Mgmt 372 - Final
What are three attributes of a charismatic leader?
Envisioning Energizing Enabling
initiating-structure behavior
involves clearly defining the leader-subordinate roles so that subordinates know what is expected of them
What are the eight types of quality of work life programs?
1. Adequate and Fair Compensation 2. Safe and Healthy Work Environment 3. Growth and Security 4. Constitutionalism 5. Social Relevance 6. Total Life Space 7. Social Integration 8. Development of Human Capacities
What are the six universal types of leadership according to the GLOBE project?
1. Charismatic/value-based leadership 2. Team-oriented leadership 3. Participative leadership 4. Humane-oriented leadership 5. Autonomous leadership 6. Self-protective leadership
What are the three steps in the survey feedback process?
1. Data Gathering 2. Group Feedback Meetings 3. Process Analysis
What are four methods to change groups and individuals?
1. Training 2. Management Development 3. Team Building 4. Survey Feedback
What is organizational culture?
A system of shared values, norms, and assumptions that guide members' attitudes and behaviors
What is organizational development?
A system-wide application of behavioral science knowledge to the planned development and reinforcement of organizational strategies, structures, and processes for improving organizational effectiveness
What are the four types of conflict culture?
Active conflict management norms Resolve conflict openly Passive conflict management norms Avoid addressing conflict Agreeable conflict management norms Resolve conflict in a cooperative manner Disagreeable conflict management norms Resolve conflict competitively
What are the four levels of culture?
Artifacts: Physical Manifestation of the culture Espoused Values and Norms: explicitly stated by the organization Enacted Values: actually exhibited by the employees in the organization Assumptions: Those organizational values that have become so taken for granted over time that they become the core of the company's culture
trait approach to leadership
Attempt to identify stable stable and enduring character traits that differentiate effective leaders from non-leaders
What are the leadership styles and contingencies Hersey & Blanchard's Life Cycle Theory of Leadership?
Based on the premise that appropriate leader behavior depends on the "readiness" of the leader's followers (i.e., the subordinate's degree of motivation, competence, experience, and interest in accepting responsibility)
Michigan Approach
Cannot change as a leader. Evaluates: Job-Centered behavior, Employee- Centered Behavior, and Participation
Be able to choose a leadership style given a contingency in Vroom's Decision Tree Approach
Contingencies are listed in green shows which of the leadership styles would be High or Low given the contingency
What are the leadership styles and contingencies in Vroom's Decision Tree Approach?
Decision Tree: - Time-driven decisions: must be made on a timely basis - Development-driven decisions: used to implement/develop subordinates' decision-making skills Endpoint decision styles: Decide, Delegate, Consult (individual or group), Facilitate
What are some relevant traits that distinguish an effective leader from others?
Emotional intelligence, drive, motivation, honesty and integrity, self-confidence, cognitive ability, knowledge of the business, and charisma
Leadership
Establishing direction, aligning people, motivating and inspiring people, and producing change
Ohio State Approach
Evaluates a leader on consideration behavior and initiating-structure behavior
Leadership Neutralizer
Factors that render ineffective a leader's attempts to engage in various leadership behaviors a relatively new and inexperienced leader is assigned to a workgroup composed of very experienced employees with long-standing performance norms and a high level of group cohesiveness. The norms may dictate acceptable but not high performance, and the leader may be powerless to improve things because the group is so cohesive.
What is the attributional perspective of leadership?
Holds that when behaviors are observed in a context associated with leadership, different people may attribute varying levels of leadership ability or power to the person displaying those behaviors
What are the four dimensions of a transformational leader?
Idealized influence - behaviors earn the admiration, trust, and respect of followers, causing followers to want to emulate the leader Inspirational motivation - behaviors foster an enthusiasm for and commitment to a shared vision Intellectual Stimulation - behaviors challenge followers to be innovative and creative Individualized consideration - behaviors help followers achieve their potential through mentoring
How do you determine leadership style in the LPC Theory of Leadership?
If there is a high LPC leader, then they are more concerned with interpersonal relationships. If there is a low LPC leader, then they will be more concerned with task relevant problems.
What are the five leadership styles found in the leadership grid?
Impoverished, Authority Compliance, Middle-of-the-Road, Country Club, and Team
How does change occur according to the continuous process model of organizational change?
In this approach, top management perceives that certain forces or trends call for change, and the issue is subjected to the organization's usual problem-solving and decision-making processes. Early in the process, the organization may seek the assistance of a change agent—a person who will be responsible for managing the change effort. The final step is measurement, evaluation, and control. The change agent and the top management group assess the degree to which the change is having the desired effect; that is, they measure progress toward the goals of the change and make appropriate changes if necessary.
Leadership Substitute
Individual, task, and organizational characteristics that tend to outweigh the leader's ability to affect subordinates' satisfaction and performance For example, when this emergency vehicle pulled up to the hospital emergency room, doctors and EMT professionals knew what to do without being told.
Be able to choose a leadership style given a contingency in the Path-Goal Theory of Leadership
Know how to choose a style based on factors:
What are the contingencies of the LPC Theory of Leadership?
Leader-member relations (high importance) Task Structure (moderate importance) Leader Position Power (low importance)
What is the general idea behind the Leader-Member Exchange (LMX) Model?
Leaders form unique independent relationships with each of their subordinates, resulting in in-groups and out-groups
What are the sources of resistance to change?
Overdetermination Narrow focus of change Group inertia Threatened expertise Threatened power Resource Allocation Habit Security Economic Factors Fear of the unknown Lack of awareness Social Factors
What are the four sources of pressure to change?
People Technology Information Processing and Communication Competition
Management
Planning and Budgeting, Organizing and Staffing, Controlling and Problem Solving, and producing predictability
What are the nine steps in the integrated framework for implementation of task redesign?
Step 1: Recognition of a need for a change Step 2: Selection of task redesign as a potential intervention Step 3: Diagnosis of the work system and context Step 4: Cost-benefit analysis of proposed changes Step 5: Go/no-go decision Step 6: Formulation of the strategy for redesign Step 7: Implementation of the task changes Step 8: Implementation of any supplemental changes Step 9: Evaluation of the task redesign effort
Which styles of leadership are most effective in what situations?
Task oriented behavior is recommended when situational is very favorable and very unfavorable Person-oriented behavior is recommended when there is a moderately favorable situation
What does it mean to be a strategic leader?
The capability to understand the complexities of both the organization and its environment and to lead change in the organization so as to achieve and maintain a superior alignment between the organization and its environment
What do leaders do to act more as coaches?
The coach plays a role in selecting the players for the team and deciding on the general direction to take helps develop player talent and teaches them how to execute specific plays.
How does organizational culture impact the organization?
The effects of culture on a firm's effectiveness are even stronger when employees have positive attitudes. Culture is a source of competitive advantage Second, strong cultures improve performance by coordinating employee behavior When a culture is strong, it pushes employees to engage in behaviors that reinforce the firm's values and culture Culture matters to organizations because it influences employees' discretionary behaviors, including what they do in situations when the rules and expectations are unclear or when there is no direct supervision
What is an inclusion culture?
The extent to which majority members value efforts to increase minority representation, and whether the qualifications and abilities of minority members are questioned
What is a transformational leader?
The set of abilities that allows the leader to recognize the need for change, to create a vision to guide that change, and to execute the change effectively
What are the leadership styles on the leadership continuum?
There are seven levels of leadership and they range between the extremes of boss-centered and subordinate-centered leadership styles
What are the leadership styles and contingencies in the Path-Goal Theory of Leadership?
This style focuses on the situation and leader behaviors in suggesting that leaders can readily adapt to different situations Defined by: Directive, Supportive, Participative, and Achievement-oriented
How does change occur in Lewin's process model?
Unfreeze: Awareness of need for Change Change: Movement from old to new state Refreeze: Assurance of permanent change
What is the impact of technology and innovation on organizational culture?
Use Intranets to reinforce culture by bringing employees together in various units and locations to increase connectivity Remote employees can sometimes be difficult to integrate into the culture Innovation creates new things and ideas.
How do women act differently as leaders than men? Why?
a tendency to be slightly more democratic in making decisions, whereas men have a similar tendency to be somewhat more autocratic.
What is a charismatic leader?
a type of influence based on the leader's personal charisma (a form of interpersonal attraction that inspires support and acceptance)
middle of the road management
adequate organization performance is possible through balancing the necessity to get out work with maintaining morale of people at a satisfactory level
What can be done that makes it more likely that the organizational change will be successful?
consider global issues take a holistic view of the organization start small secure top management support encourage participation by those affected by the change foster open communication reward those who contribute to change
Authority-Compliance
efficiency in operations results from arranging conditions of work in such a way that human elements interfere to a minimum degree
Impoverished Management
exertion of minimum effort to get required work done is appropriate to sustain organization membership
How are the experiences of members in the in-group?
ften receives special duties requiring more responsibility and autonomy; they may also receive special privileges, such as more discretion about work schedules
How does organizational culture come to be?
influenced in part by its industry. An organization's founder and early management team shape a firm's culture, which is then reinforced by management's philosophy, values, vision, and goals. Cultural choices influence company structure, compensation system, customer relations and human resource policies, individual behavior, and motivation Culture may need to change due to changes in strategy, technology, organizational structure
Employee-centered behavior
involves attempting to build effective work groups with high performance goals
Consideration behavior
involves being concerned with subordinates' feelings and respecting subordinates' ideas
Participation
involving followers in the process
What does it mean to be a virtual leader?
leadership via various forms of distance technologies.
Job-Centered behavior
managers who pay close attention to subordinates' work, explain work procedures, and are keenly interested in performance
How do you manage and/or change organizational culture?
taking advantage of the existing culture, teaching the organizational culture, and changing the organization culture. Managing symbols There can be difficulty to change Must ensure stablility of change
Influence
the ability to affect the perceptions, beliefs, attitudes, motivation, and/or behavior of others
What does it mean to be a ethical leader?
the process of leading based on consistent principles of ethical conduct.
Leadership as a Property
the set of characteristics attributed to those perceived to use influence successfully
Leadership as a Process
the use of non-coercive influence to direct and coordinate the activities of group members to meet a goal
How are the experiences of members in the out-group?
they receive less of the supervisor's time and attention. likely to be assigned the more mundane tasks the group must perform and not be "in the loop" insofar as information is being shared. They may also receive fewer rewards and overall weaker support from the leader.
country club management
thoughtful attention to the needs of people for satisfying relationships leads to a comfortable, friendly organization atmosphere and work tempo
team management
work accomplishment is from committed people; interdependence through a common stake in organization purpose leads to relationships of trust and respect
