copywright
identifying and granting ownership of a given piece of expression to protect the creator's financial interest in it
spyware
identifying code placed on a computer by a website without permission or notification
public
in PR, any group of people with a stake in an organization, issue, or idea
spin
in PR, outright lying to hide what really happened
moral agent
in an ethical dilemma, the person making the decision
trustee model
in broadcast regulation, the idea that broadcasters serve as the public's trustees or fiduciaries
traffic cop analogy
in broadcast regulation, the idea that the FCC, as a traffic cop, has the right to control not only the flow of broadcast traffic but its composition as well
indencency
in broadcasting, language or material that depicts sexual or excretory activities in a way offensive to contemporary community standards
public domain
in copyright law, the use of material without permission once the copyright expires
fair use
in copywright law, instances in which material may be used without permission or payment
mainstreaming
in cultivation analysis, television's ability to move people toward a common understanding of how things are
ad hoc balancing of interests
in individual First Amendment cases, several factors should be weighed in determining how much freedom the press is granted
lobbying
in public relations, directly interacting with elected officials or government regulators and agents
catalog albums
in record retailing, albums more than 18 months old
identification
in social cognitive theory, a special form of imitation by which observers do not exactly copy what they have seen but make a more generalized but related response
modeling
in social cognitive theory, learning through imitation and identification
observational learning
in social cognitive theory, observers can acquire (learn) new behaviors simply by seeing those behaviors performed
inhibitory effects
in social cognitive theory, seeing a model punished for a behavior reduces the likelihood that the observer will perform that behavior
disinhibitory effects
in social cognitive theory, seeing a model rewarded for prohibited or threatening behavior increases the likelihood that the observer will perform that behavior
imitation
in social cognitive theory, the direct replication of an observed behavior
environmental incentives
in social cognitive theory, the notion that real-world incentives can lead observers to ignore negative vicarious reinforcement
vicarious reinforcement
in social cognitive theory, the observation of reinforcement operates in the same manner as actual reinforcement
typification schemes
in social construction of reality, collections of meanings people have assigned to some phenomenon or situation
symbols
in social construction of reality, things that have objective meaning
signs
in social construction of reality, things that have subjective meaning
binary code
information transformed into a series of digits 1 and 0 for storage and manipulation in computers
The first large-scale public relations effort in the United States was a campaign set up by Franklin Roosevelt to win support for his New Deal policies. an image campaign to build interest in Henry Ford's automobiles. a campaign to improve the image of the Pennsylvania Railroad. intended to shape public opinion following the nation's entry into World War I.
intended to shape public opinion following the nation's entry into World War I.
New video technologies that allow viewers to "talk" to programmers and content distributors while watching will produce ______ television. satellite cable interactive Correct feedback
interactive
The "network of networks", consisting of LANs (Local Area Networks—networks connecting two or more computers, usually within the same building) and WANs (Wide Area Networks—networks that connect several LANs in different locations), is called the Internet. host. provider. World Wide Web.
internet
terrestrial digital radio
land-based digital radio relying on digital compression technology to simultaneously transmit analog and one or more digital signals using existing spectrum space
shield law
legislation that expressly protects reporters' rights to maintain sources' confidentiality in courts of law
"Red Channels: The Report of Communist Influence in Radio and Television" had little impact on a television industry enjoying great public acceptance. listed the names of 151 broadcast personalities with alleged ties to the Communist Party. was produced by the FCC as a guideline for the networks. once and for all put to rest the idea that broadcasting was infiltrated by Communists.
listed the names of 151 broadcast personalities with alleged ties to the Communist Party.
When PR professionals directly interact with elected officials or government regulators and agents, they are engaging in lobbying. publicity. public affairs. promotion.
lobbying
PR professionals interact with the _____________ through press packets and briefings. employees stockholders media communities
media
readers' representative
media outlet employee who regularly responds to outside criticism
frankfurt school
media theory, centered in neo-marxism, that valued serious art, viewing its consumption as a means to elevate all people toward a better life; typical media fare was seen as pacifying ordinary people while repressing them
limited effects theory
media's influence is limited by people's individual differences, social categories, and personal relationships
macro-level effects
media's widescale social and cultural impact
Digital delivery of over-the-air television signals permits _________, sending different content on different parts of the same signal. interaction slinging multiplexing broadbanding
multiplexing
WAN (wide area network)
network that connects several LANs in different locations
The business of television is dominated by a few centralized production, distribution, and decision-making organizations, known as the major studios. production houses. affiliate councils. networks.
networks
editorial polices
newspaper and magazines positions on certain specific issues
The primary collector and reporter of television ratings is a company known as Nielsen. Arbitron. Equifax. Telecount.
nielson
social responsibility theory
normative theory asserting that media must remain free of government control but, in exchange, must serve the public
aggressive cues model
of media violence; media portrayals can indicate that certain classes of people are acceptable targets for real-world aggression
stimulation model
of media violence; viewing mediated violence can increase the likelihood of subsequent aggressive behavior
domain names
on the World Wide Web, an identifying name, rather than a site's formal URL, that gives some indication of the nature of a site's content or owner
slander
oral or spoken defamation of a person's character
P2P
peer-to-peer software that permits direct Internet-based communication or collaboration between two or more personal computers while bypassing centralized servers
Cable can trace its roots to 1948 in California. New Jersey. Nebraska. Pennsylvania.
pennsylvania
selective processes
people expose themselves to, remember best and longest, and reinterpret messages that are consistent with their preexisting attitudes and beliefs
digital natives
people who have never known a world without the internet
Libertarianism
philosophy of the press that asserts that good and rational people can tell right from wrong if presented with full and free access to information; therefore, censorship is unnecessary
Voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP)
phone calls transferred in digital packets over the Internet rather than on circuit-switched telephone wires
Marconi's interest in developing wireless transmission was the development of an advanced radio telescope. mass communication—transmitting messages to large audiences. in replacing the telephone with radio. point-to-point communication.
point-to-point communication.
prior restraint
power of the government to prevent publication or broadcast of expression
playlist
predetermined sequence of selected records to be played by a disc jockey
extended real-life hypothesis
predicts that we use social media to communicate our actual identities
Video News Release (VNR)
preproduced report about a client or its product that is distributed free of charge to television stations
collateral materials
printing, research, and photographs that PR firms handle for clients, charging as much as 17.65% for this service
Digital Rights Management (DRM)
protection of digitally distributed intellectual property
An event staged specifically to attract public attention is a nonevent. photo op. managed moment. pseudo-event.
pseudo-event.
Any group of people with a stake in an organization, issue, or idea is known as a public. stockholder. community. customer.
public
greenwashing
public relations practice of countering the public relations efforts aimed at clients by environmentalists
The public relations activity of getting media coverage for clients is called publicity. public affairs. lobbying. promotion.
publicity.
instant messaging (IM)
real-time e-mail, allowing two or more people to communicate instantaneously and in immediate response to one another
digital recording
recording based on conversion of sound into 1s and 0s logged in millisecond intervals in a computerized translation process
The primary drawback of the Edison talking machine for sound recording was its availability could not meet demand. recordings could not be copied. poor sound fidelity made it unpopular with listeners. high cost made it unpopular with buyers.
recordings could not be copied
fairness doctrine
requires broadcasters to cover issues of public importance and to be fair in that coverage; abolished in 1987
facebook envy
resentfulness of others' social media expressions of happiness
Rather than local stations receiving compensation for airing network programs, now networks receive ______, a fee paid by the local station for the right to be that network's affiliate. subscribership retransmission fees reverse compensation clear time
reverse compensation
ethics
rules of behavior or moral principles that guide actions in given situations
Syndication
sale of radio and television content to stations on a market-by-market basis
In its earliest days, the radio industry earned income through government subsidies. subscribership. sale of receivers. license fees.
sale of receivers.
stream ripping
saving streaming media to a file on a personal device to be accessed locally
The percentage of television sets currently in use that are tuned in to a given program is that show's rating. clear time. share. sweep.
share
focus groups
small groups of people who are interviewed, typically to provide advertising or public relations professionals with detailed information
dual-factor model of social media use
social media use is motivated by the need for acceptance and the need to belong
idealized virtual identity hypothesis
social media users tend to show idealized characteristics not reflective of who they really are
browsers
software programs loaded on personal computers and used to download and view Web files
mathematical songwriting
songs written specifically to be commercial hits
The trustee model of broadcast regulation is based in part on the premise that because broadcast spectrum space is limited, and therefore not everyone who wants to broadcast can, those who are granted licenses to serve a local area must accept regulation. This is called the philosophy of spectrum scarcity. trusteeism. media influence. fiduciary rule.
spectrum scarcity
As a result of the quiz show scandal, the networks changed the way they accepted sponsors' money, changing from single sponsorship for most programs to ______ sales. lottery time spot commercial subscribership
spot commercial
operating policies
standards for everyday operations for newspapers and magazines
podcasting
streaming or downloading of audio files recorded and stored on distant servers
A syndicated program that runs five nights a week at the same time is said to be shadowed. cumed. stripped. cleared.
stripped
Which of the following would now be considered a pseudo-event? the Boston Massacre the publication of The Federalist Papers the Stamp Act the Boston Tea Party
the Boston Tea Party
confidetiality
the ability of media professionals to keep secret the names of people who provide them with information
applied ethics
the application of metaethics and normative ethics to very specific situations
fixed-fee arrangement
the arrangement whereby a PR firm performs a specific set of services for a client for a specific and prearranged fee
Lucille Ball's insistence that she, rather than CBS, own the rights to her television program set the stage not only for reruns but also for the coming of comedy to network television. the creation of the syndication industry. situation comedy in full color. the rise of CBS as an industry power.
the creation of the syndication industry
abridgment
the curtailing of rights
web radio
the delivery of "radio" over the internet directly to individual listeners
URL (Uniform Resource Locator)
the designation of each file or directory on the host computer connected to the Internet
What is the term for the lack of digital access among specific groups of Americans? the information gap virtual democracy the digital divide the technology terminal
the digital divide
libel
the false and malicious publication of material that damages a person's reputation (typically applied to print media)
Magic Bullet Theory
the idea from mass social theory that media are a powerful "killing force" that directly penetrates a person's system
cultural theories
the idea that meaning and therefore effects are negotiated by media and audiences as they interact in the culture
uses and gratifications approach
the idea that media don't do things to people; people do things with media
early window
the idea that media give children a window on the world before they have the critical and intellectual ability to judge what they see
two-step flow theory
the idea that media's influence on people's behavior is limited by opinion leaders—people who initially consume media content, interpret it in light of their own values and beliefs, and then pass it on to opinion followers, who have less frequent contact with media
selective exposure
the idea that people expose themselves to or attend to those messages that are consistent with their preexisting attitudes and beliefs
symbolic interaction
the idea that people give meaning to symbols and then those symbols control people's behavior in their presence
selective perception
the idea that people interpret messages in a manner consistent with their preexisting attitudes and beliefs
mass society theory
the idea that the media are corrupting influences that undermine the social order and that "average" people are defenseless against their influence
desensitization
the idea that viewers become more accepting of real-world violence because of its constant presence in television fare
piracy
the illegal recording and sale of copyrighted material
Corporate Social Responsibility
the integration of business operations and organizational values
standards and practices departments
the internal content review operation of a television network
digital divide
the lack of technological access among people of color, people who are poor or disabled, and those in rural communities
Dataveillance
the massive electronic collection and distillation of consumer data
product positioning
the practice in advertising of assigning meaning to a product based on who buys the product rather than the product itself
crowdfunding
the practice of funding a project or venture by raising many small amounts of money from a large number of people, typically via the Internet.
The Radio Act of 1927 ensured that the airwaves belonged to the Radio Corporation of America. the public. the government. broadcasters.
the public
technology gap
the widening disparity between communication technology haves and have-nots
information gap
the widening disparity in amounts and types of information available to information haves and have-nots
british cultural theory
theory of elites' domination over culture and its influence on bounded cultures
attitude change theory
theory that explains how people's attitudes are formed, shaped, and changed and how those attitudes influence behavior
According to long-time New Yorker columnist A. J. Liebling, freedom of the press is guaranteed to the media literate. all. those who own the presses. citizens in a democracy.
those who own the presses.
Recording a television show on a home VCR or DVR for later viewing is called zipping. time-shifting. zapping. stripping.
time-shifting
At cable's inception, the primary goal of most cable television operations was to circumvent FCC all-channel rules. to challenge the over-the-air broadcasters. to improve the reception of distant signals. to deliver pay-per-view movies.
to improve the reception of distant signals
billings
total sale of broadcast airtime
terminals
user workstations that are connected to larger centralized computers
The PR strategy that relies on targeting specific Internet users with a given communication and relying on them to spread the word is referred to as spreading the news. interconnecting essential publics. viral marketing. Web-based marketing.
viral marketing
What strategy relies on targeting specific Internet users with a given communication and relying on them to spread the word through communication channels? specializing focus grouping integrated marketing viral marketing
viral marketing
Who developed the iconoscope tube? Paul Nipkow Vladimir Zworykin Philo Farnsworth John Logie Baird
vladimir zworykin
embedding
war correspondents exchanging control of their output for access to the front
social networking sites
websites that function as online communities of users
when did the US census successfully use computers
1951
Who is credited with being the originator of the computer? Marshall McLuhan Charles Babbage William Gibson Joseph C. R. Licklider
Charles Babbage
Sesame Street is produced by the National Broadcasting Company. Public Broadcasting System. Children's Television Workshop. Jim Henson Company.
Children's Television Workshop
viral marketing
PR strategy that relies on targeting specific Internet users with a given communication and relying on them to spread the word
After the sinking of the Titanic, the U.S. Congress passed the ______, mandating among other things that wireless operators be licensed by the secretary of commerce and labor. Radio Act of 1912 Radio Act of 1927 Wireless Ship Act of 1910 Communications Act of 1934
Radio Act of 1912
The ______ established definitions of authority between federal and state governments, provided for the distribution and revocation of licenses, fined violators, assigned frequencies for operation, and set the hours during which a station was authorized to broadcast. Radio Act of 1912 Communications Act of 1934 Wireless Ship Act of 1910 Radio Act of 1927
Radio Act of 1912
The first instance of U.S. government regulation of radio was the ______, passed soon after the passengers of the sinking ship Republic were saved because that vessel was equipped with a radio. Radio Act of 1927 Wireless Ship Act of 1910 Radio Act of 1912 Communications Act of 1934
Wireless Ship Act of 1910
World Wide Web
a tool that serves as a means of accessing files on computers connected via the Internet
multimedia
advanced sound and image capabilities for microcomputers
