Media Literacy- Final Exam Review
U.S Magazines in the 19th Century
-Commitment to universal education -Reduction in Postal Act of 1879 -Rural Free Delivery -Penny Press
Telegraph
1840s, the precursor of radio.
Below-the-line
40% of new program's production budget, includes technical: equipment, special effects, cameras, crew
First Amendment
5 freedoms: speech, press, religion, assembly, petition
House Un-American Activities Committee (HUAC)
A congressional committee that investigated Communist influence inside and outside the U.S. government in the years following World War II.
MP3
A standard format for music files sent over the Internet that compresses music.
Focus Groups
A strategy to obtain data from a small group of people using interview questions.
Social Learning Theory
A theory within media effects research that suggests a link between the mass media and behavior. (Link between violent programs and mass media)
Commercial Press
A type of newspaper that reported on trade and business dealings and was paid for by the promotion of products and the sale of advertisements.
Values and Lifestyles (VALS)
A value measurement based on two categories: self-definition and resources
Publick Occurrences Both Foreign and Domestick
America's first newspaper (1690). Four pages long. Last page was blank
Audit Bureau of Circulations (ABC)
An organization supported by advertising agencies, advertisers, and publishers that verifies circulation and other marketing data on newspapers and magazines for the benefit of its members.
Aristotle on art
Art and stories should provide insight into the human condition, but should entertain as well
Plato on art
Art should aim to instruct and uplift
Socrates on art
Art should be better than our daily lives, should encourage us to be good
Euripides on art
Art should imitate life
Examples of Culture
Art, music, movies, and books
Native American Newspapers
Began with Cherokee Phoenix (1828) Educated tribes about their heritage and build community solidarity
Modern Period
Began with the Industrial Revolution and extended until the mid-twentieth century
Space Brokers
Bought newspaper space, sold it to merchants. 1830s. (Earliest ad agencies)
Internet Radio
Broadcast radio stations now have an online presence. • Online-only radio stations like Pandora growing in popularity
AT&T
Broke its RCA agreements in 1922 in an attempt to monopolize radio • Began making and selling its own radio receivers • Started WEAF in New York, the first station to sell advertising
Anthology Drama
Brought live dramatic theater to the television audience •Ended for both economic and political reasons. Alfred Hitchcock Presents (1955-1965)
Dime Novels
Cheaply bound and widely circulated novels that became popular after the Civil War depicting such scenarios from the "Wild West" and other American tales.
Heinrich Hertz
Demonstrated the existence of radio waves in 1885, setting the stage for the development of modern wireless communications. The measurement unit of electromagnetic frequencies was named for Hertz.
Mass Communication
Designing cultural messages and stories and delivering them to large and diverse audiences through mass media
World Wide Web
Developed by Tim Berners-Lee at CERN in the late 1980s
Radio Waves
Electromagnetic waves with the longest wavelengths and lowest frequencies
Social Media
Electronic media that allows people with similar interests to participate in a social network
What are the four stages of the Evolution of Media?
Emergence stage, Entrepreneurial stage, Mass Medium stage, and Convergence stage
Press Agents in the 1800s
Hired by large industrial companies Used by rail companies to gain government support Utility companies also used PR strategies to derail competition and eventually attain monopoly status. Used bribes and fraud to garner support and eliminate competition
William F. Cody (Buffalo Bill)
Hired press agents who used a wide variety of media channels Shaped many lasting myths about rugged American individualism Among the first to use publicity
Spanish-Language Newspapers
Hispanic issues and culture largely ignored until the late 1960s Mainstream papers added supplements, but many folded
Benjamin Franklin
Imported and Reprinted Novels in the Colonies
Media Powerhouses: Consolidation, Partnerships, and Mergers
In 1995, Disney bought ABC for $19 billion and Time Warner bought Turner Broadcasting for $7.5 billion. • AOL acquired Time Warner—a $164 billion deal—in 2001, only to spin the company off by 2009. • AOL bought the Huffington Post for $315 million in 2011 before being bought by Verizon in 2015 for $4.4 billion. • Comcast purchased a majority stake in NBC Universal in 2009. • 2019: Disney purchased Fox.
Marketing Research
In advertising and public relations agencies, the department that uses social science techniques to asses the behaviors and attitudes of consumers toward particular products before any ads are created. (Consumer buying habits)
Film Exchange System
In exchange for providing short films, movie companies received a percentage of ticket-gate receipts.
Contemporary approach
Individuals bring diverse meanings to messages; Audiences actively affirm, interpret, refashion, or reject the messages and stories that flow through various media channels
Mass Media
Industries that help produce and distribute culture
Oral Era
Information 1st circulated through oral traditions passed on by poets, teachers, tribal storytellers
Yellow Journalism
Journalism that exploits, distorts, or exaggerates the news to create sensations and attract readers
Episodic Series
Main characters continue from week to week, sets and locales remain the same, technical crews stay with the program.
Limited Competition (Radio: News/talk radio, country stations)
Many producers and sellers, but only a few products within a particular category.
video subscription services
Netflix
Partisan Press
Newspapers and other communication media that openly support a political party and whose news in significant part follows the party line.
Libertarian Model
No restrictions on speech. (Alternative papers in North America & Europe follow this model.)
Are gatekeepers in the Linear Model of Mass Communication still effective?
No; Gatekeeps are no longer as effective as they once were, because the Internet has allowed media to be more available
Todd Storz
Omaha radio executive who pioneered the Top 40 format.
Orson Wells
Pioneering entertainer, actor and director, who created "The War of the Worlds" radio broadcast in 1938
Colonial Newspapers and the Partisan Press (Papers)
Publick Occurrences, Both Foreign & Domestick (1690) Pennslyvania Gazette (1729) New-York Weekly Journal (1733)
Newsroom Staff
Publisher and owner Editors and assistant editors Reporters
Product Placement
Putting products into TV shows and movies where they will be seen
TV License Freeze
RCA until 1952
Pennslyvania Gazzette
Ran by Benjamin Franklin (1729)
Guglielmo Marconi
Received a patent on wireless telegraphy in England in 1896. Basically Morse code.
Digital Divide
Refers to the growing contrast between "information haves" and "information have-nots." • Smartphones are helping to narrow the gap. • Still a big gap between the United States and the rest of the world; some governments permit limited or zero access to the Internet.
Market Research
The activity of gathering information about consumers' needs and preferences.
Economies of Sale Principle
The competitive advantage that large entities have over smaller ones. The larger the business, non-profit, or government, the lower its per-unit costs. It can spread fixed costs, like administration, over more units of production.
Communication
The creation and use of symbol systems that convey information and meaning
Selective Exposure
The process by which individuals screen out messages that do not conform to their own biases.
Contemporary Journalism in the TV and Internet Age
USA Today - Used color and designed vending boxes to look like TVs - Mimicked broadcast news in the use of brief news items Online journalism redefines news. - Replaced the morning newspaper - Speeds up the news cycle - Nontraditional sources shape stories
Joint Operating Agreement (JOA)
Under a JOA, two competing papers keep separate news divisions while merging business and production operations for a period of years.
Big Six
Warner Brothers, Paramount, 21st Century Fox, Universal, Columbia Pictures, and Disney • Account for more than 86% of commercial film revenues
Qualified Privilege
a legal right allowing journalists to report judicial or legislative proceedings even though the public statements being reported may be libelous.
Phishing
an Internet scam that begins with phony e-mail messages that appear to be from an official site and request that customers send their credit card numbers & other personal information to update their account.
Hidden-Fear Appeal
an advertising strategy that plays on a sense of insecurity, trying to persuade consumers that only a specific product can offer relief
Paywall
an online portal that charges consumers a fee for access to news content
Codex
an unbound manuscript of some ancient classic (as distinguished from a scroll)
Fourth Estate
an unofficial branch of government that monitors the legislative, judicial, and executive branches for abuses of power and provides information necessary for self-governance.
Press Releases
announcements written in the style of news reports that present new information about an individual, a company, or an organization & pitch a story idea to the news media.
Pseudo-Event
any circumstance created for the sole purpose of gaining coverage in the media
Branded Content
any content developed and owned by a brand
Shares
are based on a percentage of homes tuned to a program, compared with those actually using their sets at the time of sample.
Ratings
are based on a percentage of households tuned to a sampled program.
Online Fantasy Sports
are games in which players assemble teams and use actual sports results to determine scores in their online games.
Mass Medium stage
businesses figure out how to market the new device as a consumer product; all about money
Analog Recording
captures the fluctuations of sound waves and stores those signals in a record's grooves or a tape's continuous stream of magnetized particles
Public Opinion Research
citizen surveys
Direct Payment
consumers buy media products
opt-in/opt-out policies
controversial Web site policies over personal data gathering.
Celluloid
could hold a coasting of chemicals sensitive to light
Social Networking Sites
create content & share with friends.
Transistors
created in 1947, popular in 1960s • Small electrical devices that could receive and amplify radio signals • More durable and less expensive than vacuum tubes, used less power, and produced less heat • Led to the creation of small pocket radios • Made radio portable
Above-the-line
creative talent, actors, writers, editors, directors, producers
Culture Map
culture as a progress
Edwin Armstrong
developed FM radio
Reference Books
dictionaries, encyclopedias, atlases, and other reference manuals related to particular professions or trades
DVD
digital video disc or digital versatile disc
Kinetograph
early movie camera
Drive Time
early weekday mornings and late afternoons - when people are driving to and from work - when radio stations expect to capture their largest audience
Split-Run Editions
editions of national magazines that tailor ads to different geographic areas
Four features of the Modern Period
efficiency, individualism, rationalism, and progress
Objectivity
eliminating bias and judgments on the part of researchers
Wiki Web Sites
enable anyone to edit and contribute to them
Vitascope
enabled filmstrips of longer lengths to be projected without interruption developed under Edison.
Schenck v. United States (1919)
established the "clear and present danger" criterion for expression.
Content Communities
exist for the sharing of all types of content, from text (FanFiction.net) to photos (Photobucket) and videos (YouTube).
Punk Rock
fast, hard-edged music, with short, simple songs and minimal instrumentation
Conflict-Oriented Journalism
found in metropolitan areas, newspapers that define news primarily as events, issues, or experiences that deviate from social norms; journalists see their role as observers who monitor their city's institutions and problems
Consensus-Oriented Journalism
found in small communities, newspapers that promote social and economic harmony by providing community calendars and meeting notices and carrying articles on local schools, social events, town government, property crimes, and zoning issues
Postmodern Period
from the mid-twentieth century to today
Movie Palaces
full-time single screen-movie theaters that offered a more hospitable moviegoing environment, providing elegant décor usually reserved for high-society opera, ballet, symphony and live theater.
Reliability
getting the same result on repeated testing
Frankfurt School
group of European researchers that emigrated to U.S. to escape Nazi persecution in the 1930s.
Developmental Editor
in book publishing, the editor who provides authors with feedback, makes suggestions for improvements, and obtains advice from knowledgeable members of the academic community
Access Channels
in cable television, a tier of non-broadcast channels dedicated to local education, government, and the public
Leased Channels
in cable television, channels that allow citizens to buy time for producing programs or presenting their own viewpoints
Cultural Studies
in media research, the approaches that try to understand how the media and culture are tied to the actual patterns of communication used in daily life; these studies focus on how people make meanings, apprehend reality, and order experience through the use of stories and symbols
Indies
independent music and film production houses that work outside industry oligopolies; they often produce less mainstream music and film
Cookies
information profiles about a user that are usually automatically accepted by a Web browser and stored on the user's own computer hard drive.
Entrepreneurial stage
inventors and investors determine a practical and marketable use for the new device
Electromagnetic Waves
invisible electronic impulses similar to visible ligh
Adventure Games
involves a type of gameplay that is in many ways the opposite of action games. Typically non-confrontational in nature, interact w/individual characters and sometimes hostile environments in order to solve puzzles. Zelda
Tin Pan Alley
is the name given to the collection of New York City-centered music publishers and songwriters who dominated the popular music of the United States in the late 1800's and early 1900's.
Audiotape
lightweight magnetized strands of ribbon that make possible sound editing and multiple-track mixing; instrumentals or vocals can be recorded at one location and later mixed onto a master recording in another studio
Low Culture
lower floors are associated with popular culture (ex. soap operas, rock music, video games)
Evergreen Subscriptions
magazine subscriptions that automatically renew on the subscriber's credit card
Genres
major categories of media content
Format Radio
management, not DJs control programming each hour.
Viral Marketing
marketing activities that aim to increase brand awareness or sales by consumers passing a message along to other consumers
Social Psychology Studies
measure the behavior and cognition of individuals.
Video News Releases (VNRs)
mimics the style of a broadcast news report.
Microprocessor
miniature circuits that process and store electronic signals, thousands of transistors and related circuitry could be integrated with thin strands of silicon, along which binary codes traveled.
Dramedy
mix of dramatic and comedic elements. Orange Is The New Black
Megaplexes
movie theater facilities with 14 or more screens
Demographic Editions
national magazines whose advertising is tailored to subscribers and readers according to occupation, class, and zip code
Human-Interest Stories
news accounts that focus on the daily trials and triumphs of the human condition, often featuring ordinary individuals facing extraordinary challenges.
Citizen Journalism
news reported and distributed by citizens, rather than professional journalists and for-profit news organizations
Supermarket Tabloids
newspapers that feature bizarre human-interest stories, gruesome murder tales, violent accident accounts, unexplained phenomena stories, and malicious celebrity gossip
University Press Books
nonprofit scholarly works for small groups of readers
Convergence stage
older media are reconfigured in various forms on newer media; where we are today
Serial Programs
open-ended episodic shows; storylines continue from episode to episode. Soap operas.
Consensus Narratives
operate across different times and cultures.
Situation Comedy
or sitcom, features a recurring cast; each episode establishes a narrative situation, complicates it, develops increasing confusion among its characters, and resolves complications. The Big Bang Theory
Electronic Software Association
organizes games by gameplay: the way in which the rules structure how players interact with the game.
Stereo
permitted the recording of two separate channels, or tracks, of sound
Culture map: forms of culture are judged on a combination of
personal taste and aesthetic judgments a society makes at particular historical times
Compact Disc (CDs)
playback-only storage discs for music that incorporate pure and very precise digital techniques, thus eliminating noise during recording and editing sessions
Strategy & Simulation Games
player makes strategic decisions -such as building bases, researching tech, managing resources. SimCity
Bandwagon Effect
points out in exaggerated claims that everyone is using a particular product.
Pop Music
popular music that appeals either to a wide cross section of the public or to sizable subdivisions within the larger public based on age, region, or ethnic background; the word pop has also been used as a label to distinguish popular music from classical music
Four features of Postmodern Period
populism, diversity, nostalgia, and paradox
Audio Books
printed books narrated for distribution in a recorded audio format
First-Run Syndication
programs produced specifically for the syndication market
Synergy
promotion and sale of a product throughout the various subsidiaries of the media conglomerate.
Copyright
protects the rights of authors and producers to their published or unpublished work.
Underground Press
radical newspapers, run on shoestring budgets, that question mainstream political policies and conventional values; the term usually refers to a journalism movement of the 1960s
Time Shifting
recording video or audio for later viewing or listening
Net Neutrality
refers to the principle that every website and every user—whether a multinational corporation or you—has the right to the same Internet network speed and access.
Uses and Gratifications Model
researchers studied the ways in which people used the media to satisfy various emotional or intellectual needs
Censorship
restriction on access to ideas and information
Grunge
rock music that takes the spirit of punk and infuses it with more attention to melody
Psychedelic Rock
rock n roll reflected the drug experience in psychedelic rock through such songs as the Beatles Lucy in the sky w diamonds, Jimmy Hendrix's purple haze, and grateful dead songs
Chapter Shows
self-contained stories with a recurring set of main characters who confront a problem, face conflicts, find a resolution. The Big Bang Theory
Zines
self-published magazines
The Linear Model of MSCM
senders, messages, mass media channel, receivers, gatekeepers, and feedback
Cash Deal
series goes to the highest bidder
Morse Code
series of dots and dashes created by Samuel Morse.
Role-Playing Games
set in a fantasy or sci-fi world in which each player chooses to play as a character that specializes in particular skill set (magic spells for example). Grand Theft Auto
Sketch Comedy
short comedy skits, SNL
Casual Games
simple rules & quick to play. Tetris.
Kinetoscope
single-person viewing system
Oligopoly
situation in which a few firms control the bulk of the business.
Spyware
software with secretive codes that enable commercial firms to "spy" on users & gain access to their computers.
Literary Journalism
sometimes dubbed "new journalism," adapted fictional techniques—such as descriptive details and settings and extensive character dialogue—to nonfiction material and in-depth reporting.
Cover Music
songs recorded or performed by musicians who did not originally write or perform the music; in the 1950s, some white producers and artists capitalized on popular songs by black artists by "covering" them
Newshole
space not taken up by ads
Digital
standard adopted in 2009
Analog
standard broadcast signals made of radio waves (1941)
Shield Laws
state laws that protect journalists from having to reveal their sources
Affiliate Stations
stations that contract with a network to carry its programs
Demographics
statistical data relating to the population and particular groups within it.
Blues
style of music evolving from African American spirituals and noted for its melancholy sound
Barter Deal
syndicator is paid from ad revenue
Artist & Repertoire Agents (A&R)
talent scouts of the music business who discover, develop, and sometimes manage performers
Professional Books
target various occupational groups and are not intended for the general consumer market
Hollywood Ten
ten witnesses from the film industry who refused to cooperate with the HUAC's investigation of Communist influence in Hollywood
Convergence
term that media critics and analysts use when describing changes occurring in media content and companies
Paramount Decisions
the 1948 U.S. Supreme Court decision that ended vertical integration in the film industry by forcing the studios to divest themselves of their theaters
E-Commerce
the buying and selling of goods over the internet
Third Screen
the computer-type screens on which consumers can view television, movies, music, newspapers, and books
Seditious Expression
the crime of revolting or inciting revolt against government
Communications Act of 1934
the far-reaching act that established the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) and the federal regulatory structure for U.S. broadcasting
Iconoscope
the first TV camera tube to convert light rays into electrical signals
Top 40 Format
the first radio format, in which stations played the forty most popular hits in a given week as measured by record sales
Penny Arcade (1880s)
the first thoroughly modern indoor playground, field with coin-operated games.
Copy Editors
the individuals who edit stories written by reporters; they edit for length, accuracy, style, and grammar and write headlines to accompany the stories
Globalism
the operation or planning of economic and foreign policy on a global basis.
Account Reviews
the process of evaluating or reinvigorating an ad campaign, which results in either renewing the contract with the original ad agency or hiring a new agency.
Deregulation
the removal of some government controls over a market
Subsidiary Rights
the sale of a book, its contents, even its characters to outside interests, such as filmmakers
Psychographics
the study and classification of people according to their attitudes, aspirations, and other psychological criteria, especially in market research.
Propaganda Analysis
the study of propaganda's effectiveness in influencing and mobilizing public opinion (After WW1).
Prime Time
the time period when the TV or radio audience is the largest
Public Relations
the total communication strategy conducted by a person, a government, or an organization attempting to reach and persuade an audience to adopt a point of view.
Pass-Along Readership
the total number of people who come into contact with a single copy of a magazine
investigative journalism
the use of in-depth reporting to unearth scandals, scams, and schemes, at times putting reporters in adversarial relationships with political leaders
Photojournalism
the use of photos to document events and people's lives
Gameplay
the way in which the rules structure how players interact with the game
High Culture
top floors associated with "good taste" (ex. ballet, symphony, art museums)
General Interest Magazines
types of magazines that address a wide variety of topics and are aimed at a broad national audience
Kinescope
were used to preserve live broadcasts prior to videotape's invention in 1956.
Parchment
writing material made from the skin of a sheep or goat
The Public Sphere
• A space for critical public debate• Advanced by German philosopher Jürgen Habermas • Society in England and France in late seventeenth century and eighteenth century created spaces (coffeehouses, pubs) for public discourse. • Today, we have social media.
In-game advertisements
• Ads integrated as billboards, logos, storefronts, etc., within games • Some can be altered remotely so they can be tailored to players based on numerous factors.
HTML (Hypertext Markup Language)
• Allows computers to communicate to each other. Was a text data-linking system that allowed computers to access information no matter where it was on the Internet. • The written code that creates Web pages and links is a language all computers can read.
Local Monopolies
• Antitrust laws aim to curb national monopolies, not local, and have no teeth globally.
Association Principle
• Association of a product with a positive cultural value or image even if it has little connection • Used in most consumer ads
Lobbying
• Attempting to influence lawmakers to support and vote for an organization's or industry's best interests
Search Engines
• Automated route to finding content on the Internet • Built on mathematic algorithms rather than manually entered data • Google became a major success largely due to its new algorithm based on a page's popularity.
William S. Paley
• Bought a controlling share in the company, and launched new concepts and strategies • Used option time to lure affiliates • CBS paid affiliates $50/hour for an option on a portion of their time .• Raided NBC for top talent• Became the top network in 1949
Account Executives
• Bring in new business, manage accounts, and perform account reviews.
War of the Worlds
• Broadcast by Orson Welles on Halloween eve in 1938 in the style of a radio news program • Created a panic in New York and New Jersey • Prompted the FCC to call for stricter warnings before and during programs imitating the style of radio news
Patent Medicines
• By the end of the 1800s, one-sixth of all print ads came from patent medicine and drug companies. • Patent medicine ads were often fraudulent. • Advertisers developed industry codes. • Federal Food and Drug Act was passed in part due to patent medicine claims.
Media Buyers
• Choose and purchase media based on suitability, target audience, and effectiveness of ads • Incentive clauses encourage saturation advertising
Mechanical Gaming
• Coin-operated counter machines • First appeared in train depots, hotel lobbies, bars, and restaurants
Survey Research
• Collecting and measuring data from a group of respondents
Department Stores
• Comprised more than 20 percent of ad space by the early 1890s • Frequently criticized for undermining small businesses
Internet Service Provider (ISP)
• Connect users to their proprietary Web system • Broadband connections have largely replaced dial-up ISP services. • Major ISPs - Verizon, Time Warner Cable, Charter, and Cox
Atari
• Created Pong (1975) • Kept score on the screen • Made blip noises when the ball hit the paddles or bounced off the sides of the court • First video game popular in arcades• Home version was marketed through an exclusive deal with Sears.
ARPAnet
• Created by the Department of Defense to enable researchers to share computer processing time. (Late 1960s)
Supporters
• Creates an arena in which citizens can raise questions since aspects of American culture challenge authority, national boundaries, and outmoded traditions. • Universal popular culture creates a global village.
Libel
• Defamation of character in written or broadcast form • More difficult to prove in cases involving public figures
Flack
• Derogatory term for PR agents that refers to the protective barrier they insert between clients and the press.
Development
• Designing, coding, scoring, and testing a game
Scanning Disk
• Developed by Paul Nipkow • Separated pictures into pinpoints of light that could be transmitted as a series of electronic lines.
Account Planner
• Develops the advertising strategy • Coordinates market research
Consoles
• Devices specifically used to play video games • The higher the bit rating, the more sophisticated the graphics •Early consoles - Atari 2600 (1977) - Nintendo Entertainment System (1983) - Sega Genesis (1989)
FM (Frequency Modulation) Radio
• Discovered and developed by Edwin Armstrong in the 1920s and 1930s • Greater fidelity and clarity than AM (amplitude modulation) radio • FCC opened up spectrum space for FM in the 1960s • Surpassed AM radio by the 1980s
Telecommunications Act of 1996
• Eliminated most ownership restrictions in radio • Together, iHeartMedia, Cumulus, and Townsquare Media: • Own roughly 1,700 radio stations (more than 11% of all radio stations) • Dominate the fifty largest markets • Control about one-third of the entire radio industry's $17.6 billion revenue
Motion Picture Producers and Distributors of America (MPPDA)
• Established the Motion Picture Production Code in the 1930s
Digital Games
• Evolved from their simplest forms in the arcade into four major formats: television, handheld devices, computers, and the Internet
Political Economy Studies
• Examines interconnections among economic interests, political power, and how that power is used.
N.W. Ayer & Son
• First full-service modern ad agency (1869) • Worked primarily for advertisers and product companies rather than newspapers • Helped to create, write, produce, and place ads in selected newspapers and magazines.
Sarah Josepha Hale
• First magazine targeting females in 1828: Ladies' Magazine • Merged with Godey's Lady's Book • Helped to educate lower- and middle-class women denied higher education
Edward Bernays
• First to apply findings of psychology and sociology to PR • Taught the first PR class
Audience Studies
• Focuses on how people use and interpret cultural content. • Subject being researched is the audience for the text.
Nickelodeons
• Form of movie theater; early 1900s • Name combines the admission price with the Greek word for "theater." • Often converted storefronts • Piano players added live music. • Transcended language barriers • Peaked by 1910
U.S Constitution (1788)
• Freedom of the press not included• Added by the Bill of Rights in 1791
RCA (Radio Corporation of America)
• GE broke off negotiations to sell radio technologies to European companies, then took the lead in founding the Radio Corporation of America (RCA) in 1919
Prior Restraint
• Government cannot block speech or publication before it occurs.
National, Women's, and Illustrated Magazines
• Growth of the magazine market • Improved literacy, public education • Better printing, postal technology
Cultivation Effect
• Heavy viewing of television leads individuals to perceive reality in ways consistent with portrayals on television.
Subliminal Advertising
• Hidden or disguised messages • No more effective than regular ads
Textual Analysis
• Highlights the close reading and interpretation of cultural messages
Digital Communication
• Image, text, or sound is converted into electronic symbols, which are transported and reassembled as a precise reproduction. • Includes e-mail and instant messaging
Nonprofit Radio
• In 1948, the government began authorizing noncommercial licenses and approved 10-watt FM stations.
Sedition Act of 1798
• Intended to silence opposition to an anticipated war with France • Expired in 1801 during Thomas Jefferson's presidency, and all convicted defendants were pardoned
Nikola Tesla
• Invented a wireless system in 1892 • Marconi used much of Tesla's work. • Deemed inventor of radio in 1943
Progressive Magazine Case (1979)
• National security as a cause for restraint • Article offered "how-to" H-bomb guide. • Judge Robert Warren sided with the government based on the national security factor. • Case was dropped during appeal and the article was published.
World War 1
• Navy took control of radio due to fear of Marconi's foreign influence on U.S. radio industry .• Corporate heads and government leaders conspired to make sure radio served American interests.
Convergence: Newspapers Struggle in the Move to Digital
• Newspapers take advantage of the Internet's flexibility. • Unlimited space • Immediate updates • Links to related material • Multimedia capabilities • Advances have yet to pay off. • Some papers are trying to establish a paywall.
Monopoly (Comcast, AT&T in the '80s, Microsoft in the '90s)
• One firm dominates production and distribution in a particular industry.
Activist FCC went after the networks in 1941
• Outlawed the practice of option time• Demanded that RCA sell one of its two NBC networks• NBC-Blue was sold and became the American Broadcasting Company (ABC).
NBC Affiliates
• Paid NBC to carry its programs • NBC sold national advertising • Emphasized national programming
Third-Person Effect
• People believe others are more affected by media messages than they are themselves.
Right to Privacy
• Person's right to be left alone, without his or her name, image, or daily activities becoming public property • News media generally granted wide protections under the FirstAmendment • Most journalism organizations use their own guidelines.
Astroturf Lobbying
• Phony grassroots public-affairs campaigns engineered by PR firms.
Industrial Revolution 1760s-1840s
• Promoted mass consumption • Emergence of leisure time
Critics
• Protests can be turned into products and lose their bite .• "Cultural dumping" hampers the development of native cultures .• Causes cultural disconnection.
Services Provided by PR
• Publicity • Public affairs • Issues management • Government relations • Financial PR • Community relations • Media relations • Propaganda
David Sarnoff
• RCA's first general manager • Created NBC,1926, which was shared by RCA, GE, and Westinghouse • The original telephone group (from AT&T) became known as the NBC-Red network, and the radio group became known as the NBC-Blue network.
Red Lion Broadcasting v. FCC (1969)
• Radio broadcasters' responsibilities to public interest outweigh the right to choose programming.
Three inadequacies of traditional scientific approaches
• Reduce large "cultural questions" to measurable and "verifiable categories" • Depended on "an atmosphere of rigidly enforced neutrality" • Refused to place "the phenomena of modern life" in a "historical and moral context"
Cultural Imperialism
• Refers to American styles dominating the globe. • Although many indigenous forms of media culture are popular, U.S. dominance in producing and distributing mass media puts a severe burden on countries attempting to produce their own cultural products.
Fairness Doctrine
• Required stations to:• Air and engage in controversial-issue programs affecting their communities • Provide competing points of view when offering such programming • Broadcasters argued it created an unfair burden. • Ended in 1987 • Support periodically resurfaces.
minimal effects model (Limited Model)
• Researchers argued that people generally engage in selective exposure and selective retention with regard to the media. (Media alone can't make cannot cause people to change their attitudes and behavior)
Disassociation
• Responding to consumer backlash, major corporations present products as though from smaller, independent companies.
Licensing
• Royalties to console manufacturers • Intellectual properties: stories, characters, personalities, music that require licensing agreements.
PR Managers
• Secure publicity to promote clients • Act as the point of contact during crises • Recommend advertising to clients when it seems appropriate.
massively multiplayer online role-playing games (MMORPGs)
• Set in virtual worlds • Large groups of players • World of Warcraft
Section 315 of 1934 Communications Act
• Stations must provide equal opportunities and response time for qualified political candidates during elections. • Exempts news broadcasts • Supporters of equal opportunity law argue that it has provided forums for lesser-known candidates.
Pentagon Papers Case (1971)
• Supreme Court ruled that the press "must be left free to publish news, whatever the source, without censorship, injunctions, or prior restraints."
Miami Herald Publishing v. Tornillo (1974)
• Supreme Court ruled the right-to-reply law is unconstitutional for newspapers.
Hypothesis
• Tentative general statements that predict the influence of an independent variable on a dependent variable
Experiments
• Test whether a hypothesis is true • Utilize an experimental group and a control group • Experimental group: group under study - to a selected media program. • Control group: group not exposed to the selected media content.Helps to ensure valid results.
Disney: A Postmodern Media Conglomerate
• The early years- Set the standard for popular cartoons and children's culture • The company diversifies.- Expanded into live action and documentaries and embraced TV- Started Buena Vista, a distribution company- Rereleased movies.
Synergy
• The promotion and sale of different versions of a media product across the various subsidiaries of a media conglomerate • Default business mode of most media companies today.
Spiral of Silence
• Those whose views are in the minority will keep their views to themselves for fear of social isolation.
Ivey Ledbetter Lee
• Understood the importance of public sentiment • Contained damaging publicity fallout from the Ludlow Mine strike deaths
Politcal Advertising
• Use of ad techniques to promote a candidate's image and persuade the public to adopt a viewpoint • Can serious information be conveyed in 30-second spots?
Satellite Radio
• XM and Sirius merged to become Sirius XM Radio in 2008. • Accessible through satellite radios, mobile devices, and cars with a satellite band
Milestones in Sound
• de Martinville, France, 1850s: First experiments with sound recording. When he spoke into a funnel, it created grooves on a revolving cylinder coated with a thick liquid called lamp black. • Edison's phonograph, U.S., 1877: 1st success playing back sound on the phonograph. Marketed as a type of phone answering machine. • Bell & Tainter's graphophone, 1886: improved on the phonograph; more durable recordings on wax cylinders. 4
Specialized Magazines
•Aimed at readers with specific interests •Achieved mass-circulation levels •Proliferated into smaller segments (Religious, Literary, & Professional)
Fin-Syn
•Banned networks from reaping profits from program syndication. (1970)
Telecommunications Act of 1996
•Brought cable under federal rules that had long governed the telephone, radio, and TV industries •Removed market barriers between phone companies, long-distance carriers, and cable operators •Reaffirmed must-carry rules •Mixed impact on cable customers
CNN
•First cable news channel •Created a 24/7 news cycle
Prime Time Access Rule (PTAR)
•Reduced network control of prime-time programming to encourage more local programming (1970)
DBS (direct broadcast satellite)
•Transmit a signal directly to a satellite dish at customers' homes •Reduced cable penetration •Began scrambling signals to prevent free access to broadcasts •Modern services include DirecTV and Dish
Media Deserts
"places where it is difficult to access daily, local news and information."
(1971) improved communication. Invented by computer engineer Ray Tomlinson. • Each computer hub had similar status and power .• No master switch to shut it down
Must-Carry Rules
(1972) required cable operators to carry all local TV broadcasts.
The Little Three
(Columbia, Universal, United Artists)
Virtual Game Worlds and Virtual Social Worlds
(MMORPGs: massively multiplayer online role-playing games) • World of Warcraft, Second Life
The Big Five
(Paramount, MGM, Warner Brothers, Twentieth Century Fox, RKO)
Radio Act of 1912
(Passed after the Titanic Tragedy) Required licensing • Adopted the SOS distress signal • Deemed broadcasting a "natural resource" because radio waves crossed state and national borders.
Off-network syndication
(Reruns) in television, the process whereby older programs that no longer run during prime time are made available for reruns to local stations, cable operators, online services, and foreign markets
Mutual v. Ohio (1915)
- Film is a "business pure and simple" and merely a "spectacle with a special capacity for evil" - Ruling stood for 37 years until 1952
Magazines in Colonial America
- Magazines developed slowly - Served politicians, the educated, merchant classes - Documented early American life
Prime-Time Quiz Shows
- cheap to produce, but rigged - dropped by networks amid allegations of being fixed
Critical Issues in Advertising
-advertising toys and sugary cereals to children -advertising in schools -impact on health • Eating disorders • Tobacco • Alcohol • Prescription drugs
The Penny Press Era: Newspapers Become Mass Media
1. Day and the New York Sun 2. Bennett and the New York Morning Herald
Quaker Oats
1st cereal company to register a trademark (1877)
Rhythm and Blues (R&B)
A combination of blues and jazz that was a precursor to rock and roll
Public Broadcasting Act of 1967
A congressional act that established the Public Broadcasting Service. (PBS)
Oligopoly (Viacom, Time Warner, Netflix, Disney)
A few large firms dominate the industry.
Scientific Method
A logical, systematic approach to the solution of a scientific problem. • Review existing research. • Develop a working hypothesis. • Determine an appropriate method. • Collect information or relevant data. • Analyze results. • Interpret the implications
Papyrus
A long-lasting, paper-like material made from reeds. (Egyptian)
Printing Press
A mechanical device for transferring text or graphics from a woodblock or type to paper using ink. Presses using movable type first appeared in Europe in about 1450.
Objective Journalism
A model of news reporting that is based on the communication of "facts" rather than opinions and that is "fair" in that it presents all sides of partisan debate.
Ad Council
A nonprofit organization that helps produce public service advertising campaigns for government agencies and other qualified sponsors.
Royalties
A percentage of actual sales that a licensee pays to a licensor, usually anywhere from 5 to 15 percent
Podcasting and Portable Listening
A popular way to listen to radio-style programs on a computer or portable music device
Greenwashing
A practice in which companies promote their products as environmentally friendly when in truth the brand provides little ecological benefit.
Right-of-Reply Rule
A regulation by the FCC permitting a person the right to respond if attacked on a broadcast other than in a regular news program.
Indirect Payment
Advertisements
Soul
African American musical style rooted in R&B and gospel that became popular during the 1960s.
Web Browser
Allows users to navigate the web
Written Era
Alphabets & written word emerged around 1000 BC
ASCAP
American Society of Composers, Authors, and Publishers. Music licensing agency that represented the pop labels, the old Tin Pan Alley songwriters, and the "old guard" of the music industry.
Gag Order
An order issued by a judge restricting the publication of news about a trial or a pretrial hearing to protect the accused's right to a fair trial.
What does audiences bring to the table?
Audiences bring diverse opinions about media
Digital Era
Cable TV, images, text, sounds are converted into ones and zeros, Internet
Printed Era
China developed white paper & block printing 100 BC; Gutenberg's Printing Press 15th century
Multiple system operators (MSOs)
Comcast, Charter
Electronic Era
Communication: 1840 with invention of telegraph, movies, radio, TV
American Library Association (ALA)
Compiles a list of the most challenged books every year in the U.S
Game Publishers
Console makers (in some cases) • More often independent companies • Activision Blizzard and Electronic Arts • New major publishers; King and Rovio
Irritation Advertising
Creating product-name recognition by being annoying or obnoxious. (Puppy-Monkey-Baby Commercial)
Culture Skyscraper
Culture as a hierarchy
Midwest Video Case
Determined cable carriers were electronic publishers
Federal Cable Policy Act of 1984
Dictates the franchise fees for most U.S. municipalities. •Helps cities use such fees to establish and fund access channels
Regional Editions
Different versions of the same magazine produced for different geographic regions (e.g., states, countries).
DVR
Digital Video Recorder
multichannel video programming distributors (MVPDs)
Dish Network DirecTV
Ochs and New York Times
Distanced itself from yellow journalism Focused on documenting major events More affluent readership Lowered the price to a penny to attract middle-class readers
HD Radio
Enables multicasting by AM and FM broadcasters and provides program data
Frank Conrad
Established the first commercial broadcast station, KDKA, in 1920
Block Booking Distribution
Exhibitors had to rent marginal films in order to get films with big stars.
African American Newspapers
Faced high illiteracy rates and hostility from white society during the Civil War era
Deficit Financing
Film studios finance the deficit and hope to profit on syndication.
CBS and Paley: Challenging NBC
First attempt at CBS failed,1927
Odyssey (1972)
First home television game
The Review
First political magazine • Appeared in London in 1704 • Edited by Daniel Defoe (author of Robinson Crusoe) • Printed sporadically until 1713
Death Race (1976)
First public outcry over violence in electronic gaming
Ladies Home Journal (1890s)
First with a circulation of one million
New-York Weekly Journal
Founded in 1733 by the popular Party, Owner's arrest helped lead to creation of the 1st Amendment.
Modern Arcades
Gathered multiple coin-operated games together
Early Narrative Filmmakers
Georges Méliès, Edwin S. Porter
Communist or State Model
Government controls the press. (North Korea)
Asian American Newspapers
Helped readers adjust to foreign surroundings and retain ties to their traditional heritage
Basic Cable Services
Hundred-plus channels Local cable company pays each satellite-delivered service a per-subscriber fee.
Burson Cohn & Wolfe
Independent PR Agency used by most companies.
FCC (Federal Communications Commission)
Independent regulatory agency that oversees electronic media.
videocassette recorder (VCR)
Introduced in the mid-1970s •Federal court permitted home taping for personal use (1979, Sony won case against Disney/MCA) •Movie rentals became popular•Replaced by DVDs, which are being replaced by Blu-ray and DVRs
Karl Marx and Antonio Gramsci
Investigated how mass media support existing hierarchies. Examined how popular culture and sports distract people from redressing social injustices. Addressed the subordinate status of particular social groups.
Muckrakers
Journalists who attempted to find corruption or wrongdoing in industries and expose it to the public
Examples of Communication
Languages, Morse code, motion pictures, binary computer codes
Mega-Agencies
Large ad firms that formed by merging several agencies and that maintain regional offices worldwide. • Provide a full range of services • WPP Group, Omnicom, Publicis Groupe, and the Interpublic Group
The Fall of General-Interest Magazines
Late 1950s Changing consumer tastes, rising postal costs, falling ad revenues, & televisions
Postal Act of 1879
Legislation that allowed magazines to be mailed nationally at a low cost. It was a key factor in the growth of magazine circulation in the late nineteenth century
Department of Justice
Limited Non-News Programming
Celler-Kefauver Act (1950)
Limited any corporate mergers and joint ventures that reduced competition.
Convergence: Magazines Confront the Digital Age
Magazines move online. • Magazine companion Web sites ideal for increasing reach of consumer magazines • Feature original content • Magazines embrace digital content.
Agenda-Setting
Media set the agenda for major topics of discussion.
Major Home Console Makers
Microsoft, Sony, Nintendo
Cable Franchise
Mini-monopoly awarded by a local community to the most attractive bidder, usually for a 15-year period
First Noncommercial Networks
National Public Radio (NPR) and Public Broadcasting Service (PBS)
The Better Business Bureau (BBB)
One of the oldest nonprofit organizations that establishes self-regulation among businesses.
The Golden Age of Radio: 20s-40s
Only a handful of stations • Live music daily • 15-minute evening programs • Variety shows • Quiz shows • Dramatic programs • Most shows had a single sponsor.
Rule of Opinion and Fair Comment
Opinions are protected from Libel. Satire, comedy, and opinions expressed in reviews.
Eras of Communication
Oral, written, print, electronic, digital
Sherman Antitrust Act (1890)
Outlawed monopoly practices and corporate trusts that often fixed prices to force competitors out of business.
Selective Exposure
People seek messages that respond to their own cultural beliefs (ex; Republicans watch Fox News to hear that conservative views good, liberal views bad)
Progressive Era
Period of political and social reform from the 1890s to 1920s; Era lead to social reforms including secret ballot during elections, federal income tax, Prohibition, and women's suffrage
Vertical Integration
Practice where a single entity controls the entire process of a product, from the raw materials to distribution
Movietone Newsreels
Premiered sound film five months before The Jazz Singer First film footage with sound Lindbergh's takeoff and return
Premium Cable Services
Premium channels such as HBO Pay-per-view (PPV) channels Video-on-demand (VOD) channels
Social Responsibility Model
Press functions as a Fourth Estate. (U.S.A)
Stephen Daye
Printed the first colonial book, The Whole Book of Psalms
Sundance Film Festival
Promoted independent cinema. A place that represents independent style of filmmaking.
Authoritarian Model
Public guided by an educated ruling class. (Developed during printing press; today Asia, Latin America, & Africa)
Children's Internet Protection Act of 2000
Requires public schools and libraries to use filtering software to limit minors' exposure to inappropriate Internet content
Sixth Amendment
Right to a speedy and public trial
D.W. Griffith
Single most important director in Hollywood's early days • The Birth of a Nation -1915 • First feature-length film • First blockbuster
Boutique Agencies
Small regional ad agencies that offer personalized services. • Devote talents to select clients • Peterson Milla Hooks
Fourth Screen
Smartphones, iPods, iPads, and mobile TV devices
Miracle Case (1952)
Supreme Court decision granted films free speech protection and rendered most activities of film review boards unconstitutional after Miracle film was banned.
Trial of Bruno Hauptmann (1930s)
Supreme Court ruled that the presence of cameras does not make a fair trial impossible. • All states now allow cameras (with certain restrictions). • U.S. federal courts allow limited coverage.• Supreme Court continues its ban.
Culture
Symbols of expression that individuals, groups, and societies use to make sense of daily life and values
Cathode Ray Tube
The forerunner of the TV picture tube, combined principles of the camera and electricity. •TV images couldn't float through air, so inventors created a method of encoding them and then decoding them.
Miller v. California (1973)
The material must meet three criteria to qualify as obscenity: • Average person would find that the material as a whole appeals to aprurient interest. • The material depicts or describes sexual contact in a patently offensive way. • The material, as a whole, lacks serious literary, artistic, political, or scientific value.
Folk Music
The music of the common people of a society or geographic area.
Instant Messaging (IM)
The use of an application that allows users to "chat" over the Internet from computer to computer
James Maxwell
Theorized the existence of electromagnetic waves (1860s) • Believed a portion of these waves, later known as radio waves, could be harnessed to transmit signals from a transmission point to a reception point.
Movable Type
Type in which each individual character is cast on a separate piece of metal. It replaced woodblock printing, allowing for the arrangement of individual letters and other characters on a page. Invented in Korea 13th Century.
American Association of Advertising Agencies (AAAA)
U.S. trade association founded in 1917.
P.T. Barnum
Used gross exaggeration, wild stories, and staged events to secure newspaper coverage for clients (19th Century)
Advertisers
Used magazines to capture attention and build a national marketplace
Format Specialization
Variety of formats • News, talk, and information • Music formats • Adult contemporary (AC) • Contemporary hit radio (CHR) • Country • Urban contemporary • Spanish language • Classic rock • Oldies
Advergames
Video games created for purely promotional purposes
Production and Design Managers
Work on the look of the book makes decisions about type style, paper, cover design, and layout.
FRC (Federal Radio Commission)
a body established in 1927 to oversee radio licenses and negotiate channel problems
Option Time
a business tactic, now illegal, whereby a radio network in the 1920s and 1930s paid an affiliate station a set fee per hour for an option to control programming and advertising on that station
Produce Magalogs
a combination of a glossy magazine and retail catalogue that is often used to market goods or services to customers or employees.
Cinematograph
a combined camera, film developer, and projection system invented by the Lumiere brothers.
Federal Trade Commission (FTC)
a federal agency empowered to prevent persons or corporations from using unfair methods of competition in commerce
Documentary
a film or TV program presenting the facts about a person or event
Blockbuster
a film that is a big commercial success
Wireless Telegraphy
a form of voiceless point-to-point communication
Book Challenge
a formal complaint to have a book removed from a public or school library's collection
Avatar
a graphic interactive "character" situated within the world of the game. (Pacman was the first)
Radio Network
a group of stations that share programming produced at a central location.
illuminated manuscript
a handwritten book decorated with bright colors and precious metals
Newspaper Chain
a large company that owns several papers throughout the country
Webzines
a magazine that publishes on the internet
Oligopoly
a market structure in which only a few sellers offer similar or identical products
Acquisitions Editor
a person who recruits and signs new authors and titles for the company's list of books
Block Printing
a printing technique developed by early Chinese printers, who hand-carved characters and illustrations into a block of wood, applied ink to the block, and then printed copies on multiple sheets of paper
Selective Retention
a process whereby a consumer remembers only that information that supports his or her personal beliefs
Famous Person Testimonial
a product is endorsed by a well-known person
Entertainment Software Rating Board (ESRB)
a self-regulating organization that assigns ratings to games based on six categories: EC (Early Childhood), E (Everyone), E 10+, T (Teens), M 17+, and AO (Adults Only 18+)
Crooners
a singer, typically a male one, who sings sentimental songs in a soft, low voice.
Storyboard
a sort of blueprint or roughly drawn comic-strip version of the potential ad.
Emergence (novelty) stage
a stage in problem solving when the group moves from conflict toward a single solution
Validity
a study actually measures what it claims to measure.
Inverted-Pyramid Style
a style of journalism in which news reports begin with the most dramatic or newsworthy information—answering who, what, where, and when (and less frequently why or how) questions at the top of the story—and then trail off with less significant details.
Jazz
a style of music characterized by the use of improvisation
Gangster Rap
a style of rap music that depicts the hardships of urban life and sometimes glorifies the violent style of street gangs
Offset Lithography
a technology that enabled books to be printed from photographic plates rather than metal casts, reducing the cost of color and illustrations and eventually permitting computers to perform typesetting
Pulp Fiction
a term used to describe many late-nineteenth-century popular paperbacks and dime novels, which were constructed of cheap machine-made pulp material.
Publicity
a type of PR communication that uses various media messages to spread information about a person, a corporation, an issue, or a policy - to elevate entertainment culture to an international level.
Linotype machine
a typesetting machine operated from a keyboard that casts an entire line as a single slug of metal
Saturation Advertising
a variety of media are inundated with ads aimed at target audiences.
Electronic Publishers
able to choose which channels and content to carry
Interstitials
advertisements that pop up in a screen window as a user attempts to access a new Web page
Penny Papers
affordable newspapers introduced in 1833 created unprecedented mass audience
interprative journalism
aims to explain key issues or events and place them in a broader historical or social context.
Clearance Rules
allow affiliates to substitute a network's program.29
Folk-Rock
amplified folk music, often featuring politically overt lyrics; influenced by rock and roll
Public Service Announcements (PSAs)
an advertisement serving the public interest, often for a nonprofit organization, carried by the media at no charge.
CATV (community antenna television)
an early cable system that originated where mountains or tall buildings blocked TV signals; because of early technical and regulatory limits, CATV contained only twelve channels
Studio System
an early film production system that constituted a sort of assembly-line process for moviemaking; major film studios controlled not only actors but also directors, editors, writers, and other employees, all under exclusive contracts.
Wire Service
an electronic delivery of news gathered by the news service's correspondents and sent to all member news media organizations
Indecency
an issue related to appropriate broadcast content; the government may punish broadcasters for indecency or profanity after the fact, and over the years a handful of radio stations have had their licenses suspended or denied over indecent programming
Obscenity
an offensive or indecent word or phrase
Blogs
articles or post in chronological, journal-like form, often with reader comments and links to other sites
Action Games & Shooter Games
ask players to test their reflexes and to punch, slash, shoot, or throw as strategically and accurately as possible so as to make their way though a series of levels. Street Fighter
Plain-Folks Pitch
associates a product with simplicity and the common person
Snob-Appeal Approach
attempts to persuade consumers that using a product will maintain or elevate their social status
Media Effects Research
attempts to understand, explain, and predict the effects of mass media on individuals and society
Textbooks
books designed to teach subject matter
Hybrid Shows
comic situations and grim plots, similar to a soap opera. Breaking Bad.
Feature Syndicates
commercial outlets or brokers, such as United Features and King Features, that contract with newspapers to provide work from well-known political writers, editorial cartoonists, comic-strip artists, and self-help columnists
E-Books
electronic books read on a computer screen instead of a printed page
Retransmission fees
fee that cable providers pay to broadcast networks for the right to carry their channels.
Trade Books
fiction and nonfiction books sold to the general public
Vellum
fine parchment made originally from the skin of a calf.
Telstar
first communication satellite capable of receiving, amplifying, and returning signals
Muybridge
first to project moving pictures (horse galloping)
Indies
independently produced films
Syndication
leasing TV stations or cable networks the exclusive right to air TV shows
Narrative Films
movies that tell stories
Talkies
movies with sound, beginning in 1927
Digital Recording
music recorded and played back by laser beam rather than by needle or magnetic tape
Hip-Hop
music that combines spoken street dialect with cuts (or samples) from older records and bears the influences of social politics, male boasting, and comic lyrics carried forward from blues, R&B, soul, and rock and roll
Rock and Roll
music that grew out of rhythm and blues and that became popular in the 1950s
Rockabilly
music that mixes bluegrass and country influences with those of black folk music and early amplified blues
Rotation
playing the top songs many times during the day
Spam
unsolicited, unwanted commercial email messages
Cathode Ray Tube Amusement Device (1948)
• Key component of the first video games: the cathode ray tube (CRT), patent for a "Cathode Ray Tube Amusement Device" to Thomas T. Goldsmith.
Specialization
• Magazine, radio, and cable industries sought specialized markets to counter TV's mass appeal. • By the 1980s, television embraced niche marketing. • Young and old viewers sought other specialized forms of media.
Hypodermic Needle Model (Magic Bullet Theory)
• Media shoot effects directly into unsuspecting victims.
Mythical Elements Found in Ads
• Mini-stories • Stories involving conflicts • Conflicts are negotiated or resolved, usually through the use of the product.
Myth Analysis
• Most ads are narratives with stories to tell and social conflicts to resolve.
Diversification
• Most media companies diversify, never fully dominating a particular media industry. • Promotes oligopolies.
Radio Act of 1927
• Stated that stations could only license their channels as long as they operated to serve the "public interest, convenience, or necessity" • Created the Federal Radio Commission (FRC), which became the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) with the Communications Act of 1934
Content Analysis
• Studies specific media messages (Coding media content)
