MGMT300 test 3

In the competing values framework, what are the two dimensions of organizational culture?

1. Flexibility/discretion and Stability/control 2.External focus/differentiation and internal focus/integration

What is a team?

A group whose members influence one another toward the accomplishment of an organizational objective.

What is an organizational myth or an organizational saga?

A narrative describing the adventures of a heroic individual or family significantly linked to an organization's past or present.

Which one of the following is least accurate regarding groups?

An understanding of groups can help managers raise the probability that the groups will cause desirable consequences for the organization. Groups inevitably form in all facets of organizational existence. Groups are characterized by a size small enough to permit each member to communicate with all other members on a face-to-face basis. *** Groups invariably cause desirable consequences within the organization (answer) They are found in all organizations.

Describe supportive behavior according to path-goal theory.

Being friendly with followers and showing interest in them as human beings.

Why is culture important?

Can work to enhance organization's productivity, serves as a component or organizational strategy, provides rationale for staffing, acts as a guideline for making decisions.

What are some steps individuals might take if there is a mismatch between inputs and outcomes according to equity theory?

Change inputs: alter effort Change outcomes: ask for raise/more recognition Alter perceptions: convince self that ratio is equitable Change comparison other

In which stage of groupthink does a group member agree with the entire group's position, even when the group member might privately oppose the entire group's position?

Concurrence seeking

Describe a problem resolution team

Consistent, high trust, focus on solving problems.

How can social loafing be prevented?

Create a team contract, specify roles and responsibilities, specify timetable/schedule, specify method for communication and clarify that ALL members are accountable for the final product. Evaluate team members' participation and contributions.

What is groupthink?

Deterioration of cognition processes due to team members feeling threatened by external forces.

What is a cultural artifact?

Dimension of an organization that helps to describe and reinforce the culture in which an artifact exists

What is extrinsic motivation?

Drive to do things for an external reward i.e. money

What are the characteristics of teams?

Identifiable membership, tasks, interdependence and whole is greater than sum of parts.

What is the path-goal theory of leadership?

Leader outlines goals for followers, leader clears path that followers should take, followers achieve goals and earn rewards contingent on doing so.

What does the power and influence approach to leadership state?

Leadership is best understood by the use of the power and influence exercised by a person.

What are some activities of a manager? What are some activities of a leader?

Managers: broad in focus, all pillars are addressed Leaders: Narrow in focus-a subset of the influencing function. Deals in how employees behave-but this is critical.

What is the definition of equity theory?

Motivation based on ratio of inputs and outcomes and whether ratio is fair compared to others. Inputs:efforts, knowledge, skills Outcomes: pay, recognition, other benefits

What is job rotation?

Moving workers from job to job (helps to reduce boredom, improve training and reduce absenteeism)

What are values?

Person's or social groups belief in which they have an emotional investment. Ex: hiring talented workers, rewarding excellent performance, developing leadership skills, environment free of discrimination

What are the five levels of Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs?

Physiological needs, safety and security, love and belonging, self-esteem and self-actualization.

________ is a reward that consists of a desirable consequence of behavior.

Positive reinforcement

What is organizational socialization?

Process by which management can appropriately integrate new employees into the organizational culture. Usually involves an orientation, expose new hires to important culture values and the importance of demonstrating them.

What is social loafing?

Reducing individual effort when in groups. Occurs most often when: lack of accountability and role differentiation, perception that the task is easy and reward is small relative to group size.

Describe the clan culture.

Strong internal focus, high flexibility and discretion, clan=family, shared values and goals, cohesion among members, teamwork and commitment to employees

Describe a self-managed team.

Team that plans, organizes, influences and controls their own work situation with minimal managerial intervention.

Describe directive behavior according to path-goal theory.

Telling followers what to do and how to do it

What happens during the forming stage?

The forming stage involves a period of orientation and getting acquainted. Uncertainty is high during this stage, and people are looking for leadership and authority. A member who asserts authority or is knowledgeable may be looked to take control. Team members are asking such questions as "What does the team offer me?" "What is expected of me?" "Will I fit in?" Most interactions are social as members get to know each other.

Leading mainly emphasizes ________.

behavioral issues of employees

According to the OSU studies, the behavior that reflects friendship, mutual trust, respect, and warmth in the relationship between leader and follower is called ________.

consideration behavior

Leaders in an organization with a hierarchy culture tend to focus on ________.

coordination and organization

A work team composed of people from different functional areas of the organization who are all focused on a specified objective is known as a ________.

cross-functional team

According to Maslow's hierarchy of needs, once someone has fulfilled his social needs, he would then be motivated to meet his ________.

esteem needs

The ________ stage of team development is usually characterized by uncertainty and stress, because the team is new.

forming stage

Which one of the following is an example of an extrinsic reward?

getting a salary increase

A disadvantage of using flextime programs is ________.

inability to coordinate projects

Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs has been criticized because ________.

it is questionable whether human needs can be arranged in such a hierarchy

Which stage of team development is characterized by a focus on solving organizational problems and meeting assigned challenges?

performing

Given an explicit organization culture, organization members tend to make decisions that are consistent with the values embedded in that culture.

true

True or False? Given an explicit organization culture, organization members tend to make decisions that are consistent with the values embedded in that culture.

true

What is intrinsic motivation?

Drive to do things for the sake of doing them.

________ theory hypothesizes that in any given leadership situation, success is determined primarily by: (1) the degree to which the task performed by the followers is structured, (2) the degree of position power possessed by the leader, and (3) the type of relationship between the leader and the followers.

Fiedler's contingency

What is an organizational ceremony?

Formal activity conducted on important organizational occasions

What is authentic leadership?

Good leaders are genuine in thoughts and actions. Authentic leaders tend to be: self-aware, transparent in their relationships with others, unbiased in decision making and moral

What is job enlargement?

Increasing the number of tasks an individual performs (employees like variety and may enjoy more responsibility)

What is servant leadership?

Leader's primary role is to help followers in quests to satisfy personal needs, aspirations and interests. Place high value on service to others over self-interests and constantly strive to transform followers into wiser more more autonomous individuals. Servant leaders are good listeners, persuasive, aware of their surroundings, empathetic and stewards.

What does the trait approach to leadership state?

Leadership best understood in terms of traits held by an individual, sometimes called the "Great Man" theories. Surmised the following: Intelligence includes judgement and verbal ability, Past achievements in scholarship/athletic, Emotional maturity and stability, Dependability, persistence and drive, social skills and desire for status and socioeconomic position.

What is an organizational symbol?

Object that has meaning beyond its intrinsic content i.e. Nike's swoosh logo

________ is a set of shared values that organization members have regarding the functioning and existence of their organization.

Organization culture

What is job enrichment and what are some motivating factors?

Process of incorporating motivation into a job situation. Motivating factors: opportunities for achievement, recognition, personal growth and desirable working conditions.

What two dimensions make up hierarchy culture?

Stability and control and internal focus/integration

What is leadership?

The process of directing the behavior of others toward the accomplishment of an objective. Directing is asking people to do certain things in a certain manner-we are trying to accomplish things through people. Leaders need to convince followers that they have the correct vision and direction for the company.

Carrie is the CEO of a leading electronics manufacturer. She bases her managerial recruitments entirely on aspects such as the prospect's intelligence quotient, emotional maturity, dependability, persistence, and the drive for continuing achievement. Which one of the following approaches to leadership does Carrie believe in?

Trait approach

What happens during the performing Stage?

Consensus and cooperation have been well-established and the team is mature, organized, and well-functioning. There is a clear and stable structure, and members are committed to the team's mission. Problems and conflicts still emerge, but they are dealt with constructively. The team is focused on problem solving and meeting team goals.

What two dimensions make up the adhocracy culture?

Flexibility/discretion and external focus/differentiation

What two dimensions make up the clan culture?

Flexibility/discretion and internal focus/integration

What happens during the norming stage?

If teams get through the storming stage, conflict is resolved and some degree of unity emerges. In the norming stage, consensus develops around who the leader or leaders are, and individual member's roles. Interpersonal differences begin to be resolved, and a sense of cohesion and unity emerges. Team performance increases during this stage as members learn to cooperate and begin to focus on team goals. However, the harmony is precarious, and if disagreements re-emerge the team can slide back into storming.

What does Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs state

Individuals need certain needs to function. Once a need is satisfied-no longer motivating and higher need is a new motivation

What two behaviors does the behavioral approach focus on as a result of the Ohio State studies?

Initiating structure and consideration (ex: does the leader organize and define activities for employees? Is the leader considerate of followers' concerns and feelings?)

What is motivation?

Inner state that causes an individual to behave in a way that ensures the accomplishment of some goal.

What is transformational leadership?

Inspiring a group to pursue goals and attain results. General types of behaviors: charismatic, "walk the talk" backup beliefs with actions, motivate followers to be creative and pay attention to the needs of individual followers.

Describe hierarchy culture.

Internal focus and emphasis on stability and control, structure is formal and rigid, workplace is concerned with efficiency and formal rules/policies, focuses on tradition, values and vision of the organization

What is the behavioral approach to leadership?

Leadership is best understood in terms of the actions taken by an individual, implies that leaders CAN be made, leadership is best understood in terms of the actions taken by an individual, generally believed mix of both type of behaviors is best. Disadvantage: ignores context such as skill level of employees..It is clear you need to consider not only behaviors, but the context of leadership as well.

What does the contingency theory of leadership state?

Leadership understood in terms of individual's actions in different situations. Ideal situation good leader-follower relationship, structured clear tasks, leader has clear authority. Different leadership styles required when one or all of these conditions are missing. (Ex: unclear tasks-more initiating structure required)

What are some incentives that companies can offer to motivate employees?

Monetary: shares of company stock, bonuses for team or organizational performance. Nonmonetary incentives: promoting from within and emphasizing quality.

What happens during the adjourning stage?

Most of the team's goals have been accomplished. The emphasis is on wrapping up final tasks and documenting the effort and results. As the workload is diminished, individual members may be reassigned to other teams, and the team disbands. There may be regret as the team ends, so a ceremonial acknowledgement of the work and success of the team can be helpful. If the team is a standing committee with ongoing responsibility, members may be replaced by new people and the team can go back to a forming or storming stage and repeat the development process.

What are some of the consequences of groupthink?

No consideration of alternatives, failure to create back-up plans, conformity in decision making, failure to examine risks and incomplete information search

________ is defined as the dedication of organization members to uphold the values of the organization and to make worthwhile contributions to fulfilling organizational purpose.

Organizational commitment

Describe cross-functional teams

People from different functional areas focusing on a specific objective i.e. Academic Integrity committee made up of professors from different departments.

What is flextime?

Program of flexible working hours, employees can choose starting and ending times as long as same # of hours are worked, usually involves core time.

Describe reward power, coercive power, legitimate power, expert power, and referent power.

REWARD POWER: ability to offer positive incentives COERCIVE POWER: ability to punish undesirable behavior LEGITIMATE POWER: organizations given authority EXPERT POWER: expertise that others rely on REFERENT POWER: admiration from others i.e. you are someone others want to be.

Describe participative behavior according to path-goal theory

Seek suggestions from followers regarding business operations.

What is organizational culture?

Set of values that members share regarding the function and existence of the organization. The personality of the organization, describes "how things are done here."

Describe achievement behavior according to path-goal theory.

Setting challenging goals for followers to reach and expressing confidence in their abilities.

Describe market culture

Stability and control along with an external focus, focuses on everyone external to org i.e. customers, suppliers, unions, gov regulators and contractors. Focus on beating competition

What two dimensions make up market culture?

Stability/control and External focus/differentiation

What is abusive supervision?

Sustained display of hostile behaviors, excluding physical contact.

What happens during the storming stage?

The most difficult and critical stage to pass through. It is a period marked by conflict and competition as individual personalities emerge. Team performance may actually decrease in this stage because energy is put into unproductive activities. Members may disagree on team goals, and subgroups and cliques may form around strong personalities or areas of agreement. To get through this stage, members must work to overcome obstacles, to accept individual differences, and to work through conflicting ideas on team tasks and goals. Teams can get bogged down in this stage. Failure to address conflicts may result in long-term problems.

Which one of the following approaches to leadership views the personal characteristics of an individual as the main determinants of how successful that individual could be as a leader?

Trait approach