META-COMM CHAP 14 & 15

The term "_____" refers to the language used to reduce the psychological distance between a speaker and the audience.

verbal immediacy

John is a passionate sailor. When describing his experiences to someone, he says, "The ocean can be wild and temperamental. You have to treat her with respect, listen to her moods, and she will treat you fairly." In this scenario, John is using _____.

personification

While giving a speech, Beatrice used pauses strategically, spoke loud enough for everyone to hear, and used a perfect tone. However, she spoke too fast for her audience to be able to understand a few of her more complex ideas. In this scenario, Beatrice should moderate her _____ of speech to improve intelligibility.

rate

Cognitive restructuring helps us reduce anxiety by

replacing anxiety-arousing negative self-talk with anxiety-reducing positive self-talk.

To adapt to virtual audiences during public speaking, you should not

say anything to one specific audience that you would not want to broadcast to a wider audience.

_____ refers to seeing a speech situation as an opportunity to talk with several people about a topic that is important to the speaker and the audience.

A communication orientation

_________ is an implied comparison between two unlike things, expressed without using "like" or "as."

A metaphor

_____ is a direct comparison of dissimilar things using the words "like" or "as."

A simile

_____ are defined as moments of silence strategically used to enhance meaning.

Pauses

_________ helps reduce anxiety by replacing anxiety-arousing negative self-talk with anxiety-reducing positive self-talk.

Cognitive restructuring

_____ is the combination of background, knowledge, attitudes, experiences, and philosophies a speaker shares with his or her audience.

Common ground

In the context of specific language, which of the following statements is true of using complex words in a speech?

Complex words should be substituted for simple words only if they suit the specific context.

_____ is the confidence an audience places in the truthfulness of what a speaker says.

Credibility

Pedro is giving a public speech about marine life. He has prepared many presentational aids like slideshows, models, and handouts. In this scenario, which of the following strategies will help Pedro effectively handle his presentational aids?

Displaying the aids so that everyone in the audience can see them

True of false? Evaluating speeches has an overall negative impact on the speaker.

False

True or false? A monotone is achieved by changing pitch, volume, and rate; stressing certain words; and using pauses strategically.

False

True or false? Generic language uses words that represent everyone in the audience.

False

True or false? Information that may have a physical, economic, or psychological impact on audience members should be avoided in a speech.

False

True or false? Speaking notes do not include cues about delivery.

False

True or false? When a speaker wants to speak clearly, he or she should use as much jargon and slang as possible.

False

Lucas is delivering a speech on the recent developments in robotics. In this scenario, which of the following strategies should be followed by Lucas to maintain effective body language?

He should avoid wearing jewelry or anything that will distract his audience.

Simon is preparing to deliver a speech. He wants his speech to be conversational. In this scenario, which of the following strategies should be adopted by Simon?

He should engage with the audience so they feel he is talking with them and not performing in front of them.

James has to present a speech to the interns of his organization. He includes a lot of jokes to make his speech interesting. He is doubtful about how his audience will react to one of the jokes that he thinks is offensive. In this scenario, which of the following strategies should he adopt?

He should omit the joke from his speech.

In a speech, Lena efficiently uses rich adjectives and adverbs. She also uses descriptive words and expressions. In this scenario, which of the following will be an effect of Lena's speech?

Her speech will sustain the interest of her audience.

Which of the following is an effective way to use speaking notes during public speeches?

Holding them in one hand and referring to them when needed

_____ refers to emphasizing one person's relationship with another when doing so is not necessary to make the point.

Irrelevant association

Which of the following statements is true of slang?

It can make a speech sound unprofessional.

Which of the following statements best defines the term "dialect"?

It is a unique form of a more general language spoken by a specific cultural group.

In the context of public speaking, which of the following statements is true of evaluating speeches?

It is done by answering questions that relate to the basics of content, structure, and delivery.

Which of the following statements is true of antithesis?

It is effective when it is used in the concluding remarks.

_________ is the addition of sex, race, age, or other group designations to a description.

Marking

_____ is the use of words that sound like the things they stand for.

Onomatopoeia

_________ is restating words, phrases, or sentences for emphasis.

Repetition

Camila is preparing a speech on road safety rules for a high school in her neighborhood. She wants to present information that has proximity to her audience. In this scenario, which of the following strategies should be adopted by Camila?

She should discuss a recent accident that took place near the school.

_________ refers to nonstandard vocabulary and nonstandard definitions assigned to words by a social group or co-culture.

Slang

Which of the following statements is true of an impromptu speech?

Speakers must gather and organize ideas quickly in the moments before they speak.

_____ means using language that adapts to the needs, interests, knowledge, and attitudes of the audience and avoiding language that might offend anyone.

Speaking appropriately

_____ means using words that convey your meaning precisely.

Speaking clearly

_________ language refers to using precise words that clarify meaning by narrowing what is understood from a general category to a particular item or group within that category.

Specific

In the context of public speaking, which of the following statements is true of effective facial expressions?

They can help animate a speech.

Which of the following statements is true of using profanity and vulgar expressions in a speech?

They signal a lack of maturity and intelligence in the speaker.

True or false? A speech given in oral style is more formal than everyday talk.

True

True or false? Delivery is how a message is communicated orally and visually using voice and body.

True

True or false? Public speaking apprehension is the level of fear we experience when anticipating or actually speaking to an audience.

True

True or false? Rhetorical figures of speech help listeners visualize or internalize what a speaker is saying.

True

_________ helps us reduce anxiety by developing a mental picture of ourselves giving a masterful speech.

Visualization

_____ are unnecessary words interjected into sentences to fill moments of silence.

Vocalized pauses

In the context of speaking notes, which of the following statements is true of incorporating delivery cues?

Words that need to be stressed are underlined.

In the context of public speaking, which of the following is an effective strategy to develop speaking notes?

Writing the notes in lettering large enough to be seen instantly at a distance

In the context of public speaking, when we have _________, we believe we must impress a hypercritical audience with our knowledge and delivery.

a performance orientation

When a word does not have a precise synonym, clarity can be achieved by

adding details or examples.

In the context of the phases of public speaking apprehension, the _____ phase is the anxiety we experience before giving a speech.

anticipation

In the context of public speaking, a speech critique checklist

can be used during the rehearsal period of a speech.

Linguistic sensitivity can most likely be demonstrated by

choosing words that are respectful of others.

In the context of the phases of public speaking apprehension, the _____ phase is the surge of anxiety we feel as we begin delivering a speech.

confrontation

In the context of managing public speaking apprehension, the process of systematic desensitization starts with

consciously tensing and relaxing muscle groups.

In the context of public speaking, the best speaking notes

contain the fewest words possible.

A speech is said to be _________ when the audience feels you are talking with them.

conversational

Ella, in her speech on natural disasters, says, "Remember how we empathized with the victims when an earthquake was reported on the TV last year? I still remember thinking how I would have saved my life if I was among the victims." In this scenario, Ella is

drawing from common experiences.

A(n) _____ speech is one that is researched and planned, but the exact wording is not scripted and will vary somewhat from presentation to presentation.

extemporaneous

Jason has to deliver a speech on global warming to approximately 50 people. He has conducted detailed research on global warming and the factors affecting it, and he plans to use speaking notes to recollect key ideas and citations. Given this information, it can be inferred that Jason's speech will most likely be a(n) _____.

extemporaneous speech

Maria is a well-known celebrity. At an award ceremony, she was interviewed by journalists and reporters. Even though she had no time to prepare, she responded to their questions with witty statements. In this scenario, Maria's interview is an example of a(n) _____.

impromptu speech

Michael Adams has been invited as a guest speaker in a seminar. Before his speech, the host of the seminar introduces him as "Mr. Adams, whose brother is famous TV anchor Steve Finch, is the seminar's guest speaker." In this case, the introduction given by the host of the seminar is an example of a(n) _____.

irrelevant association

The term "_____" refers to the unique technical terminology of a trade or profession that is not generally understood by outsiders.

jargon

When giving a public speech, a sense of confidence is communicated when the speaker

maintains an upright stance and squared shoulders.

A(n) _________ refers to a voice in which the pitch, volume, and rate remain constant, with no word, idea, or sentence differing significantly in sound from any other.

monotone

Leah is anxious about giving her first violin recital in front of a large audience. A day before the recital, she meditates and relaxes her muscles. While in a relaxed state, she imagines playing alone in her room. With the same calmness, she imagines performing in front of her roommate and then in a public park in front of a few strangers. On the day of her recital, she transfers all the calmness she attained during practice to her actual recital. In this scenario, Leah is involved in

systematic desensitization.