MGT 281 Chapter 11

______ is a human needs theory postulating that people have three basic sets of needs that can operate simultaneously.

Alderfer's ERG theory

True or false: Assessments of equity are made objectively.

False

______ theory states that people have conscious goals that energize them and direct their thoughts and behaviors toward an end.

Goal-setting

Which of the following are implications of the expectancy theory? (Check all that apply.)

Managers need to increase expectancies. Managers need to make performance instrumental toward positive outcomes. Managers need to positively identify valent outcomes.

______ organizes human needs into a hierarchy of five major types.

Maslow's need hierarchy

Which statement about rewards is true?

Nonmonetary rewards can be effective.

______ tries to influence people's behavior and improve performance by systematically managing work conditions and the consequences of people's actions.

Organizational behavior modification

______ is a consequence that people receive for their actions.

Outcome

What can a manufacturing firm do to encourage customers to contact them directly with feedback?

Put the firm's phone number on the product.

______ programs create a workplace that enhances employee well-being and satisfaction.

Quality of work life

Which of the following is an example of an extrinsic reward?

a pay raise

Goals should not conflict with people's personal values. In other words, goals should be ______ to employees.

acceptable

According to McClelland, most managers in the United States have high levels of need for ______ and like to see it in their employees.

achievement

The need for ______ is characterized by a strong orientation toward accomplishment.

achievement

What are the three needs identified by McClelland as being critical to motivating people?

affiliation achievement power

Vertical

aligned with current activities, including productivity and financial results

A personal statement of purpose should include which of the following? (Check all that apply.)

an inspiring distant vision near-term objectives a mid-distant goal

To be effective, managers must motivate people to ______. (Check all that apply.)

come to work regularly remain in the organization join the organization

When managers focus on motivation, they are trying to increase people's ______.

effort and performance

Maslow's need hierarchy includes which major needs? (Check all that apply.)

ego self-actualization safety social physiological

The process of sharing power with employees is called _____.

empowerment

When managers practice ______, they will enhance their employees' confidence in their ability to perform their jobs and their belief that they are influential contributors to the organization.

empowerment

It's important to know that empowerment can lead to higher levels of ______.

engagement

According to ______ theory, people compare the ratio of their outcomes to inputs against the outcome-to-input ratio of some comparison person

equity

A theory proposing that people will behave based on their perceived likelihood that their effort will lead to a certain outcome and on how highly they value that outcome is called ______ theory.

expectancy

In expectancy theory, ______ refers to a person's perception of whether his efforts will lead to attainment of the performance goal.

expectancy

Lavonne believes that if she works hard, her manager will realize she is management material and promote her. Devonte, however, thinks he will not be promoted no matter how hard he works. Lavonne and Devonte's beliefs reflect ______ theory.

expectancy

Fear causes people to do which of the following? (Check all that apply.)

focus on the short term focus on themselves rather than the group or organization

Which of the following would NOT be considered an innovative way for managers to reward employees?

forced overtime

Which of the following provide intrinsic motivation?

helping a coworker achieve a difficult task a chance to work on an interesting project a challenging problem

For motivation to be high, expectancy, instrumentalities, and total valence of all outcomes must be ______.

high

According to the Hackman and Oldham model of job design, well-designed jobs lead to which of the following results? (Check all that apply.)

high satisfaction high-quality performance high motivation

Which are behaviors exhibited by dissatisfied workers in a workplace? (Check all that apply.)

high turnover lower productivity absenteeism

According to expectancy theory, a person will be highly motivated if which of the following conditions exist?

high valence + high instrumentality + high expectancy

According to Herzberg, satisfaction and dissatisfaction on the job are caused by what two factors?

motivators hygiene factors

When reinforcement theory is applied in an organizational setting it is called ______.

organizational behavior modification

According to Maslow's hierarchy of needs, the most basic need that people strive to satisfy is ______.

physiological

The ______ need in Maslow's hierarchy is exemplified by food, water, sex, and shelter.

physiological

Using a fair process in decision making and making sure others know that the process was as fair as possible is called ______.

procedural justice

A set of perceptions of what employees owe their employer and what the employer owes them is called a(n) ______.

psychological contract

While the relationship between individuals and employing organizations typically is formalized by a written contract, there also exists a(n) ______ in employees' minds.

psychological contract

When employees violate the law, ethical standards, important safety rules, or standards of interpersonal treatment, _____ is sometimes appropriate.

punishment

What are the three needs identified in Alderfer's theory of motivation?

relatedness existence growth

Which statements about outcome in expectancy theory are true? (Check all that apply.)

A given performance may have more than one outcome. Outcome is something that follows a person's performance.

Genzeba works in a warehouse. One week she fulfills orders, then the next week she processes incoming shipments. She has different tasks the following week, too. This is known as job ______.

rotation

Job ______ involves moving from one task to another to alleviate boredom.

rotation

The general goal of quality of work life programs is to ______.

satisfy the full range of employee needs

Targets that are exceptionally demanding and that some people would never even think of are called ______.

stretch goals

Assessments of equity are ______ or beliefs.

subjective perceptions

When people perceive procedural fairness, they are more likely to ______.

support decisions makers

Employees who are engaged tend to ______. (Select all that apply)

take more initiative be more productive exhibit citizenship behaviors

According to the Hackman and Oldham model of job design, positive outcomes occur when people experience certain psychological states. Which of the following is NOT one of those psychological states?

the experience of low internal work motivation

Acceptable, maximally motivating goals are challenging and ______.

Attainable

What are effective ways to offer feedback to employees on their performance? (Check all that apply.)

Conduct performance reviews regularly Provide statistics on work that the employee has directly influenced

Which statement about McClelland's needs theory is true?

Different needs predominate for different people.

_______ theory states that people assess how fairly they have been treated according to two key factors: outcomes and inputs.

Equity

______ theory of motivation proposes that job satisfaction comes from motivating factors and job dissatisfaction results from the lack of hygiene factors.

Herzberg

Which of the following statements about expectancy is true?

High expectancies create higher motivation than do low expectancies.

Which of the following statements about goal setting is true?

It can generate manipulative or unethical behavior.

Which statement about setting your own goals is true?

It is a powerful tool for self-management.

Which statement about goal setting is correct?

It works for any job in which people have control over their performance.

True or false: People who feel inequitably treated can restore equity by behaviorally or perceptually changing inputs and outcomes.

True

Which of the following are positive, effective ways people can restore equity when they feel they are being treated inequitably? (Check all that apply.)

Work harder or put forth more effort. Change perceptions of inputs or outcomes.

Expectancy theory states that increasing expectancies, making performance instrumental toward positive outcomes, and ______ are crucial to motivate employees.

identifying positively valent outcomes

If people work in a group, and cooperation is essential, ______ performance goals can be dysfunctional by creating competition among team members.

individual

A(n) ______ reward is a reward the person derives directly from performing the job itself.

intrinsic

Horizontal

involve professional development, including learning new, difficult things

The two types of stretch goals are ______.

vertical and horizontal

Punishing an employee would be inappropriate in which situation?

when the employee's poor performance isn't their fault

Job dissatisfaction is greatest among ______. (Check all that apply.)

workers aged 25 and younger lower wage earners