Metabolism

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____-carbon fatty acid yields ____ acetyl CoA

16, 8

For each acetyl coA that enters the TCA cycle, ___ carbons are given off as CO2

2

net yield of ATP from glycolysis

2

Fatty acids from triglycerides are broken down into ___ carbon fragments that combine with ___ to form ____.

2, coA, acetyl coA

Glycolysis converts one glucose molecule to: __ _____ molecules each of which have ___ carbons

2, pyruvate, 3

glycerol is a ___ carbon molecule

3

Oxaloacetate is a __-carbon molecule

4

Oxaloacetate to makes a __-___ compound

6 carbon

State where the concentration of insulin is HIGHER than glucagon which favors energy STORAGE, blood glucose is elevated and glycogen storage increases

Fed

acetyl CoA can enter the ____ cycle

TCA

During high intensity exercise, the muscles rely on ____ ____ to produce ATP quickly

anaerobic glycolysis

Before entering metabolic pathways, amino acids are _____

deaminated

As body's cells use glucose, blood levels ____

decline

Blood leaves the aorta to go to the upper body and head or blood may leave the aorta to go to the lower body---> Blood may go to the ___ ___ and then the _____.

digestive tract, liver

When a person eats in excess of energy needs

feasting

___ and ___ also enter glycolysis but at different places

galactose, fructose

Catabolic reactions ____ energy

generate

Low blood glucose stimulates the pancreas to release _____

glucagon

alpha cells of the pancreas release

glucagon

Amino acids used to make GLUCOSE

glucogenic

The making of glucose from noncarbohydrate sources

gluconeogenesis

2 Anabolic pathways: transformation of energy substrates for re-distribution

gluconeogenesis ketogenesis

Amino acids and glycerol can be converted to pyruvate and therefore can provide _____ for the body

glucose

Fatty acids are converted to acetyl CoA and therefore can't make _____ for the body

glucose

Fatty acids can't make

glucose

Insulin stimulates the uptake of ___ into cells, storage as ___ in the ___ and ____, stimulation of ___ synthesis in the ____ and ____ for storage. Insulin suppresses _____.

glucose, glycogen, muscle liver protein muscle lipogenesis lipolysis

Goals of pathways in starvation are securing adequate ____ availability and minimizing loss of ___ ___.

glucose, muscle tissue

2 Anabolic pathways: storage of surplus

glycogenesis lipogenesis

Process of splitting glucose and generating pyruvate

glycolysis

the only process that the cell can use to generate ATP without the involvement of the electron transport chain

glycolysis

the splitting of glucose and generation of pyruvate

glycolysis

1. Glycerol enters the ____ pathway midway between _____ and _____ 2. Glycerol can easily be converted to ____ and then to ____

glycolysis, glucose, pyruvate, pyruvate, acetyl coA

cells of the liver

hepatocytes

The reactions in the TCA cycle release ____ atoms with their electrons which are carried by ____ to the ____.

hydrogen, coenzymes, ETC

ETC 1. Coenzymes deliver _____ and their _____ to the ETC 2. Passing these ____ from carrier to carrier along the ETC releases enough energy to pump ____ ions across the membrane to the ___ ___ of the mitochondria 3. ____ accepts the ___ and combines with ___ to form ____. 4. ____ ions in the ___ ___ flow ____ through ____ ____ which powers the synthesis of _____ which can then be used for energy.

hydrogens, electrons, electrons, hydrogen, outer compartment, oxygen, electrons, hydrogen, water, hydrogen, outer compartment downhill ATP synthase ATP

Part of mitochondria where pyruvate is converted to acetyl coA, fatty acid oxidation occurs and the TCA cycle occurs

inner compartment

Part of mitochondria where the ETC is

inner membrane

beta cells of the pancreas release

insulin

high blood glucose stimulates the pancreas to release

insulin

Products formed before a metabolic pathway reaches completion

intermediates

Line GI tract, absorb nutrients, ATPase, energy consumer

intestine

pyruvate to acetyl coA is an ______ process

irreversible

carbon structure without its amino group

keto acid

Lowered blood pH, results in nausea, coma and death and often occurs in patients with uncontrolled type I diabetes

ketoacidosis

severe ketosis

ketoacidosis

Amino acids used to make KETONES, FATS, OR STEROLS (CONVERTED TO ACETYL COA)

ketogenic

Can be used to make energy, glucose, ketones, cholesterol or fat

ketones

High levels of ketones in the blood

ketosis

Causes a subsequent drop in blood pH, burning pain and fatigue

lactate

If needed, cells in the ____ can make glucose from pyruvate and requires energy and different enzymes

liver

Transformation of energy substrates when we don't eat Soaking up nutrients

liver

major site of gluconeogenesis

liver

the metabolism center

liver

Elimination of nitrogen 1. Ammonia from deamination 2. The ____ combines ammonia with ____ to make ____ 3. This is realized into the ___ where it passes through the ____ which filters it out of the blood for excretion in the urine

liver, CO2, urea, blood, kidneys,

Glucagon stimulates ____ cells to break down _____ and release ___ into blood

liver, glycogen, glucose

all chemical reactions in the body

metabolism

cofactors

minerals

Under aerobic conditions, pyruvate enters the _____

mitochondria

oxidation of fatty acids takes place in the

mitochondria

Aerobic conditions for pyruvate: 1. Pyruvate enters the _____ 2. ____ is removed from pyruvate to produce a __ carbon compound that bonds with a molecule of _____, becoming _____ which goes to the ____ cycle. 3. The ____ group removed from pyruvate becomes ___, which is released into the ___.

mitochondria, COOH, 2, coA, acetyl coA, TCA, carbon, CO2, blood

erythrocytes don't have ____, they use ___ for energy

mitochondria, glucose

consumers

muscles

cells of the muscles

myocytes

cells of the brain

neurons

NAD+ form of B vitamin ____

niacin

When amino acids are deaminated, they lose their ____ containing ____ group and there is a production of _____.

nitrogen, amino, ammonia

Ammonia produced from deamination is used to make ___ ____ ____ and other nitrogen-containing compounds

nonessential amino acids

building materials, regulatory agents and fuels

nutrients

these are important within cells to organize metabolic reactions

organelles

coenzymes are usually

organic

Part of mitochondria where Fatty acid activation takes place

outer membrane

When molecule A transfers its electrons to molecule B it is

oxidized

oxidized or reduced pyruvate

oxidized

You do not need ____ for glycolysis but do need it for the ETC

oxygen

Energy is released when a ___ bond in ATP is broken and becomes ___

phosphate ADP

Energy is required when a ___ group is attached to ADP making it ____

phosphate ATP

Accepts blood leaving from the digestive tract

portal circulation

Amino acids used to make ____ can make glucose and amino acids that enter the ___ cycle directly

pyruvate, TCA

2 key intermediates of energy metabolism

pyruvate, acetyl CoA

Amino acids can enter the energy pathways by: 1. Amino acids converted to _____ 2. Amino acids converted to ______ 3. Amino acids enter the ___ cycle directly

pyruvate, acetyl coA, TCA

Oxaloacetate made primarily from ____ but can also be made from certain ___ ____

pyruvate, amino acids

When molecule B receives electrons from molecule A it is

reduced

oxidized or reduce lactate

reduced

Vehicle for unused nitrogen

urea

As glucose breaks down to pyruvate, hydrogen atoms with their electrons are released and carried to the electron transport chain by coenzymes made from ____ and ____

vitamin B, niacin

coenzymes

vitamins

vitamins, amino acids and glucose are ___ ____ nutrients

water soluble

Glycolysis steps: 1. Start with a __ Carbon molecule: ______ 2. Conversion of this molecule to similar __ carbon molecules, using __ ___ in the process 3. The ending __ carbon molecule is split into __ ___ carbon molecules. 4. ____ carry the ____ and their ____ from the conversions to the ____. 5. __ ____ is released 6. These compounds go through a series of conversions producing other similar compounds. 7. Eventually the final __ ____ compounds are converted to _____.

6, glucose, 6, 2 ATP, 6, 2, 3, coenzymes, hydrogens, electrons, ETC, 4 ATP, 3 carbon, pyruvate

Each turn of the TCA cycle releases ___ electrons

8

___% of fat that cannot be used to make glucose

95

Energy currency in cells

ATP

From the ETC, ___ is synthesized and ___ atoms react with oxygen to form ____.

ATP, hydrogen, water

series of proteins that serve as electron carriers

ETC

Pyruvate is converted to Lactate when the ____ can't accept ____ ions from coenzymes from glucose breakdown

ETC, hydrogen

Accepts electrons from glucose to become NADH which travels to the ETC

NAD+

pyruvate accepts electrons from ____ which becomes ____

NADH, NAD+

Molecule that is replenished and starts the TCA cycle

Oxaloacetate

Gluconeogenesis and Ketogenesis 1. ____ is diverted from the ___ cycle and used for ___ synthesis via glucongeogenesis 2. Fatty acids and ketogenic amino acids are ___ to ____ via ___ ____ 3. When ___ can't enter the TCA cycle, it goes through ketogenesis resulting in the production of ______ which are released into the ____ and taken up by ____ and ____ for energy.

Oxaloacetate TCA glucose oxidized acetyl coA beta oxidation acetyl coA ketones blood tissues metabolized

Gluconeogenesis 1. Pyruvate from lactate, glycerol and some amino acids 2. Pyruvate converted to _____, rather than _____. 3. This is converted to ____ releasing ____. 4. ___ ____ molecules are combined to produce ____.

Oxaloacetate, acetyl coA, PEP, CO2, 2 PEP, glucose

Organ responsible for release of Insulin and glucagon

Pancreas

State where insulin decreases and glucagon increases because blood glucose decreases. There is increased liver glycogen broken down for a source of glucose and an increase of fatty acids for energy.

Postabsorptive

building up

anabolism

All energy-yielding nutrients can be broken down to ____ ____

acetyl CoA

2 cells of pancreas

acinar, endocrine

cells of adipose

adipocytes

storage cells excess

adipose

Alcohol oxidation 1. Alcohol -enzyme ___ ____ 2. ______ -enzyme ___ ___ 3. ______ -_____ 4. ______

alcohol dehydrogenase acetaldehyde acetaldehyde dehydrogenase acetate coA acetyl coA

___ ___ and ___ ___ can give rise to the TCA cycle

amino acids, acetyl CoA

___ ___ and ___ ___ can give rise to acetyl coA

amino acids, fatty acids

As glycogen stores dwindle, the body begins to break down its muscle and lean tissue to ___ ___ to synthesize ____ needed from the CNS. The liver converts ____ to ___ ___ which serves as an alternative energy source for the brain.

amino acids, glucose, fats, ketone bodies

__ __ from protein, ___ from carbohydrates and ___ from fat can give rise to pyruvate

amino acids, glucose, glycerol

Products that result from deamination is ____ and a ____ ____

ammonia, keto acid

In liver disease blood ____ is high and in kidney disease blood ____ is high

ammonia, urea

when a person eats, __ __ rises

blood glucose

consume glucose as a primary energy substrate

brain

a diet that provides ample ____ ensures an adequate supply of Oxaloacetate

carbohydrate

metabolic pathways can be ___ or ____ or both

catabolic, anabolic

Breaking down

catabolism

Fatty acid Oxidation 1. The fatty acid is activated by the addition of ____ to its ____ end and is transported from the ____ to the ____ across its membrane by a molecule called ______. 2. The process of beta oxidation involves enzymes that cleave off __-carbon units from the fatty acid chain, forming ____. This process repeats until the entire 18 carbon fatty acid has been broken down, generating __ ____ + ___ and _____. 3. A total of ___ ATP are produced via the ____.

coA, COOH, cytosol, mitochondria, carnitine, 2, acetyl coA, 8 NADH, H+, FADH2, 40, ETC

Fatty acid-> Acetyl coA 1. Fatty acid is first activated by ___ which requires ____. 2. The fatty acids are taken apart ___ carbons at a tame through ___ ____ _____ reactions. 3. As each ___ bond is broken, ___ and their ___ are released and coenzymes pick them up. 4. The acetyl coA formed travels to the ____ cycle

coA, energy, 2, fatty acid oxidation, carbon, hydrogens, electrons, TCA

B vitamins are quite often _____

coenzymes

____ accept and donate electrons

coenzymes

anabolic reactions ____ energy

consume

Anaerobic conditions for Pyruvate: ______ Cycle 1. 2 Pyruvate molecules from glycolysis 2. Pyruvate accepts ____ ions from ____ and is converted to __ _____ molecules 3. ____ are freed and can return to _____ to pick up more ___ ions 4. Lactate travels from the ____ to the ____ and gets converted back to _____ which requires _____. 5. _____ then returns to the _____

cori, hydrogens, coenzymes, 2 lactate, coenzymes, glycolysis, hydrogen, muscle, liver, glucose, energy, glucose, muscle

Part of cell where glycolysis takes place

cytosol

glycolysis occurs in the _____

cytosol

cofactors are usually

elements

final product in the pathway

end product

Refers to chemical reactions involved in breakdown, synthesis, and transformation of energy-yielding nutrients that enable cells to obtain and use energy from nutrients

energy metabolism

Cells of intestine

enterocytes

Coenzymes and cofactors are ___ aids

enzyme

Coenzyme/Cofactor mechanism 1) The inactive ____ combines with the Coenzyme/Cofactor to form an ___ ___. 2) The ___ binds to the ___ ___ 3) This ____ a particular rxn 4) The ___ are released 5) The Coenzyme/Cofactor is ___ from the ____, thereby ____ it.

enzyme, active enzyme, substrate, active enzyme, catalyzes, products, released, enzyme, inactivating

catalysts and regulators of metabolic reactions

enzymes

carry oxygen which is needed when our cells need energy

erythrocytes

State where the concentration of glucagon is higher than insulin but liver glycogen stores are depleted Glucose is supplied mainly by gluconeogenesis, stored triglycerlides are broken down and ketogenesis increases.

fasting

When nutrients from a meal are no longer available to provide energy

fasting

Oxaloacetate cannot be made from ___

fat

when Oxaloacetate is insufficient, the TCA cycle ____

slows

end products of metabolic pathways can enter other metabolic pathways and become a _____

substrate

Enzyme mechanism 1) The ____ binds to the ___ ___ of the enzyme forming a ___ ___ complex 2) The shape of the active site alters the ___ structure of the ___ transforming it into the ____ 3) The ___ is released, freeing the enzyme

substrate, active site, enzyme substrate, chemical, substrate, product, product

Reactions so that liver cells can synthesize nonessential amino acids

transamination

Transferring an amino group from one amino acid to its corresponding keto acid

transamination


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