Merrills 6
2 and 3
For which of the following projections of the abdomen is the x-ray beam placed in the horizontal position? 1. Lateral 2. PA, upright 3. AP, lateral decubitus
AP oblique
For which projection of the stomach would a positioning sponge be used?
asthenic
For which type of body habitus is the large intestine bunched together and positioned very low in the abdomen?
hypersthenic
For which type of body habitus is the stomach almost horizontal?
asthenic
For which type of body habitus is the stomach nearly vertical?
1 and 3
Functions of the stomach include: 1. storage of food. 2. absorption of food products. 3. chemical breakdown of food.
18 to 24 inches
How far above the anus is the enema bag placed during a barium enema?
no more than 4 inches
How far is the enema tip inserted into the rectum for a colon examination?
24 hours
How long does it take barium to go through the alimentary canal and reach the rectum?
30 feet
How long is the entire alimentary canal?
40 to 70 degrees
How much is the body rotated for the PA oblique projection of the stomach and duodenum?
3 to 6 inches
How much lower should the IR be positioned when the upright position is used for projections of the stomach?
dorsal decubitus
If a patient is unable to stand for an upright AP abdominal image, which position should be used?
Sims
In which position should the patient be placed to insert the enema tip for a barium enema?
2 and 3
Methods of performing a double-contrast barium enema include: 1. enteroclysis. 2. single-stage procedure. 3. two-stage procedure.
2 and 3
Methods of radiographically examining the colon include: 1. enteroclysis. 2. single contrast. 3. double contrast.
elimination of motion
One of the most important technical considerations in gastrointestinal radiography is:
air-fluid levels
One of the primary reasons a left lateral decubitus abdominal image is performed is to demonstrate:
1, 2, and 3
Preparation of the intestinal tract for examination of the colon includes: 1. laxatives. 2. dietary restrictions. 3. cleansing enemas.
descending colon
The PA oblique projection of the colon done in the LAO position clearly demonstrates the:
stomach contour and duodenal bulb
The PA projection of the stomach best demonstrates the:
right colic flexure
The ascending portion of the colon joins the transverse colon at the:
0 degrees
The central-ray angulation for an AP abdominal image is:
30 to 40 degrees cephalad
The central-ray angulation for the AP axial projection of the large intestine is:
hepatopancreatic ampulla
The common bile duct and the pancreatic duct usually unite to form the:
peristalsis
The contraction waves by which the digestive tube moves its contents toward the rectum are called:
35 to 45
The degree of body rotation for an AP oblique projection of the large intestine is _____ degrees.
30 to 60
The degree of body rotation for an AP oblique stomach radiographic images ranges from _____ degrees.
35 to 45
The degree of body rotation for the PA oblique projection (RAO or LAO) of the large intestine is _____ degrees.
hypersthenic
The degree of body rotation for the PA oblique projection of the stomach will depend on the body habitus. The greatest degree of rotation would be used for which body habitus?
duodenojejunal flexure
The duodenum joins the jejunum at a sharp curve called the:
PA or AP
The entire colon is best demonstrated in which projection?
cardiac orifice
The esophagus joins the stomach through an opening called the:
digestive juice
The exocrine cells of the pancreas function to produce and secrete:
cardiac antrum
The expanded portion of the terminal esophagus is called the:
15 minutes
The first small intestine image is taken how many minutes after the patient drinks barium?
1 and 2
The folds of peritoneum that support the abdominal organs are called the: 1. omenta. 2. mesentery. 3. pleura.
rugae
The folds of the thick inner lining of the stomach are termed the:
store and concentrate bile
The gallbladder functions to:
enterostomy
The general term used to describe the surgical procedure of forming an artificial opening to the intestine for the passage of fecal material is:
visceral peritoneum
The inner portion of the sac that covers the abdominal organs is termed the:
mesentery
The jejunum and ileum are attached to the posterior wall of the abdomen by the:
haustra
The large intestine is made up of a series of pouches called the:
liver
The largest gland in the body is the:
2 and 3
The main functions of the large intestine are: 1. digestion of food. 2. reabsorption of fluids. 3. elimination of waste products.
1 and 2
The main functions of the small bowel are _____ of food. 1. digestion 2. absorption 3. storage
iliac crests
The majority of AP, PA, and oblique images taken during a barium enema are done on 14 × 17 inch (35 × 43 cm) IRs. Where is the IR centered on sthenic patients for the majority of this projection?
barium sulfate
The most common contrast medium used for radiologic examinations of the gastrointestinal tract is:
KUB
The most commonly performed abdominal examination is referred to as a(n):
ileum
The most distal portion of the small intestine is the:
villi
The mucosa of the small intestine contains a series of fingerlike projections called:
pyloric sphincter
The muscle controlling the opening between the stomach and the duodenum is termed the:
ileocecal valve
The opening between the small intestine and the large intestine is called the:
orifice
The opening between the stomach and the small intestine is termed the pyloric:
greater duodenal papilla
The opening inside the duodenum where pancreatic enzymes and bile enter is called the:
parietal peritoneum
The outer portion of the sac that lines the abdominopelvic cavity is termed the:
ascites
The pathologic accumulation of fluid in the peritoneal cavity is termed:
after midnight
The patient "prep" for a morning stomach examination is food and fluid are withheld:
after the evening meal and no breakfast
The patient preparation for a small intestine examination is food and fluid withheld:
cecum
The pouchlike portion of the large intestine that is situated below the junction of the ileum and colon is the:
suspended respiration
The respiration phase for all projections of the large intestine is:
2 and 3
The routinely used methods of examining the stomach include _____ contrast. 1. no 2. single 3. double
peritoneum
The serous membrane that lines the abdominopelvic walls is called the:
three
The small intestine is divided into how many distinct portions?
peritoneal cavity
The space between the two layers of peritoneum is called the:
LUQ
The spleen is located in the _____ of the abdomen.
four
The stomach wall is composed of how many layers?
portal vein and hepatic vein
The two vessels that supply blood to the liver are the:
cecum
The vermiform appendix of the colon is attached to the:
four
The wall of the colon is composed of how many layers?
four
The wall of the esophagus is composed of how many layers of tissue?
four
The wall of the small intestine is composed of how many coats?
duodenum
The widest portion of the small bowel is the:
midcoronal plane
What is placed perpendicular to the long axis of the grid for a lateral projection of the abdomen?
45 degrees
What is the average degree of body rotation for an AP oblique projection of the stomach and duodenum?
retroperitoneum
What is the cavity posterior to the peritoneum?
30 to 40 degrees caudad
What is the central-ray angulation for the PA axial projection of the large intestine?
35 to 40 degrees
What is the degree of body rotation for the PA oblique projection of the esophagus?
22 feet
What is the length of the average adult small intestine?
5 feet
What is the length of the large intestine?
recumbent
What is the recommended general body position for a radiographic series of the esophagus?
PA, RAO
What is the recommended oblique projection and position for the best demonstration of the esophagus?
expiration
What is the respiration phase for all radiographic exposures of the stomach and intestines?
expiration
What is the respiration phase for an AP abdominal image obtained with the patient in the left lateral decubitus position?
expiration
What is the respiration phase for an AP abdominal image obtained with the patient in the supine position?
expiration
What is the respiration phase for an AP or PA abdominal image obtained with the patient in the upright position?
85%
What percentage of the population will have a combination of sthenic and hyposthenic body habitus?
a longitudinal plane midway between the vertebrae and the lateral border of the elevated side
What plane is centered to the grid for the PA oblique projection of the stomach and duodenum?
midcoronal plane
What plane is centered to the grid for the lateral projection of the esophagus?
a plane passing midway between the midcoronal plane and the anterior surface of the abdomen
What plane is positioned to the center of the grid for the lateral projection of the stomach and duodenum?
AP oblique, LPO
What projection will best demonstrate the fundus of the stomach?
PA oblique, RAO
What will demonstrate the duodenal bulb and loop in profile?
iliac crests
Where is the IR centered for all decubitus projections of the large intestine?
level of the iliac crests
Where is the IR centered for delayed images of the small intestine?
2 inches above the iliac crests
Where is the IR centered for images of the small intestine that are taken within 30 minutes of drinking the barium?
2 inches above the iliac crests
Where is the center of the IR positioned for a lateral projection of the abdomen performed with the patient in the dorsal decubitus position?
2 inches above the iliac crests
Where is the center of the IR positioned for an AP abdominal image obtained in the left lateral decubitus position?
iliac crests
Where is the center of the IR positioned for an AP abdominal image performed with the patient in the supine position?
2 inches above the iliac crests
Where is the center of the IR positioned for an AP abdominal image performed with the patient in the upright position?
2 inches above the iliac crests
Where is the center of the IR positioned for an upright PA abdominal image?
glucagon
Which drug may be given to the patient before a double-contrast examination of the stomach to relax the gastrointestinal tract?
1, 2, and 3
Which methods are used to administer barium for a radiographic examination of the small intestine? 1. By mouth 2. Reflex filling 3. Enteroclysis
2 and 3
Which of the following are advantages of using the double-contrast technique for examination of the stomach? 1. Fewer images are required. 2. Small lesions are not obscured. 3. The mucosal lining of the stomach can be more clearly visualized.
1 and 3
Which of the following are advantages of using the recumbent position for images of the esophagus? 1. Varices better filled 2. Easier to swallow barium 3. More complete contrast filling, especially proximal part
1 and 2
Which of the following are clearly shown on a lateral abdomen projection performed with the patient in the dorsal decubitus position? 1. Prevertebral space 2. Air-fluid levels 3. Urinary bladder
1 and 2
Which of the following are components of the alimentary canal? 1. Mouth and pharynx 2. Stomach and intestine 3. Liver and pancreas
1 and 2
Which of the following are essential oblique projections of the stomach and duodenum? 1. AP projection, LPO 2. PA projection, RAO 3. PA projection, LAO
1 and 2
Which of the following are essential projections for examination of the small intestine? 1. AP 2. PA 3. Lateral
1, 2, and 3
Which of the following are included as components of the alimentary canal? 1. Anus 2. Colon 3. Esophagus
2 and 3
Which of the following are prime considerations in producing an optimal image of the abdomen? 1. Apply compression. 2. Explain the breathing procedure to the patient. 3. Do not start the exposure for 1 to 2 seconds after suspension of respiration.
1, 2, and 3
Which of the following are the essential projections for an esophagus series? 1. AP or PA 2. Lateral 3. PA oblique
Exhale, swallow the barium, hold breath out.
Which of the following best describes the administration of barium for an esophagram being performed for esophageal varices? Swallow the barium, inhale. Swallow the barium, exhale. Exhale, swallow the barium, hold breath out. Inhale, swallow the barium, hold breath out.
1, 2, and 3
Which of the following can be used to record the fluoroscopic image? 1. TV 2. Cine 3. Video recorders
1, 2, and 3
Which of the following contrast media are used for examinations of the gastrointestinal tract? 1. Air 2. Barium sulfate 3. Water-soluble iodinated solution
3 only
Which of the following demonstrates the rectum and rectosigmoid area in a true axial projection? 1. AP axial 2. Left lateral decubitus 3. Chassard-Lapiné method
2 and 3
Which of the following describes the function of the spleen? 1. Produces glucagon 2. Produces lymphocytes 3. Stores and removes dead red blood cells
2 only
Which of the following examinations requires the use of time markers on the images? 1. Stomach 2. Small intestine 3. Large intestine
2 only
Which of the following is true regarding inflation of the retention balloon for a barium enema? 1. It should be inflated by the radiographer using fluoroscopy. 2. It should be inflated by the radiologist using fluoroscopy. 3. It should be inflated by the radiologist without using fluoroscopy.
1, 2, and 3
Which of the following is used to evaluate rotation on a KUB image? 1. Spinous processes of the lumbar vertebrae should be in the center of the vertebral body. 2. Alae of the ilia are symmetric. 3. Ischial spines, if visible, are symmetric.
1, 2, and 3
Which of the following organs lie in the abdominal cavity? 1. Stomach 2. Gallbladder 3. Kidneys
2 and 3
Which of the following organs lie in the pelvic cavity? 1. Kidneys 2. Rectum 3. Urinary bladder
1 and 3
Which of the following radiographs are taken during a single-contrast barium enema? 1. "Spot" images 2. "Filled" colon images 3. Postevacuation images
midcoronal plane
Which plane is centered to the grid for a lateral projection of the large intestine?
1 and 2
Which positions will best demonstrate the retrogastric portion of the duodenum and jejunum on an AP projection of the stomach? 1. Supine 2. Trendelenburg's 3. Standing
lateral
Which projection is used for images made during defecography?
PA oblique, RAO
Which projection of the colon best demonstrates the ascending colon?
AP left lateral decubitus
Which projection of the colon best demonstrates the lateral aspect of the ascending colon and the medial aspect of the descending colon, when the colon is inflated with air?
PA oblique, LAO
Which projection of the colon best demonstrates the left colic flexure?
lateral, ventral decubitus
Which projection of the colon best demonstrates the posterior portions of the colon?
PA oblique, RAO
Which projection of the colon best demonstrates the right colic flexure?
AP, right lateral decubitus
Which projection of the colon will best demonstrate the medial aspect of the ascending colon and the lateral aspect of the descending colon when the colon is inflated with air?
lateral
Which projection of the stomach demonstrates its anterior and posterior surfaces?
AP, Trendelenburg's position
Which projection of the stomach would best demonstrate a diaphragmatic herniation?
1, 2, and 3
Which projections taken during a barium enema will demonstrate the rectosigmoid area? 1. Lateral 2. PA axial 3. AP axial
1 and 2
Which projections will clearly demonstrate the descending colon? 1. PA oblique, LAO 2. AP oblique, RPO 3. Left lateral
2 and 3
Which projections will clearly demonstrate the right colic flexure? 1. Right lateral 2. AP oblique, LPO 3. PA oblique, RAO
right hypochondrium and epigastrium
Which two regions of the abdomen are almost entirely occupied by the liver?
3 only
"High-density" barium sulfate is used primarily for _____ intestine examinations. 1. enteroclysis 2. single-contrast 3. double-contrast
A sagittal plane passing halfway between the midline and the lateral border of the abdomen
A PA projection of the stomach and duodenum can be performed using a 10 × 12 inch (24 × 30 cm) IR. What describes the plane that is centered to the grid for this projection?
the midsagittal plane
A PA projection of the stomach and duodenum is often performed using a 14 × 17 inch (35 × 43 cm) IR. What describes the plane that is centered to the grid for this projection?
1, 2, and 3
A properly exposed abdominal image will exhibit the: 1. psoas muscles. 2. lower border of the liver. 3. transverse processes of the lumbar vertebrae.
cholangiography
A specific radiographic examination of the biliary ducts is termed:
tumor mass
A three-way abdominal series may be ordered to rule out all of the following except: infection tumor mass bowel obstruction free air
ASIS
At what level is the center of the IR positioned for a lateral projection of the rectosigmoid area?
L1/L2
At which level is the IR centered for a PA projection of the stomach and duodenum?
L1/L2
At which level is the IR centered for an AP or PA oblique stomach and duodenum?
A longitudinal plane 1 to 2 inches lateral to the midline of the body on the elevated side
At which plane is the central ray positioned for the PA oblique projections (LAO or RAO) of the large intestine?
10 to 20 minutes
Demonstrating small amounts of intraperitoneal gas in patients with an acute abdomen is often necessary. How long should the patient lie in the left lateral position before the exposure is made?
1 and 3
During an ERCP, an endoscope is passed into the duodenum under fluoroscopic control. "Spot" images are usually taken of the _____ duct(s). 1. pancreatic 2. hepatic 3. common bile
1 and 2
During an operative cholangiogram, the surgeon injects the contrast medium directly into the biliary system. Which of the following projections are typically done during this procedure in surgery? 1. AP 2. AP oblique, RPO 3. AP oblique, LPO
8
Food and fluid should be withheld for how many hours before a stomach examination?
the level of the mouth
For all projections of the esophagus, the top of the IR is positioned at:
