Media Literacy- Final Exam Review

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U.S Magazines in the 19th Century

-Commitment to universal education -Reduction in Postal Act of 1879 -Rural Free Delivery -Penny Press

Telegraph

1840s, the precursor of radio.

Below-the-line

40% of new program's production budget, includes technical: equipment, special effects, cameras, crew

First Amendment

5 freedoms: speech, press, religion, assembly, petition

House Un-American Activities Committee (HUAC)

A congressional committee that investigated Communist influence inside and outside the U.S. government in the years following World War II.

MP3

A standard format for music files sent over the Internet that compresses music.

Focus Groups

A strategy to obtain data from a small group of people using interview questions.

Social Learning Theory

A theory within media effects research that suggests a link between the mass media and behavior. (Link between violent programs and mass media)

Commercial Press

A type of newspaper that reported on trade and business dealings and was paid for by the promotion of products and the sale of advertisements.

Values and Lifestyles (VALS)

A value measurement based on two categories: self-definition and resources

Publick Occurrences Both Foreign and Domestick

America's first newspaper (1690). Four pages long. Last page was blank

Audit Bureau of Circulations (ABC)

An organization supported by advertising agencies, advertisers, and publishers that verifies circulation and other marketing data on newspapers and magazines for the benefit of its members.

Aristotle on art

Art and stories should provide insight into the human condition, but should entertain as well

Plato on art

Art should aim to instruct and uplift

Socrates on art

Art should be better than our daily lives, should encourage us to be good

Euripides on art

Art should imitate life

Examples of Culture

Art, music, movies, and books

Native American Newspapers

Began with Cherokee Phoenix (1828) Educated tribes about their heritage and build community solidarity

Modern Period

Began with the Industrial Revolution and extended until the mid-twentieth century

Space Brokers

Bought newspaper space, sold it to merchants. 1830s. (Earliest ad agencies)

Internet Radio

Broadcast radio stations now have an online presence. • Online-only radio stations like Pandora growing in popularity

AT&T

Broke its RCA agreements in 1922 in an attempt to monopolize radio • Began making and selling its own radio receivers • Started WEAF in New York, the first station to sell advertising

Anthology Drama

Brought live dramatic theater to the television audience •Ended for both economic and political reasons. Alfred Hitchcock Presents (1955-1965)

Dime Novels

Cheaply bound and widely circulated novels that became popular after the Civil War depicting such scenarios from the "Wild West" and other American tales.

Heinrich Hertz

Demonstrated the existence of radio waves in 1885, setting the stage for the development of modern wireless communications. The measurement unit of electromagnetic frequencies was named for Hertz.

Mass Communication

Designing cultural messages and stories and delivering them to large and diverse audiences through mass media

World Wide Web

Developed by Tim Berners-Lee at CERN in the late 1980s

Radio Waves

Electromagnetic waves with the longest wavelengths and lowest frequencies

Social Media

Electronic media that allows people with similar interests to participate in a social network

What are the four stages of the Evolution of Media?

Emergence stage, Entrepreneurial stage, Mass Medium stage, and Convergence stage

Press Agents in the 1800s

Hired by large industrial companies Used by rail companies to gain government support Utility companies also used PR strategies to derail competition and eventually attain monopoly status. Used bribes and fraud to garner support and eliminate competition

William F. Cody (Buffalo Bill)

Hired press agents who used a wide variety of media channels Shaped many lasting myths about rugged American individualism Among the first to use publicity

Spanish-Language Newspapers

Hispanic issues and culture largely ignored until the late 1960s Mainstream papers added supplements, but many folded

Benjamin Franklin

Imported and Reprinted Novels in the Colonies

Media Powerhouses: Consolidation, Partnerships, and Mergers

In 1995, Disney bought ABC for $19 billion and Time Warner bought Turner Broadcasting for $7.5 billion. • AOL acquired Time Warner—a $164 billion deal—in 2001, only to spin the company off by 2009. • AOL bought the Huffington Post for $315 million in 2011 before being bought by Verizon in 2015 for $4.4 billion. • Comcast purchased a majority stake in NBC Universal in 2009. • 2019: Disney purchased Fox.

Marketing Research

In advertising and public relations agencies, the department that uses social science techniques to asses the behaviors and attitudes of consumers toward particular products before any ads are created. (Consumer buying habits)

Film Exchange System

In exchange for providing short films, movie companies received a percentage of ticket-gate receipts.

Contemporary approach

Individuals bring diverse meanings to messages; Audiences actively affirm, interpret, refashion, or reject the messages and stories that flow through various media channels

Mass Media

Industries that help produce and distribute culture

Oral Era

Information 1st circulated through oral traditions passed on by poets, teachers, tribal storytellers

Yellow Journalism

Journalism that exploits, distorts, or exaggerates the news to create sensations and attract readers

Episodic Series

Main characters continue from week to week, sets and locales remain the same, technical crews stay with the program.

Limited Competition (Radio: News/talk radio, country stations)

Many producers and sellers, but only a few products within a particular category.

video subscription services

Netflix

Partisan Press

Newspapers and other communication media that openly support a political party and whose news in significant part follows the party line.

Libertarian Model

No restrictions on speech. (Alternative papers in North America & Europe follow this model.)

Are gatekeepers in the Linear Model of Mass Communication still effective?

No; Gatekeeps are no longer as effective as they once were, because the Internet has allowed media to be more available

Todd Storz

Omaha radio executive who pioneered the Top 40 format.

Orson Wells

Pioneering entertainer, actor and director, who created "The War of the Worlds" radio broadcast in 1938

Colonial Newspapers and the Partisan Press (Papers)

Publick Occurrences, Both Foreign & Domestick (1690) Pennslyvania Gazette (1729) New-York Weekly Journal (1733)

Newsroom Staff

Publisher and owner Editors and assistant editors Reporters

Product Placement

Putting products into TV shows and movies where they will be seen

TV License Freeze

RCA until 1952

Pennslyvania Gazzette

Ran by Benjamin Franklin (1729)

Guglielmo Marconi

Received a patent on wireless telegraphy in England in 1896. Basically Morse code.

Digital Divide

Refers to the growing contrast between "information haves" and "information have-nots." • Smartphones are helping to narrow the gap. • Still a big gap between the United States and the rest of the world; some governments permit limited or zero access to the Internet.

Market Research

The activity of gathering information about consumers' needs and preferences.

Economies of Sale Principle

The competitive advantage that large entities have over smaller ones. The larger the business, non-profit, or government, the lower its per-unit costs. It can spread fixed costs, like administration, over more units of production.

Communication

The creation and use of symbol systems that convey information and meaning

Selective Exposure

The process by which individuals screen out messages that do not conform to their own biases.

Contemporary Journalism in the TV and Internet Age

USA Today - Used color and designed vending boxes to look like TVs - Mimicked broadcast news in the use of brief news items Online journalism redefines news. - Replaced the morning newspaper - Speeds up the news cycle - Nontraditional sources shape stories

Joint Operating Agreement (JOA)

Under a JOA, two competing papers keep separate news divisions while merging business and production operations for a period of years.

Big Six

Warner Brothers, Paramount, 21st Century Fox, Universal, Columbia Pictures, and Disney • Account for more than 86% of commercial film revenues

Qualified Privilege

a legal right allowing journalists to report judicial or legislative proceedings even though the public statements being reported may be libelous.

Phishing

an Internet scam that begins with phony e-mail messages that appear to be from an official site and request that customers send their credit card numbers & other personal information to update their account.

Hidden-Fear Appeal

an advertising strategy that plays on a sense of insecurity, trying to persuade consumers that only a specific product can offer relief

Paywall

an online portal that charges consumers a fee for access to news content

Codex

an unbound manuscript of some ancient classic (as distinguished from a scroll)

Fourth Estate

an unofficial branch of government that monitors the legislative, judicial, and executive branches for abuses of power and provides information necessary for self-governance.

Press Releases

announcements written in the style of news reports that present new information about an individual, a company, or an organization & pitch a story idea to the news media.

Pseudo-Event

any circumstance created for the sole purpose of gaining coverage in the media

Branded Content

any content developed and owned by a brand

Shares

are based on a percentage of homes tuned to a program, compared with those actually using their sets at the time of sample.

Ratings

are based on a percentage of households tuned to a sampled program.

Online Fantasy Sports

are games in which players assemble teams and use actual sports results to determine scores in their online games.

Mass Medium stage

businesses figure out how to market the new device as a consumer product; all about money

Analog Recording

captures the fluctuations of sound waves and stores those signals in a record's grooves or a tape's continuous stream of magnetized particles

Public Opinion Research

citizen surveys

Direct Payment

consumers buy media products

opt-in/opt-out policies

controversial Web site policies over personal data gathering.

Celluloid

could hold a coasting of chemicals sensitive to light

Social Networking Sites

create content & share with friends.

Transistors

created in 1947, popular in 1960s • Small electrical devices that could receive and amplify radio signals • More durable and less expensive than vacuum tubes, used less power, and produced less heat • Led to the creation of small pocket radios • Made radio portable

Above-the-line

creative talent, actors, writers, editors, directors, producers

Culture Map

culture as a progress

Edwin Armstrong

developed FM radio

Reference Books

dictionaries, encyclopedias, atlases, and other reference manuals related to particular professions or trades

DVD

digital video disc or digital versatile disc

Kinetograph

early movie camera

Drive Time

early weekday mornings and late afternoons - when people are driving to and from work - when radio stations expect to capture their largest audience

Split-Run Editions

editions of national magazines that tailor ads to different geographic areas

Four features of the Modern Period

efficiency, individualism, rationalism, and progress

Objectivity

eliminating bias and judgments on the part of researchers

Wiki Web Sites

enable anyone to edit and contribute to them

Vitascope

enabled filmstrips of longer lengths to be projected without interruption developed under Edison.

Schenck v. United States (1919)

established the "clear and present danger" criterion for expression.

Content Communities

exist for the sharing of all types of content, from text (FanFiction.net) to photos (Photobucket) and videos (YouTube).

Punk Rock

fast, hard-edged music, with short, simple songs and minimal instrumentation

Conflict-Oriented Journalism

found in metropolitan areas, newspapers that define news primarily as events, issues, or experiences that deviate from social norms; journalists see their role as observers who monitor their city's institutions and problems

Consensus-Oriented Journalism

found in small communities, newspapers that promote social and economic harmony by providing community calendars and meeting notices and carrying articles on local schools, social events, town government, property crimes, and zoning issues

Postmodern Period

from the mid-twentieth century to today

Movie Palaces

full-time single screen-movie theaters that offered a more hospitable moviegoing environment, providing elegant décor usually reserved for high-society opera, ballet, symphony and live theater.

Reliability

getting the same result on repeated testing

Frankfurt School

group of European researchers that emigrated to U.S. to escape Nazi persecution in the 1930s.

Developmental Editor

in book publishing, the editor who provides authors with feedback, makes suggestions for improvements, and obtains advice from knowledgeable members of the academic community

Access Channels

in cable television, a tier of non-broadcast channels dedicated to local education, government, and the public

Leased Channels

in cable television, channels that allow citizens to buy time for producing programs or presenting their own viewpoints

Cultural Studies

in media research, the approaches that try to understand how the media and culture are tied to the actual patterns of communication used in daily life; these studies focus on how people make meanings, apprehend reality, and order experience through the use of stories and symbols

Indies

independent music and film production houses that work outside industry oligopolies; they often produce less mainstream music and film

Cookies

information profiles about a user that are usually automatically accepted by a Web browser and stored on the user's own computer hard drive.

Entrepreneurial stage

inventors and investors determine a practical and marketable use for the new device

Electromagnetic Waves

invisible electronic impulses similar to visible ligh

Adventure Games

involves a type of gameplay that is in many ways the opposite of action games. Typically non-confrontational in nature, interact w/individual characters and sometimes hostile environments in order to solve puzzles. Zelda

Tin Pan Alley

is the name given to the collection of New York City-centered music publishers and songwriters who dominated the popular music of the United States in the late 1800's and early 1900's.

Audiotape

lightweight magnetized strands of ribbon that make possible sound editing and multiple-track mixing; instrumentals or vocals can be recorded at one location and later mixed onto a master recording in another studio

Low Culture

lower floors are associated with popular culture (ex. soap operas, rock music, video games)

Evergreen Subscriptions

magazine subscriptions that automatically renew on the subscriber's credit card

Genres

major categories of media content

Format Radio

management, not DJs control programming each hour.

Viral Marketing

marketing activities that aim to increase brand awareness or sales by consumers passing a message along to other consumers

Social Psychology Studies

measure the behavior and cognition of individuals.

Video News Releases (VNRs)

mimics the style of a broadcast news report.

Microprocessor

miniature circuits that process and store electronic signals, thousands of transistors and related circuitry could be integrated with thin strands of silicon, along which binary codes traveled.

Dramedy

mix of dramatic and comedic elements. Orange Is The New Black

Megaplexes

movie theater facilities with 14 or more screens

Demographic Editions

national magazines whose advertising is tailored to subscribers and readers according to occupation, class, and zip code

Human-Interest Stories

news accounts that focus on the daily trials and triumphs of the human condition, often featuring ordinary individuals facing extraordinary challenges.

Citizen Journalism

news reported and distributed by citizens, rather than professional journalists and for-profit news organizations

Supermarket Tabloids

newspapers that feature bizarre human-interest stories, gruesome murder tales, violent accident accounts, unexplained phenomena stories, and malicious celebrity gossip

University Press Books

nonprofit scholarly works for small groups of readers

Convergence stage

older media are reconfigured in various forms on newer media; where we are today

Serial Programs

open-ended episodic shows; storylines continue from episode to episode. Soap operas.

Consensus Narratives

operate across different times and cultures.

Situation Comedy

or sitcom, features a recurring cast; each episode establishes a narrative situation, complicates it, develops increasing confusion among its characters, and resolves complications. The Big Bang Theory

Electronic Software Association

organizes games by gameplay: the way in which the rules structure how players interact with the game.

Stereo

permitted the recording of two separate channels, or tracks, of sound

Culture map: forms of culture are judged on a combination of

personal taste and aesthetic judgments a society makes at particular historical times

Compact Disc (CDs)

playback-only storage discs for music that incorporate pure and very precise digital techniques, thus eliminating noise during recording and editing sessions

Strategy & Simulation Games

player makes strategic decisions -such as building bases, researching tech, managing resources. SimCity

Bandwagon Effect

points out in exaggerated claims that everyone is using a particular product.

Pop Music

popular music that appeals either to a wide cross section of the public or to sizable subdivisions within the larger public based on age, region, or ethnic background; the word pop has also been used as a label to distinguish popular music from classical music

Four features of Postmodern Period

populism, diversity, nostalgia, and paradox

Audio Books

printed books narrated for distribution in a recorded audio format

First-Run Syndication

programs produced specifically for the syndication market

Synergy

promotion and sale of a product throughout the various subsidiaries of the media conglomerate.

Copyright

protects the rights of authors and producers to their published or unpublished work.

Underground Press

radical newspapers, run on shoestring budgets, that question mainstream political policies and conventional values; the term usually refers to a journalism movement of the 1960s

Time Shifting

recording video or audio for later viewing or listening

Net Neutrality

refers to the principle that every website and every user—whether a multinational corporation or you—has the right to the same Internet network speed and access.

Uses and Gratifications Model

researchers studied the ways in which people used the media to satisfy various emotional or intellectual needs

Censorship

restriction on access to ideas and information

Grunge

rock music that takes the spirit of punk and infuses it with more attention to melody

Psychedelic Rock

rock n roll reflected the drug experience in psychedelic rock through such songs as the Beatles Lucy in the sky w diamonds, Jimmy Hendrix's purple haze, and grateful dead songs

Chapter Shows

self-contained stories with a recurring set of main characters who confront a problem, face conflicts, find a resolution. The Big Bang Theory

Zines

self-published magazines

The Linear Model of MSCM

senders, messages, mass media channel, receivers, gatekeepers, and feedback

Cash Deal

series goes to the highest bidder

Morse Code

series of dots and dashes created by Samuel Morse.

Role-Playing Games

set in a fantasy or sci-fi world in which each player chooses to play as a character that specializes in particular skill set (magic spells for example). Grand Theft Auto

Sketch Comedy

short comedy skits, SNL

Casual Games

simple rules & quick to play. Tetris.

Kinetoscope

single-person viewing system

Oligopoly

situation in which a few firms control the bulk of the business.

Spyware

software with secretive codes that enable commercial firms to "spy" on users & gain access to their computers.

Literary Journalism

sometimes dubbed "new journalism," adapted fictional techniques—such as descriptive details and settings and extensive character dialogue—to nonfiction material and in-depth reporting.

Cover Music

songs recorded or performed by musicians who did not originally write or perform the music; in the 1950s, some white producers and artists capitalized on popular songs by black artists by "covering" them

Newshole

space not taken up by ads

Digital

standard adopted in 2009

Analog

standard broadcast signals made of radio waves (1941)

Shield Laws

state laws that protect journalists from having to reveal their sources

Affiliate Stations

stations that contract with a network to carry its programs

Demographics

statistical data relating to the population and particular groups within it.

Blues

style of music evolving from African American spirituals and noted for its melancholy sound

Barter Deal

syndicator is paid from ad revenue

Artist & Repertoire Agents (A&R)

talent scouts of the music business who discover, develop, and sometimes manage performers

Professional Books

target various occupational groups and are not intended for the general consumer market

Hollywood Ten

ten witnesses from the film industry who refused to cooperate with the HUAC's investigation of Communist influence in Hollywood

Convergence

term that media critics and analysts use when describing changes occurring in media content and companies

Paramount Decisions

the 1948 U.S. Supreme Court decision that ended vertical integration in the film industry by forcing the studios to divest themselves of their theaters

E-Commerce

the buying and selling of goods over the internet

Third Screen

the computer-type screens on which consumers can view television, movies, music, newspapers, and books

Seditious Expression

the crime of revolting or inciting revolt against government

Communications Act of 1934

the far-reaching act that established the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) and the federal regulatory structure for U.S. broadcasting

Iconoscope

the first TV camera tube to convert light rays into electrical signals

Top 40 Format

the first radio format, in which stations played the forty most popular hits in a given week as measured by record sales

Penny Arcade (1880s)

the first thoroughly modern indoor playground, field with coin-operated games.

Copy Editors

the individuals who edit stories written by reporters; they edit for length, accuracy, style, and grammar and write headlines to accompany the stories

Globalism

the operation or planning of economic and foreign policy on a global basis.

Account Reviews

the process of evaluating or reinvigorating an ad campaign, which results in either renewing the contract with the original ad agency or hiring a new agency.

Deregulation

the removal of some government controls over a market

Subsidiary Rights

the sale of a book, its contents, even its characters to outside interests, such as filmmakers

Psychographics

the study and classification of people according to their attitudes, aspirations, and other psychological criteria, especially in market research.

Propaganda Analysis

the study of propaganda's effectiveness in influencing and mobilizing public opinion (After WW1).

Prime Time

the time period when the TV or radio audience is the largest

Public Relations

the total communication strategy conducted by a person, a government, or an organization attempting to reach and persuade an audience to adopt a point of view.

Pass-Along Readership

the total number of people who come into contact with a single copy of a magazine

investigative journalism

the use of in-depth reporting to unearth scandals, scams, and schemes, at times putting reporters in adversarial relationships with political leaders

Photojournalism

the use of photos to document events and people's lives

Gameplay

the way in which the rules structure how players interact with the game

High Culture

top floors associated with "good taste" (ex. ballet, symphony, art museums)

General Interest Magazines

types of magazines that address a wide variety of topics and are aimed at a broad national audience

Kinescope

were used to preserve live broadcasts prior to videotape's invention in 1956.

Parchment

writing material made from the skin of a sheep or goat

The Public Sphere

• A space for critical public debate• Advanced by German philosopher Jürgen Habermas • Society in England and France in late seventeenth century and eighteenth century created spaces (coffeehouses, pubs) for public discourse. • Today, we have social media.

In-game advertisements

• Ads integrated as billboards, logos, storefronts, etc., within games • Some can be altered remotely so they can be tailored to players based on numerous factors.

HTML (Hypertext Markup Language)

• Allows computers to communicate to each other. Was a text data-linking system that allowed computers to access information no matter where it was on the Internet. • The written code that creates Web pages and links is a language all computers can read.

Local Monopolies

• Antitrust laws aim to curb national monopolies, not local, and have no teeth globally.

Association Principle

• Association of a product with a positive cultural value or image even if it has little connection • Used in most consumer ads

Lobbying

• Attempting to influence lawmakers to support and vote for an organization's or industry's best interests

Search Engines

• Automated route to finding content on the Internet • Built on mathematic algorithms rather than manually entered data • Google became a major success largely due to its new algorithm based on a page's popularity.

William S. Paley

• Bought a controlling share in the company, and launched new concepts and strategies • Used option time to lure affiliates • CBS paid affiliates $50/hour for an option on a portion of their time .• Raided NBC for top talent• Became the top network in 1949

Account Executives

• Bring in new business, manage accounts, and perform account reviews.

War of the Worlds

• Broadcast by Orson Welles on Halloween eve in 1938 in the style of a radio news program • Created a panic in New York and New Jersey • Prompted the FCC to call for stricter warnings before and during programs imitating the style of radio news

Patent Medicines

• By the end of the 1800s, one-sixth of all print ads came from patent medicine and drug companies. • Patent medicine ads were often fraudulent. • Advertisers developed industry codes. • Federal Food and Drug Act was passed in part due to patent medicine claims.

Media Buyers

• Choose and purchase media based on suitability, target audience, and effectiveness of ads • Incentive clauses encourage saturation advertising

Mechanical Gaming

• Coin-operated counter machines • First appeared in train depots, hotel lobbies, bars, and restaurants

Survey Research

• Collecting and measuring data from a group of respondents

Department Stores

• Comprised more than 20 percent of ad space by the early 1890s • Frequently criticized for undermining small businesses

Internet Service Provider (ISP)

• Connect users to their proprietary Web system • Broadband connections have largely replaced dial-up ISP services. • Major ISPs - Verizon, Time Warner Cable, Charter, and Cox

Atari

• Created Pong (1975) • Kept score on the screen • Made blip noises when the ball hit the paddles or bounced off the sides of the court • First video game popular in arcades• Home version was marketed through an exclusive deal with Sears.

ARPAnet

• Created by the Department of Defense to enable researchers to share computer processing time. (Late 1960s)

Supporters

• Creates an arena in which citizens can raise questions since aspects of American culture challenge authority, national boundaries, and outmoded traditions. • Universal popular culture creates a global village.

Libel

• Defamation of character in written or broadcast form • More difficult to prove in cases involving public figures

Flack

• Derogatory term for PR agents that refers to the protective barrier they insert between clients and the press.

Development

• Designing, coding, scoring, and testing a game

Scanning Disk

• Developed by Paul Nipkow • Separated pictures into pinpoints of light that could be transmitted as a series of electronic lines.

Account Planner

• Develops the advertising strategy • Coordinates market research

Consoles

• Devices specifically used to play video games • The higher the bit rating, the more sophisticated the graphics •Early consoles - Atari 2600 (1977) - Nintendo Entertainment System (1983) - Sega Genesis (1989)

FM (Frequency Modulation) Radio

• Discovered and developed by Edwin Armstrong in the 1920s and 1930s • Greater fidelity and clarity than AM (amplitude modulation) radio • FCC opened up spectrum space for FM in the 1960s • Surpassed AM radio by the 1980s

Telecommunications Act of 1996

• Eliminated most ownership restrictions in radio • Together, iHeartMedia, Cumulus, and Townsquare Media: • Own roughly 1,700 radio stations (more than 11% of all radio stations) • Dominate the fifty largest markets • Control about one-third of the entire radio industry's $17.6 billion revenue

Motion Picture Producers and Distributors of America (MPPDA)

• Established the Motion Picture Production Code in the 1930s

Digital Games

• Evolved from their simplest forms in the arcade into four major formats: television, handheld devices, computers, and the Internet

Political Economy Studies

• Examines interconnections among economic interests, political power, and how that power is used.

N.W. Ayer & Son

• First full-service modern ad agency (1869) • Worked primarily for advertisers and product companies rather than newspapers • Helped to create, write, produce, and place ads in selected newspapers and magazines.

Sarah Josepha Hale

• First magazine targeting females in 1828: Ladies' Magazine • Merged with Godey's Lady's Book • Helped to educate lower- and middle-class women denied higher education

Edward Bernays

• First to apply findings of psychology and sociology to PR • Taught the first PR class

Audience Studies

• Focuses on how people use and interpret cultural content. • Subject being researched is the audience for the text.

Nickelodeons

• Form of movie theater; early 1900s • Name combines the admission price with the Greek word for "theater." • Often converted storefronts • Piano players added live music. • Transcended language barriers • Peaked by 1910

U.S Constitution (1788)

• Freedom of the press not included• Added by the Bill of Rights in 1791

RCA (Radio Corporation of America)

• GE broke off negotiations to sell radio technologies to European companies, then took the lead in founding the Radio Corporation of America (RCA) in 1919

Prior Restraint

• Government cannot block speech or publication before it occurs.

National, Women's, and Illustrated Magazines

• Growth of the magazine market • Improved literacy, public education • Better printing, postal technology

Cultivation Effect

• Heavy viewing of television leads individuals to perceive reality in ways consistent with portrayals on television.

Subliminal Advertising

• Hidden or disguised messages • No more effective than regular ads

Textual Analysis

• Highlights the close reading and interpretation of cultural messages

Digital Communication

• Image, text, or sound is converted into electronic symbols, which are transported and reassembled as a precise reproduction. • Includes e-mail and instant messaging

Nonprofit Radio

• In 1948, the government began authorizing noncommercial licenses and approved 10-watt FM stations.

Sedition Act of 1798

• Intended to silence opposition to an anticipated war with France • Expired in 1801 during Thomas Jefferson's presidency, and all convicted defendants were pardoned

Nikola Tesla

• Invented a wireless system in 1892 • Marconi used much of Tesla's work. • Deemed inventor of radio in 1943

Progressive Magazine Case (1979)

• National security as a cause for restraint • Article offered "how-to" H-bomb guide. • Judge Robert Warren sided with the government based on the national security factor. • Case was dropped during appeal and the article was published.

World War 1

• Navy took control of radio due to fear of Marconi's foreign influence on U.S. radio industry .• Corporate heads and government leaders conspired to make sure radio served American interests.

Convergence: Newspapers Struggle in the Move to Digital

• Newspapers take advantage of the Internet's flexibility. • Unlimited space • Immediate updates • Links to related material • Multimedia capabilities • Advances have yet to pay off. • Some papers are trying to establish a paywall.

Monopoly (Comcast, AT&T in the '80s, Microsoft in the '90s)

• One firm dominates production and distribution in a particular industry.

Activist FCC went after the networks in 1941

• Outlawed the practice of option time• Demanded that RCA sell one of its two NBC networks• NBC-Blue was sold and became the American Broadcasting Company (ABC).

NBC Affiliates

• Paid NBC to carry its programs • NBC sold national advertising • Emphasized national programming

Third-Person Effect

• People believe others are more affected by media messages than they are themselves.

Right to Privacy

• Person's right to be left alone, without his or her name, image, or daily activities becoming public property • News media generally granted wide protections under the FirstAmendment • Most journalism organizations use their own guidelines.

Astroturf Lobbying

• Phony grassroots public-affairs campaigns engineered by PR firms.

Industrial Revolution 1760s-1840s

• Promoted mass consumption • Emergence of leisure time

Critics

• Protests can be turned into products and lose their bite .• "Cultural dumping" hampers the development of native cultures .• Causes cultural disconnection.

Services Provided by PR

• Publicity • Public affairs • Issues management • Government relations • Financial PR • Community relations • Media relations • Propaganda

David Sarnoff

• RCA's first general manager • Created NBC,1926, which was shared by RCA, GE, and Westinghouse • The original telephone group (from AT&T) became known as the NBC-Red network, and the radio group became known as the NBC-Blue network.

Red Lion Broadcasting v. FCC (1969)

• Radio broadcasters' responsibilities to public interest outweigh the right to choose programming.

Three inadequacies of traditional scientific approaches

• Reduce large "cultural questions" to measurable and "verifiable categories" • Depended on "an atmosphere of rigidly enforced neutrality" • Refused to place "the phenomena of modern life" in a "historical and moral context"

Cultural Imperialism

• Refers to American styles dominating the globe. • Although many indigenous forms of media culture are popular, U.S. dominance in producing and distributing mass media puts a severe burden on countries attempting to produce their own cultural products.

Fairness Doctrine

• Required stations to:• Air and engage in controversial-issue programs affecting their communities • Provide competing points of view when offering such programming • Broadcasters argued it created an unfair burden. • Ended in 1987 • Support periodically resurfaces.

minimal effects model (Limited Model)

• Researchers argued that people generally engage in selective exposure and selective retention with regard to the media. (Media alone can't make cannot cause people to change their attitudes and behavior)

Disassociation

• Responding to consumer backlash, major corporations present products as though from smaller, independent companies.

Licensing

• Royalties to console manufacturers • Intellectual properties: stories, characters, personalities, music that require licensing agreements.

PR Managers

• Secure publicity to promote clients • Act as the point of contact during crises • Recommend advertising to clients when it seems appropriate.

massively multiplayer online role-playing games (MMORPGs)

• Set in virtual worlds • Large groups of players • World of Warcraft

Section 315 of 1934 Communications Act

• Stations must provide equal opportunities and response time for qualified political candidates during elections. • Exempts news broadcasts • Supporters of equal opportunity law argue that it has provided forums for lesser-known candidates.

Pentagon Papers Case (1971)

• Supreme Court ruled that the press "must be left free to publish news, whatever the source, without censorship, injunctions, or prior restraints."

Miami Herald Publishing v. Tornillo (1974)

• Supreme Court ruled the right-to-reply law is unconstitutional for newspapers.

Hypothesis

• Tentative general statements that predict the influence of an independent variable on a dependent variable

Experiments

• Test whether a hypothesis is true • Utilize an experimental group and a control group • Experimental group: group under study - to a selected media program. • Control group: group not exposed to the selected media content.Helps to ensure valid results.

Disney: A Postmodern Media Conglomerate

• The early years- Set the standard for popular cartoons and children's culture • The company diversifies.- Expanded into live action and documentaries and embraced TV- Started Buena Vista, a distribution company- Rereleased movies.

Synergy

• The promotion and sale of different versions of a media product across the various subsidiaries of a media conglomerate • Default business mode of most media companies today.

Spiral of Silence

• Those whose views are in the minority will keep their views to themselves for fear of social isolation.

Ivey Ledbetter Lee

• Understood the importance of public sentiment • Contained damaging publicity fallout from the Ludlow Mine strike deaths

Politcal Advertising

• Use of ad techniques to promote a candidate's image and persuade the public to adopt a viewpoint • Can serious information be conveyed in 30-second spots?

Satellite Radio

• XM and Sirius merged to become Sirius XM Radio in 2008. • Accessible through satellite radios, mobile devices, and cars with a satellite band

Milestones in Sound

• de Martinville, France, 1850s: First experiments with sound recording. When he spoke into a funnel, it created grooves on a revolving cylinder coated with a thick liquid called lamp black. • Edison's phonograph, U.S., 1877: 1st success playing back sound on the phonograph. Marketed as a type of phone answering machine. • Bell & Tainter's graphophone, 1886: improved on the phonograph; more durable recordings on wax cylinders. 4

Specialized Magazines

•Aimed at readers with specific interests •Achieved mass-circulation levels •Proliferated into smaller segments (Religious, Literary, & Professional)

Fin-Syn

•Banned networks from reaping profits from program syndication. (1970)

Telecommunications Act of 1996

•Brought cable under federal rules that had long governed the telephone, radio, and TV industries •Removed market barriers between phone companies, long-distance carriers, and cable operators •Reaffirmed must-carry rules •Mixed impact on cable customers

CNN

•First cable news channel •Created a 24/7 news cycle

Prime Time Access Rule (PTAR)

•Reduced network control of prime-time programming to encourage more local programming (1970)

DBS (direct broadcast satellite)

•Transmit a signal directly to a satellite dish at customers' homes •Reduced cable penetration •Began scrambling signals to prevent free access to broadcasts •Modern services include DirecTV and Dish

Media Deserts

"places where it is difficult to access daily, local news and information."

E-mail

(1971) improved communication. Invented by computer engineer Ray Tomlinson. • Each computer hub had similar status and power .• No master switch to shut it down

Must-Carry Rules

(1972) required cable operators to carry all local TV broadcasts.

The Little Three

(Columbia, Universal, United Artists)

Virtual Game Worlds and Virtual Social Worlds

(MMORPGs: massively multiplayer online role-playing games) • World of Warcraft, Second Life

The Big Five

(Paramount, MGM, Warner Brothers, Twentieth Century Fox, RKO)

Radio Act of 1912

(Passed after the Titanic Tragedy) Required licensing • Adopted the SOS distress signal • Deemed broadcasting a "natural resource" because radio waves crossed state and national borders.

Off-network syndication

(Reruns) in television, the process whereby older programs that no longer run during prime time are made available for reruns to local stations, cable operators, online services, and foreign markets

Mutual v. Ohio (1915)

- Film is a "business pure and simple" and merely a "spectacle with a special capacity for evil" - Ruling stood for 37 years until 1952

Magazines in Colonial America

- Magazines developed slowly - Served politicians, the educated, merchant classes - Documented early American life

Prime-Time Quiz Shows

- cheap to produce, but rigged - dropped by networks amid allegations of being fixed

Critical Issues in Advertising

-advertising toys and sugary cereals to children -advertising in schools -impact on health • Eating disorders • Tobacco • Alcohol • Prescription drugs

The Penny Press Era: Newspapers Become Mass Media

1. Day and the New York Sun 2. Bennett and the New York Morning Herald

Quaker Oats

1st cereal company to register a trademark (1877)

Rhythm and Blues (R&B)

A combination of blues and jazz that was a precursor to rock and roll

Public Broadcasting Act of 1967

A congressional act that established the Public Broadcasting Service. (PBS)

Oligopoly (Viacom, Time Warner, Netflix, Disney)

A few large firms dominate the industry.

Scientific Method

A logical, systematic approach to the solution of a scientific problem. • Review existing research. • Develop a working hypothesis. • Determine an appropriate method. • Collect information or relevant data. • Analyze results. • Interpret the implications

Papyrus

A long-lasting, paper-like material made from reeds. (Egyptian)

Printing Press

A mechanical device for transferring text or graphics from a woodblock or type to paper using ink. Presses using movable type first appeared in Europe in about 1450.

Objective Journalism

A model of news reporting that is based on the communication of "facts" rather than opinions and that is "fair" in that it presents all sides of partisan debate.

Ad Council

A nonprofit organization that helps produce public service advertising campaigns for government agencies and other qualified sponsors.

Royalties

A percentage of actual sales that a licensee pays to a licensor, usually anywhere from 5 to 15 percent

Podcasting and Portable Listening

A popular way to listen to radio-style programs on a computer or portable music device

Greenwashing

A practice in which companies promote their products as environmentally friendly when in truth the brand provides little ecological benefit.

Right-of-Reply Rule

A regulation by the FCC permitting a person the right to respond if attacked on a broadcast other than in a regular news program.

Indirect Payment

Advertisements

Soul

African American musical style rooted in R&B and gospel that became popular during the 1960s.

Web Browser

Allows users to navigate the web

Written Era

Alphabets & written word emerged around 1000 BC

ASCAP

American Society of Composers, Authors, and Publishers. Music licensing agency that represented the pop labels, the old Tin Pan Alley songwriters, and the "old guard" of the music industry.

Gag Order

An order issued by a judge restricting the publication of news about a trial or a pretrial hearing to protect the accused's right to a fair trial.

What does audiences bring to the table?

Audiences bring diverse opinions about media

Digital Era

Cable TV, images, text, sounds are converted into ones and zeros, Internet

Printed Era

China developed white paper & block printing 100 BC; Gutenberg's Printing Press 15th century

Multiple system operators (MSOs)

Comcast, Charter

Electronic Era

Communication: 1840 with invention of telegraph, movies, radio, TV

American Library Association (ALA)

Compiles a list of the most challenged books every year in the U.S

Game Publishers

Console makers (in some cases) • More often independent companies • Activision Blizzard and Electronic Arts • New major publishers; King and Rovio

Irritation Advertising

Creating product-name recognition by being annoying or obnoxious. (Puppy-Monkey-Baby Commercial)

Culture Skyscraper

Culture as a hierarchy

Midwest Video Case

Determined cable carriers were electronic publishers

Federal Cable Policy Act of 1984

Dictates the franchise fees for most U.S. municipalities. •Helps cities use such fees to establish and fund access channels

Regional Editions

Different versions of the same magazine produced for different geographic regions (e.g., states, countries).

DVR

Digital Video Recorder

multichannel video programming distributors (MVPDs)

Dish Network DirecTV

Ochs and New York Times

Distanced itself from yellow journalism Focused on documenting major events More affluent readership Lowered the price to a penny to attract middle-class readers

HD Radio

Enables multicasting by AM and FM broadcasters and provides program data

Frank Conrad

Established the first commercial broadcast station, KDKA, in 1920

Block Booking Distribution

Exhibitors had to rent marginal films in order to get films with big stars.

African American Newspapers

Faced high illiteracy rates and hostility from white society during the Civil War era

Deficit Financing

Film studios finance the deficit and hope to profit on syndication.

CBS and Paley: Challenging NBC

First attempt at CBS failed,1927

Odyssey (1972)

First home television game

The Review

First political magazine • Appeared in London in 1704 • Edited by Daniel Defoe (author of Robinson Crusoe) • Printed sporadically until 1713

Death Race (1976)

First public outcry over violence in electronic gaming

Ladies Home Journal (1890s)

First with a circulation of one million

New-York Weekly Journal

Founded in 1733 by the popular Party, Owner's arrest helped lead to creation of the 1st Amendment.

Modern Arcades

Gathered multiple coin-operated games together

Early Narrative Filmmakers

Georges Méliès, Edwin S. Porter

Communist or State Model

Government controls the press. (North Korea)

Asian American Newspapers

Helped readers adjust to foreign surroundings and retain ties to their traditional heritage

Basic Cable Services

Hundred-plus channels Local cable company pays each satellite-delivered service a per-subscriber fee.

Burson Cohn & Wolfe

Independent PR Agency used by most companies.

FCC (Federal Communications Commission)

Independent regulatory agency that oversees electronic media.

videocassette recorder (VCR)

Introduced in the mid-1970s •Federal court permitted home taping for personal use (1979, Sony won case against Disney/MCA) •Movie rentals became popular•Replaced by DVDs, which are being replaced by Blu-ray and DVRs

Karl Marx and Antonio Gramsci

Investigated how mass media support existing hierarchies. Examined how popular culture and sports distract people from redressing social injustices. Addressed the subordinate status of particular social groups.

Muckrakers

Journalists who attempted to find corruption or wrongdoing in industries and expose it to the public

Examples of Communication

Languages, Morse code, motion pictures, binary computer codes

Mega-Agencies

Large ad firms that formed by merging several agencies and that maintain regional offices worldwide. • Provide a full range of services • WPP Group, Omnicom, Publicis Groupe, and the Interpublic Group

The Fall of General-Interest Magazines

Late 1950s Changing consumer tastes, rising postal costs, falling ad revenues, & televisions

Postal Act of 1879

Legislation that allowed magazines to be mailed nationally at a low cost. It was a key factor in the growth of magazine circulation in the late nineteenth century

Department of Justice

Limited Non-News Programming

Celler-Kefauver Act (1950)

Limited any corporate mergers and joint ventures that reduced competition.

Convergence: Magazines Confront the Digital Age

Magazines move online. • Magazine companion Web sites ideal for increasing reach of consumer magazines • Feature original content • Magazines embrace digital content.

Agenda-Setting

Media set the agenda for major topics of discussion.

Major Home Console Makers

Microsoft, Sony, Nintendo

Cable Franchise

Mini-monopoly awarded by a local community to the most attractive bidder, usually for a 15-year period

First Noncommercial Networks

National Public Radio (NPR) and Public Broadcasting Service (PBS)

The Better Business Bureau (BBB)

One of the oldest nonprofit organizations that establishes self-regulation among businesses.

The Golden Age of Radio: 20s-40s

Only a handful of stations • Live music daily • 15-minute evening programs • Variety shows • Quiz shows • Dramatic programs • Most shows had a single sponsor.

Rule of Opinion and Fair Comment

Opinions are protected from Libel. Satire, comedy, and opinions expressed in reviews.

Eras of Communication

Oral, written, print, electronic, digital

Sherman Antitrust Act (1890)

Outlawed monopoly practices and corporate trusts that often fixed prices to force competitors out of business.

Selective Exposure

People seek messages that respond to their own cultural beliefs (ex; Republicans watch Fox News to hear that conservative views good, liberal views bad)

Progressive Era

Period of political and social reform from the 1890s to 1920s; Era lead to social reforms including secret ballot during elections, federal income tax, Prohibition, and women's suffrage

Vertical Integration

Practice where a single entity controls the entire process of a product, from the raw materials to distribution

Movietone Newsreels

Premiered sound film five months before The Jazz Singer First film footage with sound Lindbergh's takeoff and return

Premium Cable Services

Premium channels such as HBO Pay-per-view (PPV) channels Video-on-demand (VOD) channels

Social Responsibility Model

Press functions as a Fourth Estate. (U.S.A)

Stephen Daye

Printed the first colonial book, The Whole Book of Psalms

Sundance Film Festival

Promoted independent cinema. A place that represents independent style of filmmaking.

Authoritarian Model

Public guided by an educated ruling class. (Developed during printing press; today Asia, Latin America, & Africa)

Children's Internet Protection Act of 2000

Requires public schools and libraries to use filtering software to limit minors' exposure to inappropriate Internet content

Sixth Amendment

Right to a speedy and public trial

D.W. Griffith

Single most important director in Hollywood's early days • The Birth of a Nation -1915 • First feature-length film • First blockbuster

Boutique Agencies

Small regional ad agencies that offer personalized services. • Devote talents to select clients • Peterson Milla Hooks

Fourth Screen

Smartphones, iPods, iPads, and mobile TV devices

Miracle Case (1952)

Supreme Court decision granted films free speech protection and rendered most activities of film review boards unconstitutional after Miracle film was banned.

Trial of Bruno Hauptmann (1930s)

Supreme Court ruled that the presence of cameras does not make a fair trial impossible. • All states now allow cameras (with certain restrictions). • U.S. federal courts allow limited coverage.• Supreme Court continues its ban.

Culture

Symbols of expression that individuals, groups, and societies use to make sense of daily life and values

Cathode Ray Tube

The forerunner of the TV picture tube, combined principles of the camera and electricity. •TV images couldn't float through air, so inventors created a method of encoding them and then decoding them.

Miller v. California (1973)

The material must meet three criteria to qualify as obscenity: • Average person would find that the material as a whole appeals to aprurient interest. • The material depicts or describes sexual contact in a patently offensive way. • The material, as a whole, lacks serious literary, artistic, political, or scientific value.

Folk Music

The music of the common people of a society or geographic area.

Instant Messaging (IM)

The use of an application that allows users to "chat" over the Internet from computer to computer

James Maxwell

Theorized the existence of electromagnetic waves (1860s) • Believed a portion of these waves, later known as radio waves, could be harnessed to transmit signals from a transmission point to a reception point.

Movable Type

Type in which each individual character is cast on a separate piece of metal. It replaced woodblock printing, allowing for the arrangement of individual letters and other characters on a page. Invented in Korea 13th Century.

American Association of Advertising Agencies (AAAA)

U.S. trade association founded in 1917.

P.T. Barnum

Used gross exaggeration, wild stories, and staged events to secure newspaper coverage for clients (19th Century)

Advertisers

Used magazines to capture attention and build a national marketplace

Format Specialization

Variety of formats • News, talk, and information • Music formats • Adult contemporary (AC) • Contemporary hit radio (CHR) • Country • Urban contemporary • Spanish language • Classic rock • Oldies

Advergames

Video games created for purely promotional purposes

Production and Design Managers

Work on the look of the book makes decisions about type style, paper, cover design, and layout.

FRC (Federal Radio Commission)

a body established in 1927 to oversee radio licenses and negotiate channel problems

Option Time

a business tactic, now illegal, whereby a radio network in the 1920s and 1930s paid an affiliate station a set fee per hour for an option to control programming and advertising on that station

Produce Magalogs

a combination of a glossy magazine and retail catalogue that is often used to market goods or services to customers or employees.

Cinematograph

a combined camera, film developer, and projection system invented by the Lumiere brothers.

Federal Trade Commission (FTC)

a federal agency empowered to prevent persons or corporations from using unfair methods of competition in commerce

Documentary

a film or TV program presenting the facts about a person or event

Blockbuster

a film that is a big commercial success

Wireless Telegraphy

a form of voiceless point-to-point communication

Book Challenge

a formal complaint to have a book removed from a public or school library's collection

Avatar

a graphic interactive "character" situated within the world of the game. (Pacman was the first)

Radio Network

a group of stations that share programming produced at a central location.

illuminated manuscript

a handwritten book decorated with bright colors and precious metals

Newspaper Chain

a large company that owns several papers throughout the country

Webzines

a magazine that publishes on the internet

Oligopoly

a market structure in which only a few sellers offer similar or identical products

Acquisitions Editor

a person who recruits and signs new authors and titles for the company's list of books

Block Printing

a printing technique developed by early Chinese printers, who hand-carved characters and illustrations into a block of wood, applied ink to the block, and then printed copies on multiple sheets of paper

Selective Retention

a process whereby a consumer remembers only that information that supports his or her personal beliefs

Famous Person Testimonial

a product is endorsed by a well-known person

Entertainment Software Rating Board (ESRB)

a self-regulating organization that assigns ratings to games based on six categories: EC (Early Childhood), E (Everyone), E 10+, T (Teens), M 17+, and AO (Adults Only 18+)

Crooners

a singer, typically a male one, who sings sentimental songs in a soft, low voice.

Storyboard

a sort of blueprint or roughly drawn comic-strip version of the potential ad.

Emergence (novelty) stage

a stage in problem solving when the group moves from conflict toward a single solution

Validity

a study actually measures what it claims to measure.

Inverted-Pyramid Style

a style of journalism in which news reports begin with the most dramatic or newsworthy information—answering who, what, where, and when (and less frequently why or how) questions at the top of the story—and then trail off with less significant details.

Jazz

a style of music characterized by the use of improvisation

Gangster Rap

a style of rap music that depicts the hardships of urban life and sometimes glorifies the violent style of street gangs

Offset Lithography

a technology that enabled books to be printed from photographic plates rather than metal casts, reducing the cost of color and illustrations and eventually permitting computers to perform typesetting

Pulp Fiction

a term used to describe many late-nineteenth-century popular paperbacks and dime novels, which were constructed of cheap machine-made pulp material.

Publicity

a type of PR communication that uses various media messages to spread information about a person, a corporation, an issue, or a policy - to elevate entertainment culture to an international level.

Linotype machine

a typesetting machine operated from a keyboard that casts an entire line as a single slug of metal

Saturation Advertising

a variety of media are inundated with ads aimed at target audiences.

Electronic Publishers

able to choose which channels and content to carry

Interstitials

advertisements that pop up in a screen window as a user attempts to access a new Web page

Penny Papers

affordable newspapers introduced in 1833 created unprecedented mass audience

interprative journalism

aims to explain key issues or events and place them in a broader historical or social context.

Clearance Rules

allow affiliates to substitute a network's program.29

Folk-Rock

amplified folk music, often featuring politically overt lyrics; influenced by rock and roll

Public Service Announcements (PSAs)

an advertisement serving the public interest, often for a nonprofit organization, carried by the media at no charge.

CATV (community antenna television)

an early cable system that originated where mountains or tall buildings blocked TV signals; because of early technical and regulatory limits, CATV contained only twelve channels

Studio System

an early film production system that constituted a sort of assembly-line process for moviemaking; major film studios controlled not only actors but also directors, editors, writers, and other employees, all under exclusive contracts.

Wire Service

an electronic delivery of news gathered by the news service's correspondents and sent to all member news media organizations

Indecency

an issue related to appropriate broadcast content; the government may punish broadcasters for indecency or profanity after the fact, and over the years a handful of radio stations have had their licenses suspended or denied over indecent programming

Obscenity

an offensive or indecent word or phrase

Blogs

articles or post in chronological, journal-like form, often with reader comments and links to other sites

Action Games & Shooter Games

ask players to test their reflexes and to punch, slash, shoot, or throw as strategically and accurately as possible so as to make their way though a series of levels. Street Fighter

Plain-Folks Pitch

associates a product with simplicity and the common person

Snob-Appeal Approach

attempts to persuade consumers that using a product will maintain or elevate their social status

Media Effects Research

attempts to understand, explain, and predict the effects of mass media on individuals and society

Textbooks

books designed to teach subject matter

Hybrid Shows

comic situations and grim plots, similar to a soap opera. Breaking Bad.

Feature Syndicates

commercial outlets or brokers, such as United Features and King Features, that contract with newspapers to provide work from well-known political writers, editorial cartoonists, comic-strip artists, and self-help columnists

E-Books

electronic books read on a computer screen instead of a printed page

Retransmission fees

fee that cable providers pay to broadcast networks for the right to carry their channels.

Trade Books

fiction and nonfiction books sold to the general public

Vellum

fine parchment made originally from the skin of a calf.

Telstar

first communication satellite capable of receiving, amplifying, and returning signals

Muybridge

first to project moving pictures (horse galloping)

Indies

independently produced films

Syndication

leasing TV stations or cable networks the exclusive right to air TV shows

Narrative Films

movies that tell stories

Talkies

movies with sound, beginning in 1927

Digital Recording

music recorded and played back by laser beam rather than by needle or magnetic tape

Hip-Hop

music that combines spoken street dialect with cuts (or samples) from older records and bears the influences of social politics, male boasting, and comic lyrics carried forward from blues, R&B, soul, and rock and roll

Rock and Roll

music that grew out of rhythm and blues and that became popular in the 1950s

Rockabilly

music that mixes bluegrass and country influences with those of black folk music and early amplified blues

Rotation

playing the top songs many times during the day

Spam

unsolicited, unwanted commercial email messages

Cathode Ray Tube Amusement Device (1948)

• Key component of the first video games: the cathode ray tube (CRT), patent for a "Cathode Ray Tube Amusement Device" to Thomas T. Goldsmith.

Specialization

• Magazine, radio, and cable industries sought specialized markets to counter TV's mass appeal. • By the 1980s, television embraced niche marketing. • Young and old viewers sought other specialized forms of media.

Hypodermic Needle Model (Magic Bullet Theory)

• Media shoot effects directly into unsuspecting victims.

Mythical Elements Found in Ads

• Mini-stories • Stories involving conflicts • Conflicts are negotiated or resolved, usually through the use of the product.

Myth Analysis

• Most ads are narratives with stories to tell and social conflicts to resolve.

Diversification

• Most media companies diversify, never fully dominating a particular media industry. • Promotes oligopolies.

Radio Act of 1927

• Stated that stations could only license their channels as long as they operated to serve the "public interest, convenience, or necessity" • Created the Federal Radio Commission (FRC), which became the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) with the Communications Act of 1934

Content Analysis

• Studies specific media messages (Coding media content)


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