MGMT 3720 CH9

How many people quit because of workplace incivility?

12%

An alternative model suggest that teams progress through what stages?

A formation stage, a conflict resolution stage, a norming stage, and a performing stage

All group members are actors, each playing what?

A role

The forming, storming, norming, and performing stages may occur at phase one of the punctuated equilibrium, while what may occur in the second phase?

A second performing and conforming stage, following a short period of reforming group norms and expectations

What follows the transition?

A second phase of inertia

What is interrole conflict?

A situation in which the expectations of an individual's different, separate groups are in opposition

What is status?

A socially defined position or rank given to groups or group members by others

What is the norming stage?

A stage where members agree on roles and make decisions

What is the performing stage?

A stage where members begin to work collaboratively

What is social identity theory?

A theory that proposes that people have emotional reactions to the failure or success of their group because their self esteem gets tied into the performance of the group

What are norms?

Acceptable standards of behavior within a group that are shared by the group's members that tell members what they ought and ought not to do under certain circumstances

What is an outgroup?

An identified group known by the ingroup's members

What is the psychological contract?

An unwritten agreement that exists between employees and their employer

High status people tend to be what?

Assertive

High status people are also better able to resist what?

Conformity pressures

At the extreme, two or more role expectations are mutually what?

Contradictory

When inequity is perceived, it creates disequilibrium that results in what?

Corrective behavior

The desire for group status is behind people linking themselves to groups of higher social standing in an attempt to do what?

Define themselves favorably

What is a group?

Defined as two or more individuals, interacting and interdependent, who have come together to achieve particular objectives

A lack of sleep, often caused by heightened work demands and which hinders a person's ability to regulate emotions and behaviors, can lead to what?

Deviant behavior

What is status characteristics theory?

Differences in status characteristics create status hierarchies within groups

Status differences inhibit what and what?

Diversity of ideas and creativity

Multinational orgs also have been shown to lead to what?

Dual identification with the local division and with the international division

What are the three defining characteristics of a group?

Existence of common activities, existence of interactions, and existence of a sense of belonging

What is one goal of every org with CSR initiatives?

For the org's values to hold normative sway over the employees?

Groups can either be ________ or __________?

Formal/informal

What are formal groups?

Groups defined by the org's structure, w/ designated work assignments establishing tasks

What things can factor in to someone's reception to positive group norms?

Individual personalities as well as the level of a person's social identity within the group

The first phase of group activity is one of what?

Inertia

Managers who occupy central positions in their social networks are typically seen as higher in status by their subordinates, and this position translates into greater what?

Influence over the group's functioning

Confusion over not knowing what one is expected to do can result in what?

Job dissatisfaction, a lack of commitment to the org, and an interest in leaving the job

How is management expected to treat employees?

Justly, providing acceptable working conditions, clearly communicating what is a fair day's work, and giving feedback on how well employees are doing

What are some examples of production DWB?

Leaving early, intentionally working slowly, and wasting resources

Lower status members tend to be what?

Less active

To increase creativity in groups, norms should be what?

Loosened

A transition initiates what?

Major changes

The group's last meeting is characterized by what?

Markedly accelerated activity

High status members of groups are often given what?

More freedom to deviate from norms than other group members

When a psychological contract also focuses on relationships between employers and employees, employees may also be what?

More likely to engage in OCBs

The psychological contract sets out what?

Mutual expectations

What can you expect if role expectations as implied are not met?

Negative effects on employee performance and satisfaction

The "stigma by association" effect can result in what?

Negative opinions and evaluations of the person affiliated with the stigmatized individual, even if the association is brief and purely coincidental

Role ambiguity is typically experienced by who?

New members of orgs who have had only limited opportunities to "learn the ropes"

Do all groups impose equal conformity pressures on their members?

No

Do individuals conform to the pressures of all groups to which they belong?

No

All groups have what?

Norms

How do norms differ from organizational rules?

Norms are informal and unwritten

What is role perception?

One's view of how one is supposed to act in a given situation

What does the existence of a sense of belonging mean?

People must be convinced they are part of something bigger

Who is more susceptible to ingroup favoritism?

People with low openness and/or low agreeableness

Large differences in status within groups are also associated with what?

Poorer individual performance, lower health, and higher intentions to leave the group

What are the two major ways group norms are likely to develop?

Precedents set over time and explicit statements from others

What are the four categories of deviant workplace behavior?

Production, property, political, and personal aggression

What is the name for the common pattern of group activity?

Punctuated equilibrium model

When role expectations are concentrated into generalized categories, we have what?

Role stereotypes

What are some of the work group properties?

Roles, norms, status, size, cohesiveness, and diversity

What are some examples of property DWB?

Sabotage, lying about hours worked, and stealing from the org

What's an example of a precedent set over time?

Seating location of each group member around a table

What are some examples of personal aggression DWB?

Sexual harassment, verbal abuse, and stealing from coworkers

Work groups have properties that do what?

Shape members' behavior and help explain and predict individual behavior within the group, as well as the performance of the group itself

What are some examples of political DWB?

Showing favoritism, gossiping and spreading rumors, and blaming coworkers

The impact that group pressures for conformity can have on an individual member's judgment was demonstrated in studies by who?

Solomon Asch and others

What is social identity threat akin to?

Stereotype threat

What must someone believe to have a sense of belonging?

That they share their values, norms, attitudes, and expectations and that the other people will be there for them

The first group meeting sets what?

The group's directions

What does the existence of common activities mean?

The people must be assembled to pursue a common goal

What does the existence of interactions mean?

The people must have contact with each other

What is an example of how norms regulate the behavior of a group?

They can establish appropriate dress atire

How do people conform to their reference groups?

They're aware of other members, define themselves as a member or would like to be a member, and feel group members are significant to them

Hierarchical group can lead to resentment among who?

Those at the lower end of the status continuum

Social identities help us do what?

Understand who we are and where we fit in with other people

Work groups are not what?

Unorganized mobs

What is role conflict?

When an individual is confronted by divergent role expectations

When does a transition take place within a group?

When the group has used up half its allotted time

When would someone who ordinarily wouldn't engage in deviant behavior do so?

When they're working in a group

When does ingroup favoritism occur?

When we see members of our group as better than other people, and people not in our group as all the same

What's an example of explicit statements from others?

Working a certain way because you are told "That's how we do it around here"

Are we required to play a number of diverse roles, both on and off our jobs?

Yes

Can a workgroup become characterized by positive or negative attributes?

Yes

Can employees be torn between their identities as members of the original org and of the new parent company during a merger or acquisition?

Yes

Can individuals find themselves in conflicts when they move between groups, or when they join groups whose members have heterogeneous backgrounds?

Yes

Can people who are stigmatized against "infect" other people with their stigma?

Yes

Can simultaneous employee identities like occupations, workgroups, divisions, and demographic groups conflict when the expectations of one clash with the expectations of another?

Yes

Can social identities have a negative side as well?

Yes

Do strong PC norms increase group creativity in a gender diverse group?

Yes

Is a group only a group if it possesses all three defining characteristics?

Yes

Is a person's ability to contribute to a group's goals one of the three sources of status?

Yes

Is an individual's personal characteristics one of the three sources of status?

Yes

Is our tendency to take personal pride or offense for the accomplishments of a group the territory of social identity theory?

Yes

Is the existence of a sense of belonging one of the three important defining characteristics of a group?

Yes

Is the existence of common activities one of the three important defining characteristics of a group?

Yes

Is the existence of interactions one of the three important defining characteristics of a group?

Yes

Is the power a person wields over others one of the three sources of status?

Yes

Is there evidence that perceptions of psychological contracts vary across cultures?

Yes

Is there often animosity between in and outgroups?

Yes

Is there usually high concurrence in group rankings of individuals?

Yes

Must interactions be voluntary and go two ways?

Yes

What is an example of one of the most significant sources of stress for most employees?

Your company expects you to be mobile and asks you to relocate but your family wants to stay in DFW

What are informal groups?

alliances that are neither formally structured nor organizationally determined

What are role expectations?

how others believe a person should act in a given situation