MFT EXAM. Models of therapy

Treatment goals of general systems theory

—Assist family in exploring and recognizing healthier interactions to decrease dysfunctional family behaviors or patterns — help family challenge and rework their believes — assist individual family members and seeing their role in any given dynamic — increase each family members ability to understand the different experiences and perceptions of others in the family — assist in correcting problematic or unhealthy feedback loops — help the family understand that the cause of issues are a result of parts or the whole system participating in a particular dynamic (see that it's not one person's fault) — help family achieve negative entropy (balance between both open and closed boundaries)

Paradoxical interventions (MRI strategic therapy)

A change oriented intervention. The therapist provides a directive to the client/family, with the expectation that the family will defy the directive and consequently move toward the desired change (do the opposite)

Paradoxical intervention (or prescriptive directives) (strategic family therapy)

A change oriented intervention; therapist provides a directive to the client/family with the expectation that the family will defy the directive and consequently move towards the desired change

Double bind (MRI strategic therapy)

A dysfunctional form of interaction whereby the messages being communicated to an individual are contradictory. As a consequence, the recipient of the communication is unable to respond or react without being punished

Foundations of strategic family therapy

A family's resistance to altering the system and desire to maintain incongruous/unhealthy hierarchies leads to the development of symptoms Symptoms arise due to the families failure to properly respond to changes in the family life cycle

Unfinished business (gestalt therapy)

A goal is to uncover this. Refers to needs that have not been met as a result of a person holding back on parts of self or suppressing feelings

Interpretation (psychoanalytic theory)

A key technique used, whereby the therapist verbally communicates their hypothesis regarding the effects of the clients past on their presenting issues

Blending (IFS)

A part can become blended with the self. When this happens the person is overwhelmed by the feeling of that part. They become unbalanced and too captivated by the beliefs of the part to separate from it

Concerned part (IFS)

A part of the internal system that is blended with the self. This part impedes the self from taking a leadership role and addressing the target part

Internalization (object relations theory)

A process in which the person takes in (introjects) aspects of the external world through early infant and caretaker interactions... Internalizing basic attitudes towards self and others and then organizes those introjections in a psychologically meaningful way.

Exception questions (solution focused therapy

A series of questions including times when things are going well and the problem did not exist as well as times when the problem did not negatively affect the client

Family life cycle (General systems theory)

A series of stages or events that families move through overtime. These stages provide an organizing blueprint of you have family systems progress over time. 1 unattached young adult 2 newly married 3 Family with young children 4 Family with adolescents 5 launching family 6 Family in later years

Not knowing position - Collaborative Language Systems

A stance of no preconception for session; no hypothesis, diagnosis or directives.

Symmetrical escalation (MRI strategic therapy)

A symmetrical relationship that becomes competitive, whereby the actions of one individual causes a reaction in the other, causing a spiraling affect

Circular causality (General systems theory)

A system view that one family members behavior is caused by and causes the other family members behaviors. They are each impacting the other, in a circular manner. A influences B which influences A which influences B, etc

Morphogenesis (General systems theory)

A systems tendency towards growth and change it can change its form while maintaining balance this is a result of positive feedback loops

Morphostasis (general systems theory)

A systems tendency towards maintaining its shape (staying the same)

Free Association (psychoanalytic theory)

A technique that encourages the client to speak freely, linking words, images, and thoughts to other words, images, and thoughts without clear connections

Reframe (structural family therapy)

A technique used by therapist that redefined the original interpretation of an issue and offers a new more constructive perspective

Counterparadox (Milan Systemic Family therapy)

A.k.a. therapeutic double bind - a therapeutic directive that is intended to disrupt the family members conflicting processes that maintain the problem

Founders of cognitive behavioral therapy

Aaron Beck and Albert Ellis

Boundaries (General systems theory)

Abstract lines that exist between parts of the system in between the system in between different systems. They are typically defined by implicit and explicit rules

Foundation of structural family therapy

Action oriented approach that believes action precedes understanding Believes that symptoms are consequence of family transactional patterns in for those symptoms to change, the family structure must be re-organized

Role of an MRI strategic therapist

Active, provides directives, manipulative, paradoxical, problem oriented, work as part of a therapeutic team

Meta-communication (MRI strategic therapy)

All communication is multi layered; surface layer of communication is what is verbally stated whereas this is the second layer and looks at more

Foundations of behavioral therapy

All human behaviors, functional or dysfunctional, are learned and reinforced Problem behaviors arise through learning and reinforcement Focuses on the current factors that support the problem, historical origins are not important Treatment focus is on concrete and measurable goals

Primary Triad (human validation process model)

Also known as survival, term refers to family, parents and children

Thin story (narrative therapy)

Alternate story being developed, has minimal details, goal is to build on the story and make it thicker

Contingency contract (behavioral therapy)

An agreement between two or more people that specifies target behaviors, the conditions under which the behaviors will occur, and the consequence for meeting or not meeting the desired behavior

Enactments (Structural Family Therapy)

An intervention that encourages the family to act out a relationship dynamic during the therapeutic session. Provides the therapist an opportunity to observe dysfunctional aspects of the system that can eventually be restructured

Downward arrow (CBT)

An intervention used that asks clients a series of questions in an attempt to uncover underlying assumptions

Milan systemic family therapy is a _________ (length?)

Considered a long short term therapy; families would meet for a total of 10 sessions over the course of a year. Sessions would be held at least one month apart in order to let things incubate

Role of the Milan systemic family therapist

Directive and part of the system; neutral, non-reactive stance Cocreator of change in the system, work as part of a therapeutic team

Foundation of individual psychology

Everyone is born with a sense of inferiority, which is carried through childhood and influences the persons life goals, beliefs and behaviors Mental health flourishes when an individual believes that they are loved and that they have worthwhile connections with others in society

Foundation of general systems theory

Experience is cocreated There is objective truth, rather than multiple views of same phenomenon Cybernetics is specifically focused on how information flows in the system Any changes that occur for one part of the system will affect other parts Can I love you family members individually. The whole is greater than the sum of its parts

Symbolic drawing of life space (experiential family therapy)

Families portray communication patterns and emotional distance with symbolic drawings; family members arrange people in and around a large circle, demonstrating whether each person is a part of the family or not

Contextual theory believes

Family members strive to promote fairness by unconsciously forming ties and loyalties with other members by giving out what is owed to certain people and by expecting what is owed to them (what model believes this)

Ending Milan Systemic Family therapy

Family no longer views it's presenting problem in pathological terms and team is no longer needed, treatment will be terminated

Emotional cut off (Bowen Family Therapy)

Flight from an unresolved emotional attachment to a persons family of origin. Represents a false sense of freedom as the problems remain unresolved and continue to negatively affect the person attempting to disconnect (avoids discussion of emotional issues) Discontinuing physical contact with others or maintaining contact by avoiding discussion of emotional issues, this is done in an effort to manage unresolved problems and often to reduce one's own anxiety related to problems. People are scared and threatened by intimacy

Founders of Gestalt Therapy

Fritz and Laura Perls

Founder of feminist theory

Grew out of the feminist movement in the 1960s

Dialectics in DBT

Idea that everything consists of opposites and that can change occurs when there is a dialogue between these opposite

Interjection and Internalization (defense mechanisms)

Interjection is the internalization of outside events or characteristics of other people Ex: A victim may identify with the aggressor's behavior to help protect himself, or a person uses interjection when putting on her seatbelt before driving away in her car

Founder of dialectical behavioral therapy, DBT

Marsha Linehan

Milan Systemic Family Therapy founders

Palazzoli, Boscolo, Prata, Cecchin

Prescribing the symptom (strategic family therapy)

Paradoxical intervention; therapist directs clients to purposely engage in an activity that perpetuates the dysfunctional behavior. Expectation is for the family to rebel against directive or gain a sense of control over the dysfunctional behavior.

Dream interpretation, lifestyle assessment (individual psychology)

Part of the assessment explored clients dreams, with an understanding the dreams provide individuals with solutions to problems they are facing

Social interest, lifestyle assessment (individual psychology)

Part of the assessment explores the clients feelings of empathy towards others, their level of social engagement and sense of belonging

Social context, lifestyle assessment (individual psychology)

Part of the assessment explores the effects of the individuals social and cultural environment on their goals

Rationalization (defense mechanism)

Plausible reasons justify an action or opinion; helps the person cope with disappointments by blaming external circumstances; Ex: i'll be better off at a different company, that person is really snobby, it's OK to hit my child since my spouse hits me

Object (object relations theory)

Refers to persons and individuals external world, specifically those who are the focus of the persons physical and emotional needs. The term can also be used to refer to parts of an individual or mental representation of significant others as well as self

Founder of psychoanalytic theory

Sigmund Freud

Neutrality (Milan Systemic Family therapy)

The stance of the therapist during treatment is neutral, non-reactive and curious. Therapist explored different hypothesis and remains open to all perspectives

The role of a contextual therapist

Therapist does not take a neutral or impartial stance, offer strategies, model and teacher of ethical considerations

Wholeness (General systems theory)

This is the notion that the whole system, all of the units combined, is greater than the sum of its parts. The interactions between the individuals have an effect on the system as a whole. * can change one family member in produce a family change

Alliance (IFS)

Two parts working together to achieve a common goal

justice

the benefits and burdens or research should be distributed fairly

Trailhead (IFS)

Any type of experience that if acknowledged and pursued, will lead you to engage with different parts

Who created the family life cycle?

Betty Carter and Monica McGoldrick (Bowen Family Therapy)

Emotional fusion (Bowen Family Therapy)

Blurring of psychological boundaries between self and others it is considered to be passed down from generation to generation

Theory of change for internal family systems

Change occurs by developing a greater understanding of how a persons different parts function as a system, and differentiating any evaluating the self to the role of the leader

Invisible loyalty (contextual family therapy)

Children unconsciously engage in taking actions that aid their parents and are often detrimental to the child's well-being

Complementary relationship (MRI strategic therapy)

Communication or transactional pattern taking place between two people that is DISSIMILAR, unequal

Double bind (strategic family therapy)

Dysfunctional form of interaction whereby the messages being communicated to an individual are contradictory. As a consequence the recipient of the communication is unable to respond or react without being punished

Family rules (General systems theory)

Established patterns in a family that allow individual family members to understand what is expected of them and how to interact within the family not always spoken

Polarization (IFS)

Exists when two parts are not just opposed to one another, but are actively fighting against one another. They take an extreme stance in their feelings and behaviors to prevent The other part from doing something perceived as destructive

In this model of the personality of the therapist is key to bringing about change

Experiential family therapy

___________ results in not being able to make one's own decisions or form one's own opinions. (Bowen Family Therapy)

Fusion

HIPAA stands for

Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act

Leveling (experiential therapy emotional coping pattern)

Healthy option, Displaying affect and behavior appropriately, Real and authentic

Foundations of narrative therapy

Identities are shaped by the stories or narratives individuals develop about themselves, dominant culture and societal stories influence the narratives people create about themselves and it is important question and challenge them. No objective reality, but views and individuals reality as a social construct

Contextual theory founder

Ivan Boszormeneyi- Nagy

What are the strategic models of family therapy?

Mental research institute systematic approach (MRI) Strategic family therapy Milan systematic family therapy

Layers of iceberg (human validation process model)

Metaphorical technique used by Satir are to represent the individuals experience. The tip or visible part of the iceberg is behavior. Below the surface of the iceberg in order is; thoughts, feelings, expectations, values, desires, self

Imagining techniques used in IFS

Mountain/path exercise or room technique

Metacommunication (Milan Systemic Family therapy)

Multi layered; surface layer of communication as well as verbally stated whereas more layers

Founders of Bowenian Therapy

Murray Bowen & James Framo

Projective identification (object relations theory)

Refers to a psychological process in which a person projects undesirable self parts onto a second person. The person who is on the receiving end of this process subsequently begins to embody the attributes project it onto them

Open system (boundaries) (General systems theory)

Refers to a system that allows for the continuous flow of information from outside the system

Main goals of object relations theory

Reparative experiences and building new internal structures Gaining insight into past relationships impacting current functioning Improving relationships with self and others * all about relationships*

End phases of treatment with General systems theory

Review and reinforce new skills and knowledge gained in therapy

Structural family therapy founder

Salvador Minuchin

Equipotentiality (General systems theory)

Same experience in a family system can end up with various results later in life. Person A: abuse —> suicidal ideation Person B: abuse —> relationship issues

Equifinality (General systems theory)

Same result although begin a different starting points Person A: abuse —> depression Person B: relationship struggles —> depression

Founders in Solution Focused Therapy

Steve de Shazer and Insoo Kim Berg

Cognitive restructuring (CBT)

Teaches clients to identify irrational, distorted, or maladaptive beliefs, questioning the evidence for the belief, and generate alternative responses

"I" position (Bowen Family Therapy)

Teaching family members how to state their needs and thoughts without overreacting

Interventions of Milan systemic family therapy

Team approach with a one-way mirror Comprehensive initial telephone call Offers prescriptions and rituals to be carried out by family between sessions Uses a five step structured approach (pre-session, session, intercession, intervention, post session discussion) taking a break halfway through session*

Family Reconstruction (SATIR)

Technique in which the therapist guides family members back in various stages of their lives. The goal of intervention is to help the family members identify and alter dysfunctional relational patterns

Circular questioning (Milan Systemic Family therapy)

Technique used primarily during the interview process; asks successive questions to family members trying to elicit the different viewpoints within the family and allowing the therapist to identify interactional sequences, feedback loops and family rules

Non-summativity (General systems theory)

The family is treated as a whole and not just each individual family member (wholeness)

Here and now experience (experiential therapy)

The present, immediate experience; the emphasis for producing new experiences for family members within therapy

Ledger (contextual family therapy)

Thought to be maintained by individual members of what is owed to them within the family based on ideas of fairness and entitlement. Essentially an accounting system that is passed on from one generation to the next

Defense mechanisms (psychoanalytic theory)

Unconscious techniques used by a person to strengthen their ego and protect themselves from negative thoughts and feelings that are associated with past experience

Founders of Experiential Therapy

Virginia Satir & Carl Whitaker

Complementarity ( structural family therapy)

When two or more individuals function as a team and recognize that they depend on each other to achieve particular tasks

Communications theory states that all behavior is ____________

a way of communicating and since people cannot stop behaving, they are always communicating.

Subsystems (structural family therapy)

family's separate themselves based on different needs and tasks; consist of two or more members of the system based on common characteristics such as gender, generation, interests or function

Family projection process (Bowen Family Therapy)

parental emotional issues are projected onto a child. For example lower functioning parents tend to pass their lower level of differentiation onto the most vulnerable child in the family

ambivalence in motivational interviewing

refers to the tendency for clients to desire change while at the same time resist change. The therapist's job is to explore both sides of this ambivalence.

beneficence

we have an obligation to protect persons from harm by maximizing anticipated benefits and minimizing possible risk of harm (ethics)

Miracle question (solution focused therapy)

"Suppose after our session is over, you go home, do what you had planned to do for the rest of the day. And then, at night, you get tired enough to fall asleep. And say, in the middle of the night, when you are asleep, a miracle happens & all the problems that brought you here to see me today are solved. You wake up tomorrow morning & since the miracle happened overnight you don't know that the miracle has happened. What things would be different to clue you in that something had changed? What would you notice? How would you feel? Tell me more about that."

Boundaries (Structural Family Therapy)

1. Rigid/inflexible = clearly defined and not open to to change 2. Diffuse = blurred and there is little sense of separateness within family. 3. Clear = balance between separateness (I) and belonging (we) in family

Splitting (object relations theory)

A defense process that begins during infancy. Occurs when an individual is unable to integrate contradictory aspects of their caregivers attributes and develops a simplified dichotomy of good or bad. Individuals only able to focus on one attribute at a time

Family mapping (structural family therapy)

A diagram, developed and used by therapist outside of the therapeutic session to identify boundaries, structures and relationship within the family system

Differentiation of self scale (Bowen Family Therapy)

A theoretical concept that places each person's ability to regulate emotional reactivity around individuality versus togetherness on a continuum between 0 and 100 0 = no self -fusion 100= realized self/solid self/fully mature

Relabeling/Reframing (MRI strategic therapy)

A therapeutic technique that attempts to change the conceptualization of a problem to one that is more positive, allowing the family to shift their perspective of the solution

Triangle (Bowen Family Therapy)

A three person system that is considered to be the smallest stable emotional system

Role of the therapist as a structural family therapist

Active, involved (stage director) Work in collaboration with family... Joins with family by adapting to their style of interaction including their effective range mannerisms and language

Treatment goals of Bowen Family Therapy

Aim to improve individual and family functioning and shift dysfunctional patterns into healthier ones by increasing awareness and understanding and decreasing emotional reactivity Detriangulation Decreasing anxiety and increase emotional neutrality Repair emotional cut off's Fortify the couples emotional functioning by increasing their ability to operate independently from the family of origin

Founder of Individual psychology

Alfred Adler

Coalitions (structural family therapy)

Alignments where two or more family members join together to form a bond against another family member

Foundations of object relations theory

An infants experience with her primary caregiver is the main determinant of the adult personality formation Individual drivers (urges and instincts) are influenced by the desire for connection and need relationships Internalized images of objects can be passed on from one generation to the next

Activating constructive anxiety (experiential therapy)

An intervention used to reframe the symptoms in a positive way, as an effort towards growth, though ineffective

Theory of change for Bowen therapy

Anxiety is lowered within the current family system and between the current family and families of origin as a result of understanding multigenerational or current family dynamics and increasing differentiation of self

Scaling questions (solution focused therapy)

Assesses a client's progress, can determine how much the problem is affecting them, as well as their motivation and believe that solutions are possible

Early recollection (individual psychology)

Assessment tool used in the beginning of therapy - therapist asked the client to recall and share stories and events that occurred in there prior to the age of 10. This helps therapist assess understanding of clients view of themselves others in the world

Lifestyle assessment (individual psychological)

Assessment tool used in the beginning— therapist gathered information from the client on early recollections, their goals and motivations Three parts (social context, social interest, dream interpretation)

Functional analysis (behavioral therapy)

Assessment tool used to identify the relationship between behaviors and the function they serve within the interpersonal environment. Focuses on the antecedents and consequences of behaviors

Problem analysis (behavioral therapy)

Assessment tool used to identify the specific behavioral concerns that will be the focus of treatment

Contempt (four Horsemen/Gottman)

Attacking one Partners sense of self with the intention to insult or psychologically abuse. Can come in several forms such as sarcasm, name-calling, eye rolling, hostile

Role of the strategic family therapist

Authoritative, directive; maintains control of therapeutic relationship, active, engaged; takes responsibility for the outcome of therapy

Distracting (experiential therapy emotional coping pattern)

Avoiding, pretending to not understand, being quiet, weak, helpless when conflict arises; are thought to appear in consistent motion on the outside and inwardly alienated A communication stance used to cope with emotions, help people hide their feelings

Family therapy reflective team (collaborative language systems)

Based on strategic models of observing team, this team then comes into the session after observation and shares observations with the family, providing opportunity for questions and reflection

Positive feedback loops (amplifying) (General systems theory)

Behavioral reactions that amplify departures from the systems normal state, which initially the stabilizes the system and eventually changes the families homeostasis (change)

Negative feedback loops (attenuating) (General systems theory)

Behavioral reactions used by families that correct departures from the systems normal state and return the system to its previous state of homeostasis (no change, resisting change)

Foundation of psychoanalytic theory

Behaviors and symptoms are the results of an individuals unconscious processes Insight oriented therapy helps clients understand the structure in origins of their personality Therapist should receive their own psychoanalysis to be effective in using this model

What length of treatment is narrative therapy?

Brief or longer-term therapy, which depends on the clients needs

MRI strategic therapy is a ________ treatment model (length?)

Brief treatment model, design to be completed in 10 sessions. Does not require all family members to be present; therapist will work with motivated family members

Theory of change for Gottman couples therapy

Change occurs by disarming conflicting verbal communication between partners in order to increase intimacy, respect, affection and remove barriers that create a sense of stagnancy in conflicting situations Stable relationships are characterized by a ration of negative to positive behaviors of 1:5. For every negative interaction during a conflict, a stable and happy marriage has five positive interactions

Theory of change of CBT

Change occurs by exploring patterns of thinking and beliefs that lead to problematic behaviors Once an individual understands the relationship between their thoughts feelings and behaviors they're able to modify or change their patterns of thinking and engage with stressors in a more positive manner

Theory of change for experiential therapy

Change occurs by identifying individual and family relational patterns that allow personal growth, family connectedness, and create more effective ways of interacting with one another Increasing stress among the family members leads to increased emotional expression and honest and open communication Changing experience changes affect; need to get out of head into emotions

Theory of change for dialectical behavioral therapy

Change occurs by increasing coping skills that offset maladaptive behaviors including mindfulness, interpersonal skills, emotional regulation, distress tolerance and self management

Theory of change for individual psychology

Change occurs by increasing the clients level of insight and self-awareness regarding their lifestyle and through modifying their lifestyle in order to develop healthier goals and carry out life tasks in more socially constructive ways

Theory of change for contextual therapy

Change occurs by promoting a sense of Mutual understanding, responsibility/accountability, and trust between family members that allows for feelings of greater balance and fairness

Theory of change for feminist theory

Change occurs by recognizing disempowering social forces and empowering the client

Theory of change for structural family therapy

Change occurs by remodeling the families organizational structure to include clear boundaries and a proper family hierarchy

Theory of Change for Narrative Therapy

Change occurs by separating the person from the problem and by creating a new narrative which emphasizes the individuals competencies and strengths

Theory of change for solution focused therapy

Change occurs through accessing clients already existing strengths and resources

Theory of change for gestalt therapy

Change occurs through an increased awareness of the here and now experience

Theory of change for EFT

Change occurs through awareness, acceptance, reflection, and regulation of emotions. Emotion is an agent of change

Theory of change for object relations theory

Change occurs through both reparative experiences within the treatment relationship and from new insight into and modification of entrenched object relations pathology

The theory of change of psychoanalytic theory

Change occurs through insight and understanding of early unsolved issues and personality structures. Through increased insight, clients are able to restructure their pattern of being and consequently move to resolve the presenting problem

Theory of change of general systems theory

Change occurs when members of the system understand how their actions and communications affect the system as a whole. Once individuals have a greater understanding of this, they can work more effectively together to optimize emotional and social functioning of the system

Theory of change for strategic family therapy

Change occurs when the therapist provides directives that alter the pattern of communication between family members and changes the families organizational structure

Paradoxical Prescription (Milan Systemic Family therapy)

Change oriented intervention; therapist provides a directive to the client/family with the expectation that the family will defy the directive and consequently move towards the desired change

Theory of change for constructivist theory

Change requires inner motivation rather than environmental or external sources. It is necessary for individuals to challenge their pattern cognitions in order to allow for change to occur

First order change (General systems theory)

Changes that are more surface level and temporary, do not affect the rules organization of the system. Changes do not try to get an underlining cause of the issues but instead behavioral and nature; short-lived

Second order change (General systems theory)

Changes that occur at a deeper level and fundamentally alter the systems rules and organization system is organizes in order to achieve a different, healthier level of functioning; more lifelong change

Theory of change of behavioral therapy

Changing behavior occurs through the use of reinforcement and punishment

Feedback loops ( general systems theory)

Circular in nature, information pathways that help the system balance and correct itself

Common themes for strategic models

Clear goals determined at beginning of treatment Client determines issues that need to be addressed (not therapist) Therapist is responsible for reducing or eliminating the presenting issue (therapist is responsible) Therapist is active and uses simple and easy to understand interventions Paradoxical interventions Present focused, unconcerned with origins of presenting issues (no past work) brief models, focus only on presenting issue

Successive approximation (CBT)

Client and therapist collaborate in developing a plan for the client to engage in steps that approximate an ultimate goal, to allow the client to have success at each step along the way to the goal

Treatment goals of solution focused therapy

Client implements small and large changes to achieve their preferred future, client identifies and builds on their strengths and resources

Role-playing (experiential therapy)

Clients act out events and recollections from the past and hoped for future events in order to make the events more emotionally real and present

Role of Bowen therapist (Bowen Family Therapy)

Coach, maintains differentiation, and non-anxious stance, non-reactive observer, provide statements of opinion while avoiding interpretations, takes an "I" position

Schemas (CBT)

Cognitive structures people develop early on that influence how they think about and interpret with the world. Play a role in regulating self-worth and coping skills

What is conjoint sex therapy?

Combines behavioral and cognitive behavioral techniques; views sexual dysfunction as a biopsychosocial phenomenon that they require education, teaching new behavioral skills, cognitive restructuring, regarding the issues interfere with sexual intimacy. This approach is discuss more in depth and couples -comes from CBT

Symmetrical relationship (MRI strategic therapy)

Communication or transactional pattern taking place between two people that is SIMILAR in style, mirror like

Multidirectional partiality (contextual family therapy)

Concept focuses on the best interest of each individual, even those who are not currently in the room to promote relational fairness. This is a major intervention whereby the therapist sides with each member of the family throughout the therapy process as a way of fostering each members personal growth and responsibility and family relational patterns

Reframing ( General systems theory )

Conflict within the family is not accredited to a specific individual, rather the family system is the problem and thus the prime focus

Experiential Therapy Is considered a what type of treatment length?

Considered a long-term treatment modality that could last for several years, typically includes three generations of a family in the therapeutic process.

How long is DBT

Considered a longer term treatment modality; clients are asked to commit to at least six months of treatment, they usually engage in longer-term treatment therapy includes group and individual sessions

Descriptive directives (strategic family therapy)

Considered a paradoxical intervention, these directives do not assign behavioral tasks, but instead use the relabeling technique to alter the meaning of the behavior into something more positive

Strategic family therapy is a ___________ ( length?)

Considered a short term therapy model. Does not require all family members to participate though prefers all are present for the initial session/interview. Prioritize PARENTS engagement in treatment

Reflexive Questions - Collaborative Language Systems

Constructed by therapist to help client reflect on the meaning of their perception of the problem and to consider other options.

Love Maps (Gottman)

Couples need to be intimately familiar with one another's world and develop a deep understanding of each other

Treatment goals of structural family therapy

Create clear and healthier boundaries Strengthen spousal subsystem and Family's hierarchy Restructure family system Alter dysfunctional transactional patterns

Collaborative language systems connection to couples therapy

Dan Wile uses therapeutic dialogue to take the place of one member of the couple, translate his understanding of their feelings and meaning in language the other can hear and understand. Models a different way of communicating to create intimacy, rather than fighting or withdrawing

MRI, interactional family therapy, brief strategic therapy founders

Dawn Jackson, Jay Haley, Paul Watzwalick, John Weakland, and Richard Fisch

Second order change (MRI strategic therapy)

Deeper level and fundamentally alter the systems rules and organization; system is re-organized in order to achieve a different healthier level of functioning that can survive over time

Interventions of MRI strategic therapy

Defined the problem; identify solutions the family has already attempted; relabel the presenting problem; explore the rules and patterns of interaction that perpetuate the problem Paradoxical interventions to elicit change, homework, plan for maintenance of new behaviors

Incongruent communication (human validation process model)

Describes a form of communication between individuals in which there are discrepancies between the verbal and nonverbal communication

Encouragement (individual psychology)

Describes the over arching attitude or way of being with clients that helps clients to build courage, identify their strength's , their sense of connectedness with others and instills a sense of hope

Incongruous hierarchies (strategic family therapy)

Describes the phenomenon of a child symptoms affecting the parents positions in the family, essentially placing the child in a one up position in the parents in a subordinate position

Genogram (Bowen Family therapy)

Diagram of the family system. Diagrams the family, typically three generations or more, to help determine critical turning points in the family emotional processes, characteristic of family members, and providing evolutionarily picture of the family

Enmeshment is caused by _________ boundaries (structural family therapy)

Diffuse boundaries

Three relational patterns of Gottman

Distancer /pursuer Submissive controller Emotional flooding and stonewalling

Denial (defense mechanisms)

Distorts reality and does not acknowledge emotion Ex: continues to eat unhealthy food despite doctors orders to eat healthier, alcoholic not attending recovery program (uncommon in very young children because they are unable to distinguish between fantasy and reality)

Problem saturated stories (narrative therapy)

Dominant and unhealthy stories an individual tells themselves

Thick story (narrative therapy)

Dominant narrative that the person maintains, story has been repeated over time and is very detailed and usually problem saturated

Undifferentiated family ego mass (Bowen Family Therapy)

Emotional force in which families are excessively emotionally reactive and possess low levels of differentiation, resulting in problems such as marital conflict

Direct experiencing (gestalt therapy)

Encourages the client experience a feeling rather than just talk about it

How did Collaborative Language Systems come about

Evolved from strategic, heavily influenced by narrative

Treatment goals of feminist theory

Examine external forces that influence one's behavior Identify internalized gender role messages and replace them with functional beliefs Become personally empowered Understand the impact of gender roles in one's life

Foundations of CBT

Examining the relationships between thoughts, feelings and behaviors. Approach is problem focused and goal directed

Foundations of feminist theory

Examples of an over involved mother and disengaged father should be understood as a product of historical process that has been going on, rather than a clinical problem. Gender norms are in bedded in individuals from birth

What are the 3 parts of internal family systems

Exiles, managers and firefighters

Family Sculpting (Satir)

Experiential intervention used by the therapist whereby family members asked to physically arrange other family members. The resulting sculpture is a metaphor providing a symbolic representation of family relationships

family constellation (individual psychology)

Exploration of the clients perception of the structural and relational dynamics that prevailed in the family when the client was a young child These perceptions are believed to form part of the clients expectations of self others in life

Inferiority (Individual Psychology)

Feelings of inadequacy, that individuals experience from the beginning of their lives. The feelings motivate future behaviors. As a consequence, much of individual growth derives from individuals attempting to overcome the real or perceived inferiorities

Relational ethics (Contextual)

Focuses on maintaining long-term feelings of fairness within a family system, resulting in the interest of all family members being taken into account Balance of equality and fairness

Shaping (behavioral therapy)

Form of operant conditioning in which rewards are provided whenever incremental movement towards the desired behavior is achieved

What length of treatment is cognitive behavioral therapy?

Generally a shorter term treatment modality. Traditionally an individual therapy though specific forms have been developed for couples and families (what model)

What length of treatment is solution focused therapy?

Generally considered a short term, brief treatment modality. Therapist will work with whomever attends

Interventions (general systems theory)

Genogram Observe feedback loops Explore families belief system, family values, rules, rules, family hierarchy, expectations in circular causality between members of the family Reframe presenting issue as systems issue rather than pathologizing one persons symptoms Explore each person's role in dysfunctional interactions Make a process comments as opposed to content Challenge communication

Treatment goals of strategic family therapy

Goals are negotiated between the therapist and family and address the specific problem the families in capable of solving on their own Focus of therapeutic goals are behavioral in nature Change of families dysfunctional interaction sequence and develop healthier and more appropriate family structure

Empty Chair Technique (Gestalt Therapy)

Having a client speak to an empty chair as if they were speaking to a particular family member who was not present in the session. Goal of this technique is to encourage an individual to own the feelings/believes that they have been projecting onto others; used to explore relationships

Defense mechanisms psychodynamic models

Help the ego cope with anxiety, frustration and unacceptable impulses Help relieve tension between inner psychological reality and the demands of the external world

EFT

Highly structured; de-escalation phase, restructuring, consolidation/integration

Parallel dynamics (IFS)

How a person relates to their internal parts matches how they relate to those same parts in others

What is experiential therapy

Humanistic, experiential approach to treating families, emotion expression is valued over intellectual reasoning to help clients achieve change including becoming more expressive, having more fulfillment in the roles and being more genuine with one another

Miracle question (solution focused therapy)

Hypothetical set of questions that I asked the client to imagine what life would look like and how it would be different if the problem is solved. Designed to clarify the clients goal, identify exceptions to the problem, and instill hope in the client that change is possible

Treatment goals of psychoanalytic theory

Improve capacity to change through increased insight and awareness of the unconscious processes Enhance clients ego strength and self-esteem Decrease use of unhealthy defense mechanisms

Treatment goals of IFS

Increase balance and harmony between the sub personalities or parts Differentiate the self from parts and bring it to the role of the leader for the internal system Health parts discover non-extreme rules Heal exile parts and reduce need for firefighters

Goals of Satir's human validation process model

Increase congruent communication, improved self-esteem and growth

Lifestyle (Individual Psychology)

Individuals develop a conceptual map for the future, that develops in response to experiences that occurs in the first five years of life. This map influences the individuals view of life, self, the world and their future actions

Object relations theory~ Scharff ~ believed internalized objects from the past have an effect on ____________ (in the present day? )

Internalized objects from the past have an effect on current relationships Through increased inside of unconscious object relations from the past, family members could shift to the here and now in their interactions. They also emphasize the importance of supporting each family members attachment needs, while simultaneously supporting individualism and growth

Enlisting a witness (narrative therapy)

Intervention, client invite someone in their life to hear them share the new narrative. This person bears witness to the clients telling of the new story becomes an ally to strengthen or thinker this new story

Deconstructive questions (narrative therapy)

Intervention, once the problem is externalized, the therapist will ask various questions designed to pull a part or dismantled the clients problem saturated stories

Written artifact (narrative therapy)

Intervention, some form or written documentation that reinforces the clients new story

Unique outcomes (narrative therapy)

Intervention, therapist asked questions to highlight times in the clients life when they have been able to resist the effects of the problem, prerequisite for re-authoring the client story

Mapping the influence (narrative therapy)

Intervention, therapist asks a series of questions to understand the effects of the problem in the clients life

Blaming (experiential therapy emotional coping pattern)

Involves being judgmental of others and comparing or complaining when conflict arises; are thought to be outwardly domineering but inwardly insecure A communication stance used to cope with emotions, help people hide their feelings

"going home" task (Bowen Family Therapy)

Involves having clients visit their families of origin with goals such as gathering information about family patterns, reconnecting with cut off members, and interacting with members in new ways

Placating (experiential therapy emotional coping pattern )

Involves pacifying others, glossing over differences, and acting defensive of others when conflict arise; are thought to be outwardly agreeable but inwardly disagreeable A communication stance used to cope with emotions, help people hide their feelings

Projection (object relations theory)

Involves projecting beliefs or emotions associated with self or other objects into the world, rather than admitting to or dealing with internal feelings

Strategic family therapy founders

Jay Haley, Chloe Madaness

Founder of Gottman therapy

John Gottman

Interventions of structural family therapy

Joins, purposely increase his level of stress through enactments, reframes presenting symptoms as responses to family structure, boundaries work, challenges family rules that are no longer needed, explore new patterns

Founders of object relations theory

Klein, Framo, Paul, Scharff

Treatment goals of DBT

Lead a more balanced life both cognitively and emotionally, improve interpersonal effectiveness; and increase distress tolerance

Power hierarchy (structural family therapy)

Leadership and direction must be provided by adults typically parents

Foundations of solution focused therapy

Less concerned with understanding the details of the presenting problem and increased focus on uncovering solutions Believes clients are the experts and have the skills and knowledge to develop solutions for their presenting issues, and need assistance uncovering them Change is inevitable; it is not a question of if change will occur, but rather, when it will take place

Object relations theory is considered a ________ (length)?

Long-term treatment modality. The therapist will decide who should participate in treatment based on an assessment of each family member's relationship to the presenting problem

Bowen Family Therapy is considered a ______ what length of treatment model?

Long-term treatment model and can last upwards of multiple years. (Length?

General systems theory/cybernetics founder

Ludwig Bertalanffy, Gregory Bateson, Norbit wiener

Founder of constructivist theory

Lynn Hoffman

Awareness (gestalt therapy)

Major goal; speaks to an individual's ability to recognize their personal needs and experiences

Foundations of Gottman couples therapy

Mathematical models, skills and formulas to identify elements of stability in relationships and the patterns that caused couples to divorce

Founders of Narrative Therapy

Michael White and David Epston

Acting as if (individual psychology)

Middle stages of therapy - type of role-playing offers clients opportunities to take on and practice new ways of existing with their feelings and behaviors, to pretend this is how they exist in the world

Interventions of strategic family therapy

Negotiates exact problems; explores dysfunctional interactions and faulty hierarchies Issues prescriptive and descriptive directives Provides assignments to be completed between sessions Aligns with the parental sub system to strengthen and reinforce the parental hierarchy

Introject (object relations theory)

Object of projection... Person takes uncomfortable parts in as a way to feel control over them

Positive reinforcement (behavioral therapy)

Occurs when a behavior is followed by a stimulus that is rewarding, increasing the frequency of the behavior

Negative punishment (behavioral therapy)

Occurs when a behavior is followed by the removal of a positive stimulus

Negative reinforcement (behavioral therapy)

Occurs when a behavior is followed by the removal of an adverse/undesired stimulus, thereby increasing that behaviors frequency

Positive punishment (behavioral therapy)

Occurs when an undesirable behaviors followed by a negative consequence and is designed to decrease the behavior

Triangulation (Bowen Family Therapy)

Occurs when two people under stress bring in a third person or thing in attempt to minimize anxiety; involves avoiding conflict between two people by bringing in a third person or entity (work, alcohol) to decrease tension, reduce anxiety, and help stabilize the relationship between the two

Theory of change for MRI strategic therapy

Once the presenting problem is identified, the therapist provides implicit and explicit directives that interrupt the families dysfunctional, repetitive exchanges and requires the family to attempt alternative solutions

Stonewalling (four horsemen/ Gottman)

One partner will withdraw from the relationship as a way to avoid conflict and emotionally leave... Can lead to flooding where one partner's negatively is too overwhelming that it leaves the other partners defensively

Ordeal therapy (strategic family therapy)

Paradoxical intervention; therapist would direct the client to engage in an unpleasant task whenever the symptom would arise. Ordeal would be more discomforting than the undesired symptom

Secure attachment

Person has easy access to wide range of feelings and memories, positive and negative. Balance due of parents and has worked through hurt and anger from the past. Developed a strong sense of self and empathy for others (which attachment style?)

4 dysfunctional communication styles of human validation process model

Placater (pleaser, puts others first) Blamer (blame everyone else for any problems) Computer (Super reasonable, very rigid and computerlike, avoid feelings focused on logic) Distractor (irrelevant, distracts to avoid conflict, shifts focus)

Projection (defense mechanisms)

Places unacceptable feelings from the person feeling them onto another person Ex: highly anxious person complaining about another person's anxiety, person complaining no one likes him when he doesn't like himself or others

What is functional family therapy?

Predominantly used to treat adolescence with behavioral concerns; integrates components of learning, systems and cognitive theories. Premised on the belief that behaviors are adaptive and before Pathologizing behavior, must help with family understand the function of the behavior and regulating relationships within the family. Attempts to alter understanding of the behaviors and through this process of new cognition, new behaviors will arise —Comes from cognitive behavioral therapy

Foundations of MRI strategic therapy

Presenting issues are never viewed as individual problems but rather relational and interactional problems Families are not resistant to change but are stuck in repetitive exchanges that rely on flawed and impractical solutions

Theory of change for collaborative language systems

Problems are socially constructed through language in a problem determines system that has developed stories people agree on. Therapeutic questions are constructed to induce change. Change happens when a new meaning for the problem is evolved through therapeutic dialogue in session

Foundations of Bowen therapy

Problems develop through a lack of intrapsychic and interpersonal differentiation The inability to develop balance between intellect and emotion as well as self and others leads to anxiety

Foundations of Milan systemic family therapy

Problems in family systems develop as a result of power struggles, "family games" and rigid family rules that perpetuate the problem behavior Presenting problem serve a function of maintaining homeostasis in the family

Intellectualization (Defense Mechanism)

Process by which content is separated from repressed affect Ex: speaking of traumatic childhood as if reading a scripted story

Identification (defense mechanism)

Process by which qualities of an external object or absorbed into one's personality Ex: Young person deciding to follow into father's footsteps and become a lawyer, Bruce Lee fan becoming disciplined martial art champion

reaction formation (defense mechanism)

Process by which unacceptable impulses are expressed as their opposites; helps release anxiety and guilt associated with the true impulse Ex: Gay man openly dates women and criticizes gay men

Undoing: Defense Mechanism

Process by which we avoid by being punished for undesirable thoughts or actions Ex: A persons overly nice to a person she has just insulted in her mind

Attachment behavioral system —attachment therapy

Process in which infants and caregivers have an organized pattern of signals and responses that leads to the development of a protecting trusting relationship. Emotional bond that develops between adult romantic partners is partly a function of the same motivational system

An undifferentiated individual often ______ (Bowen Family Therapy)

Reacts to others around them with high levels of emotionality and low levels of self-control. They tend to emotionally be fused and behave in a submissive manner in relation to others. Emotions and cognitions may be blurred and these people will have a harder time distinguishing what they think from what they feel (what type of individual is this?)

Treatment goals of MRI strategic therapy

Reduce symptoms and behaviors that brought the client/family to therapy Develop new solutions to disrupt repetition of dysfunctional interaction Alter the systems rules and organization to promote second order change

Negative entropy (General systems theory)

Refers to a systematic state that is balance between both open and closed sessions. Information can enter the system or be screened out when not appropriate or change occurs as needed

Differentiation of self (Bowen Family Therapy)

Refers to an individuals ability to separate emotions from intellect in the face of anxiety. & once ability to distinguish and separate their own emotional and intellectual functioning from that of others, particularly family members, as well as one's ability to balance dependence and connectedness with others in personal autonomy

Repression (defense mechanism)

Refuses to let into awareness unacceptable impulses but remains unconsciously operative in behavior Ex: might feel sexually attracted towards members of the same sex but pushes those away, someone has a phobia of dogs but cannot remember the first time he was afraid of them

Positive connotation (Milan Systemic Family therapy)

Relabeling family members behaviors as something positive that exist to help the family maintain homeostasis and family cohesion

Object relations theory viewed ________________ to be a consequence of unresolved issues with family of origin, which led to family of origin sessions becoming part of therapy

Relational problems are the consequence of unresolved issues with family of origin

Treatment goals of cognitive behavioral therapy, CBT

Relieve symptoms or problems Cognitive restructuring Modify maladaptive behaviors Develop positive coping skills and problem-solving strategies Change unhealthy schemas

Founder of internal family systems

Richard Schwartz

Disengagement is caused by _________ boundaries (structural family therapy)

Rigid / inflexible

Psychoanalytic theory recognizes what as a major focus?

Role of the family in personality development and intrapsychic function

Structural family therapy is considered a ______________ (length of tx?)

Short term treatment modality

Founders of behavioral therapy

Skinner, Watson, Wolpe , pavlov , Bandura

What therapist takes a stance of not knowing and views client as expert

Solution focused therapist (take what stance)

Object relations theory believe that resolving family of origin issues in a therapeutic setting was ______?

Solving family of origin issues was a necessary component to treating couples in distress

Family games (Milan Systemic Family therapy)

Strategies used by family members, often unspoken or unacknowledged, to gain control over the behavior of others

A person who is differentiated, according to Bowen, can respond to _______

Stresses with high levels of self-control and intellectual processing, minus excessive emotionality which may contribute to irrational responses (fill in the blank)

Parts (IFS)

Sub personalities that reside in each individual are organized into 3 categories each has its own feelings, viewpoint, goals and drive

Alliances (structural family therapy)

Subgroups based on gender, generation and developmental tasks

Founder of EFT

Sue Johnson and Les Greenberg

Unbalancing (structural family therapy)

Supporting someone who is in a one down position with the goal of altering their hierarchical position

First order change (MRI strategic therapy)

Surface level, temporary do not affect rules, do not get to underlining causes and can be short-lived

Therapy of the Absurd

Symbolic-Experiential Therapy may be referred to as absurd given its unrecognizable structure, spontaneous process, and therapist transparency.

token economy (behavioral therapy)

System of rewards using points, which can be accumulated in exchange for reinforcing items or behaviors

Homeostasis (general systems theory)

Systems tend to resist change in the deal with issues by keeping things the same rather than dealing with the problems. It is maintained through negative feedback and input loops

Entropy (General systems theory)

Systems that are too opened or too close to gradually break down and become more and more disorganized and dysfunctional

Closed system (boundaries) (General system Theory)

Systems that maintain boundaries that cannot easily be crossed, they are impenetrable

Treatment goals of contextual family therapy

Take responsibility and accountability for one's own behaviors and actions Understand the family legacy and work to regain a sense of balance, fairness, equality and trust Free oneself or loyalties within a family that damage the well-being of the family, enhance understanding of relational ethics

Relational resources (contextual family therapy)

The attributes of a family that allows them to support and advance the needs of each other. These attributes include reliability, consideration and accountability

Nuclear family emotional system (Bowen Family Therapy)

The basic emotional pattern or force in a family that influences were problems develop. There are four basic patterns marital conflict, dysfunction in a spouse, impairment of a child, emotional distance.

Organization (General systems theory)

The believe that parts of a system connect with each other in an organized and consistent manner, and these connections give structure to the system

Self (IFS)

The essence or core of a person, can be referred to as the spiritual center of a person. Everyone has a healthy and healing ___ but some have minimal access to it

Family legacy (contextual family therapy)

The expectation within a family that are passed down from one generation to the next, which can include family roles. This determines perceived entitlements and indebtedness

Identified patient (general systems theory)

The family member who manifest symptoms and is brought in as the focus of treatment. This person is considered the scapegoat who is used by the family to avoid acknowledging dysfunctional family dynamics

Societal emotional process (Bowen Family Therapy)

The influence of the society in which a family exists has on them. Societies may influence families in a number of ways. For example sexism, classism, racism are all negative societal influences that affect families

Battle for initiative (experiential therapy)

The initiative for change must come directly from the family and be supported by all family members. This allows the family to take responsibility for their own change.

Family structure (structural family therapy)

The invisible set of functional demands that organizes the families in which the family members interact... From minuchin

Symbolic world (experiential therapy)

The meaning family members make up their different life experiences; experiences or processes can have more than one meaning

Target part (IFS)

The part of the internal system that is the focus in a session, which can change

Managers (IFS)

The parts that are responsible for the day-to-day life of a person. Attempts to maintain control of both internal and external systems to protect the person from feeling pain, hurt or rejection

dismissive/avoidant attachment

The person dismisses the importance of love and connection - and the value of emotions in general. Often idealizes parents, but actual memories don't corroborate. They dislike looking inward and often have a shallow, if any, self-reflection. They often are very independent, dismissive of their own emotionality and have difficulty tolerating the heightened emotions of others. (Which attachment style?)

Preoccupied/Anxious Attachment

The person is still embroiled with anger and hurt at parents. They sometimes value intimacy to such an extent that they become overly dependent on the attachment figure both past and present. They often recall role reversal in childhood and have hard time seeing their own responsibility in relationships. They dread abandonment. (What attachment style?)

Fearful/avoidant attachment

The person usually has a history of trauma and or loss. Dismisses the importance of love and connection but usually often out of fear or believe that they're unworthy of love. They have a difficulty trusting others and may feel uncomfortable with emotional closeness. (What attachment style is this?)

Sibling position (Bowen Family Therapy)

The position that children are born into and their families in which is thought to influence behaviors and emotions both within and outside of their families of origin. This concept cannot exactly predict the personality traits, but offers a general way to view the roles that some children take on within their families of origin.

Transference (Psychoanalytic theory)

The process of the client transferring unresolved emotions associated with significant others in the clients passed onto the therapist

Counter transference (psychoanalytic theory)

The process of the therapist transferring unconscious emotional responses associated with individuals in their past onto their client

Multigenerational transmission process (Bowen Family Therapy)

The projection of the nuclear family emotional processes onto successive generations within a family. This process often results in the transmission of chronic anxiety throughout generations of a family, particularly with children who are the most emotionally fused or involved within the family. The concept of passing on patterns of behavior, roles and levels of differentiation from one generation to the next which perpetrates several dysfunctions

"The question" (Individual psychology)

The therapist asked questions during the assessment phase of treatment designed to understand the function of symptoms and to elicit the clients desired lifestyles

Natural consequences (individual psychology)

The therapist encourages clients to refrain from interfering with the chain of events that are taking place for other people in their lives

Theory of change for Milan systemic family therapy

The therapist facilitates change through the use of prescriptions that help the family develop new ways of thinking about and experiencing the perceived problem

Mimesis (structural family therapy)

The therapist tracks the family style of communication and behaviors and then copies it in order to be excepted by the family (mimics language and behaviors)

Epistemology (Milan Systemic Family therapy)

The unique world views and beliefs held by individuals and families

Core ordering processes (constructivists theory)

The way in which we organize our world views, define our identity, and ways of relating to others. There are four themes including reality, value, self, power

Exiles (IFS)

The wounded or suppressed parts of a person that are often isolated from other parts of the system in an attempt to avoid feelings of sorrow, pain, fear, or other negative emotions

Systematic desensitization(behavioral therapy)

Therapeutic technique based on classical conditioning. Client learns relaxation techniques that are used when anxiety producing stimuli are present. Goal is to gradually decrease the fear response to the stimuli

Relabeling (reframing) (strategic family therapy)

Therapeutic technique that attempts to change the conceptualization of a problem to one that is more positive allowing the family to shift their perception of the situation

Rituals (Milan Systemic Family therapy)

Therapist Prescribes a ritual, usually in writing, which refers the family to carry out a specific act at a particular time, location in details who should engage in the ritual and how often it should be done

Family art therapy/conjoint family drawing (experiential family therapy)

Therapist asked family members to create drawing that portray the families organizational structure. also sometimes involves a joint family scribble, which the whole family produces a united picture from scribbles drawn by each member

Processing question (Bowen Family Therapy)

Therapist asked questions to help clients clarify the role in the families emotional system, designed to explore emotional patterns

Family sculpture, relationship sculpture (experiential family therapy)

Therapist asks family members to symbolically depict events and processes by organizing one another into tables; technique illuminates past incidents and be insightful because it helps to unblock and demonstrate emotions; therapist can offer direction towards preferred alternatives with the information gained from this exercise

Formula for session task (solution focused therapy)

Therapist asks their client at the end of the first session what they do not want to change. Used to highlight the clients existing strengths

Prescribing the symptom (paradoxical intervention—MRI strategic therapy)

Therapist directs client to purposefully engage in an activity that perpetuates the dysfunctional behavior. The expectation is for the family to rebel against the directive or gain a sense of control over the dysfunctional behavior A paradoxical intervention

Restraining (paradoxical intervention—MRI strategic therapy)

Therapist encourages clients to hold off on trying to fix the problem or make changes too quickly. The expectation is for the family to become more motivated to work towards change A paradoxical intervention

Catching oneself (individual psychology)

Therapist encourages the client to pay attention to and stop themselves when they engage in undesirable behaviors, feelings and thoughts

Joining (structural family therapy)

Therapist gains temporary acceptance into the family by engaging with individual members in sub systems. This process allows the therapist to eventually disrupt and alter dysfunction aspects of the system

Battle for structure (experiential therapy)

Therapist must take control at the beginning of treatment and establish the structure of the therapeutic relationship. The therapist decides who will be seen, the focus of treatment, and boundaries in the therapeutic process. The therapist has to win this battle, otherwise the family will re-create problematic behavioral patterns

Tracking (structural family therapy)

Therapist pays close attention to family members and how they relate to one another during an enactment or spontaneous behavioral sequence... Notice boundaries, coalitions, roles, rules

Compliments (Solution Focused Therapy)

Therapist praises the client for their commitment to change, strengths and progress

Assertiveness training (feminist theory)

Therapist promotes and teaches assertive behavior in order to facility and awareness of one's interpersonal rights, and ability to move past sex roles, reframing negative beliefs, change in the daily lives of individual

Pushing the button (individual psychology)

Therapist provides a series of verbal suggestions, asking the client to start with a focus on something pleasant, then shift to something less pleasant, and eventually back to the initial focus

Summary (individual psychology)

Therapist shares the results of the assessment as a narrative summary that is discussed with the client

Role of Experiential therapist

Therapist strive for active, spontaneous, honest, and open encounters in their therapeutic sessions

Positioning (paradoxical intervention—MRI strategic therapy)

Therapist takes a more exaggerated and extreme view of the problem in the family is obligated to rebel. That leads them to seeing the ways in which they have competency A paradoxical intervention

Hypothesizing (Milan Systemic Family Therapy)

Therapist tries to answer the question of why the behavior exists and develops possible explanation that guide interventions

Family Life Chronology (human validation process model)

Therapist would gather families history as far back as possible. Information gathered would include: experiences, ideology, values, rules, disruptions, moves, major events, unresolved issues and the current influence —used as an intervention

Firefighters (IFS)

These parts become active when the managers fail to protect a person from exile parts that surface. Firefighters share the same goal as managers and isolating excel parts but use unhealthy methods

Alignment (structural family therapy)

This refers to how family members group together or relate to one another. May include affiliations or splits from individuals or sub systems, short term or ongoing; however they all develop for the purpose of maintaining homeostasis

Self Mandala (human validation process model)

This refers to the eight aspects of any human that need to be taken into consideration in order for one to be healthy and balanced. They are; body, thoughts, feelings, senses, relationships, context, nutrition and soul

Whole object (object relations theory)

This refers to the entirety of the person, including both positive and negative attributes the individual embodies

Feminist critique of Bowen

This theory did not agree with the concept of differentiation including the distinction between thinking and feeling, this was viewed as a way of elevating male attributes such as rationality over feminine attributes including expressiveness

displacement (defense mechanism)

Transferred from one object to another Ex: compulsively eats lollipops after having quit smoking, compulsively wash her hands after being shamed for masturbating, yells at his spouse because he is unable to express anger towards his boss

Treatment goals of Milan Systemic Family therapy

Understand family rules and attempt to change them Develop alternative family belief system Clarify the rules of the game and help loosen rigid family transactions Introduce interventions, ideas and ways of thinking that will perturb the system and allow the clients to make changes

Treatment goals of narrative therapy

Understand the problem saturated story and externalize the problem Deconstruct problem saturated stories in order to create healthier narratives Bring greater awareness to client strengths and competency Increase clients sense of control over the direction of their life

Foundations of DBT

Used to treat clients to experience intense emotional swings, impulsiveness and interpersonal challenges Believes that problems arise as a consequence of biological and environmental factors, which interfere with a persons ability to manage their emotions

Computing (experiential therapy emotional coping pattern)

Using logic, lecturing and outside authority when conflict arises; are thought to be outwardly immobile and inwardly vulnerable A communication stance used to cope with emotions, help people hide their feelings

Cognitive triad (CBT)

View of self, view of the world, view of prospects for the future

Entitlement (contextual family therapy)

What family members believe is rightly theirs or what they are owed as a consequence of their behaviors to others.

Indebtedness (contextual family therapy)

What family members owe and to whom in family system they owe it to

"Here and Now" in Gestalt Therapy

What is being experienced in the present moment, when the client and therapist are together

CBT

What model uses the following: Self monitoring, behavioral experiments, behavioral activation, homework, anxiety management skills, assertive communication techniques

Destructive entitlement (contextual family therapy)

When a family member believes that they have not received what they are entitled to in the family of origin, and seek to obtain this from their family of creation

Paradoxical theory of change (gestalt therapy)

When a person is able to accept things as they are, they are then more than willing and able to move towards change

Filial loyalty (contextual family therapy)

Who in the family is connected to whom, how family members demonstrate/expressed their loyalties to one another, and the expectations within the family Inherent loyalty that children are often expected to have towards their parents

sublimation (defense mechanism)

Will displace unacceptable instincts for constructive and socially acceptable behaviors Ex: A person with major depression using professional dance to help sublimate suicidal thoughts, person with aggressive impulses may become kickboxing instructor

Asceticism (defense mechanism)

characterized by rigor and self-denial Ex: refuses to ear or sleep until major project is done

The four horsemen Gottman)

criticism, contempt, defensiveness, stonewalling

Restraining (strategic family therapy)

encouraging the family not to change ; Hold off on trying to fix the problem or change too quickly; expectation is to become more motivated to work towards change

Parts party (human validation process model)

individuals are asked to role-play the dynamics taking place between the different parts of the self. The technique has been adapted for individuals couples and family therapy