MGT Chapter 5

Perceptions are _______________. a. static b. always accurate c. unimportant d. subject to change

d. subject to change

Generally, people are able to come up with more English words that begin with the letter r than come up with words that have r as the third letter, even though there are more words with the letter r as the third letter than as the first letter. This phenomenon is known as the: a. Availability bias b. Translation effect c. Recency effect d. Contrast effect

a. Availability bias

Which of the following examples highlights the contrast effect when a leader provides a performance evaluation for a subordinate? a. Comparing the employee with other people recently encountered who rank higher or lower on similar characteristics b. Comparing the employee's most recent performance with overall expectations of performance c. Comparing the employee's performance with leader expectations for what the job role requires d. Comparing the employee's performance with his or her performance from the last evaluation period

a. Comparing the employee with other people recently encountered who rank higher or lower on similar characteristics

Which of the following occurs when people believe that a person's behavior is due to situational factors? a. External attribution b. Internal attribution c. Self-serving bias d. Just world hypothesis

a. External attribution

Which of the following is not a reason that order effects may affect judgments made later? a. First impressions are always correct. b. Fatigue c. Lack of attention d. People discount contrary impressions in order to confirm first impressions.

a. First impressions are always correct.

Austin has trouble remembering peoples' names, even after just meeting them. He has recently been trained by Benjamin Levy on how to overcome this problem. All of the following are suggestions provided to Austin during this training except: a. Forget - everything about the person except their name b. Ask - inquire about their name, such as origin or pronunciation c. Comment - say something about the name, and cross-reference it in your head d. Employ - put the name to use right away

a. Forget - everything about the person except their name

Brandon performed poorly in his accounting class before, but this semester, in his Accounting II class, he tried something different: he set high expectations for his performance and subsequently performed better than he ever had before. One explanation for this is the in his Accounting II class a. Galatea effect b. Golem effect c. Pygmalion effect d. halo effect

a. Galatea effect

Which of the following is defined as traits and characteristics a person thinks are linked to being a leader? a. Implicit leadership schemas b. Social identity c. Leader-member exchange d. Romance of leadership

a. Implicit leadership schemas

What is defined as the process through which people organize and interpret sensory information to give meaning to their world? a. Perception b. Attitude c. Attribution d. Judgment

a. Perception

Which of the following is defined as the repetition of information? a. Rehearsal b. Coding c. Imaging d. Availability bias

a. Rehearsal

What occurs when a person attributes successes to internal factors and failures to situational factors? a. Self-serving bias b. Fundamental attribution error c. Just world hypothesis d. Horns effect

a. Self-serving bias

89. Another term for the Pygmalion effect is "self-fulfilling prophecy." a. True b. False

a. True

Each person's perception is their reality. a. True b. False

a. True

Managers may have multiple perceptual biases operating at the same time. a. True b. False

a. True

Order effects research indicates that the sequence in which information is presented can influence subsequent judgments based on that information. a. True b. False

a. True

The romance of leadership approach is an example of the halo effect. a. True b. False

a. True

According to the text, all of the following can affect a hiring manager's perception of the employability of a job candidate, except ___________. a. demographic details b. social/interpersonal compatibility c. abilities, expertise, know-how d. ambition, work ethic, drive

a. demographic details

According to the romance of leadership approach, ________________. a. leaders get power from follower attributions of their influence over events b. leaders get power from their expertise c. leaders get power from their behaviors d. leaders get power from their attitude

a. leaders get power from follower attributions of their influence over events

Garrett is a leader in his office and he wants to know more about perceptions in the workplace. He should understand that _______________. a. leaders need to know about perceptual errors and guard against them b. perceptual errors are likely not to affect anything at work c. leaders cannot change individuals perceptions d. perception does not influence how individuals interpret actions at work

a. leaders need to know about perceptual errors and guard against them

Rachel has been reading about a phenomenon known as the Pygmalion effect. She would like to use this self-fulfilling prophecy to get better performance out of her coworkers. She can do this by all of the following, except ___________. a. telling everyone they are no better than everyone else b. challenging her employees and empowering them to confront a difficult situation c. raising the expectations of her followers d. setting higher goals and getting followers to be more engaged on the job

a. telling everyone they are no better than everyone else

All of the following are examples of relational attribution in the workplace, except: a. "I did not get a positive performance review because my boss and I don't have a positive relationship." b. "I got fired from my job because my boss is incompetent." c. "I was not chosen as the team leader because my boss and I do not communicate well with each other." d. "I did not meet the project's deadline because my coworker and I did not give each other frequent enough updates."

b. "I got fired from my job because my boss is incompetent."

Research has shown that people make judgments about others in as little as: a. 10 minutes b. 1/10 of one second c. 1 minute d. 30 seconds

b. 1/10 of one second

According to a recent survey what percentage of time do people with incomes above $100,000 per year spend in a bad mood? a. 10% b. 20% c. 50% d. 60%

b. 20%

Tyrone has trouble remembering peoples' names, even after just meeting them. He has recently been trained by Benjamin Levy on how to overcome this problem. All of the following are suggestions provided to Austin during this training except: a. Nominate - pick a feature of the person's face, and then nominate it as the feature you will use to link the name to the face. b. Antiquate - mentally age the person's face to think about what they would look like as an older person, then link this image to their name. c. Morph - Change the name into another word you can remember, but it retains an element of the original name. d. Entwine - Try to create as vivid an image as you can of the characteristics of the person's name you are trying to remember

b. Antiquate - mentally age the person's face to think about what they would look like as an older person, then link this image to their name.

Which of the following is defined as a person's attempt to assign cause to a behavior or event they observe? a. Perception b. Attribution c. Attitude d. Judgment

b. Attribution

Which of the following is defined by readily available information that comes to a person's mind affecting a decision? a. Imaging b. Availability bias c. Coding d. Rehearsal

b. Availability bias

Which of the following is defined by linking the information you need to remember to something familiar and easily retrievable? a. Rehearsal b. Coding c. Imaging d. Availability bias

b. Coding

Which of the following is defined as an attribution employers make about the probability that job candidates will make positive contributions to their organizations? a. Stereotype b. Employability c. Self-serving bias d. Recency effect

b. Employability

All employees in an organization perceive organization decisions in the same way. a. True b. False

b. False

Because judgments can change, first impressions do not really matter. a. True b. False

b. False

Once formed, perceptions cannot be changed. a. True b. False

b. False

Research has shown that impression management techniques are not effective for influencing work-related outcomes. a. True b. False

b. False

The ease of recalling information, but not the difficulty, affects how well people remember the information. a. True b. False

b. False

What is the tendency to assign other people's behavior to internal factors such as character traits or abilities, but when explaining one's own behavior, people tend to assign the cause to the situation? a. Self-serving bias b. Fundamental attribution error c. Just world hypothesis d. Halo effect

b. Fundamental attribution error

Which of the following occurs when an individual sets high expectations for himself or herself and then performing to these expectations? a. Pygmalion effect b. Galatea effect c. Golem effect d. Horns effect

b. Galatea effect

John is familiar with a perceptual error known as the recency effect. How might John incorporate this knowledge into his performance evaluation with his boss? a. He can start strong in the early part of the review period and then let his performance diminish as the evaluation comes nearer b. He can focus on performing well in the time just prior to the performance evaluation as that is what his boss is most likely to remember. c. The recency effect would not apply to performance evaluations. d. He can maintain average performance throughout and be seen as a steady worker.

b. He can focus on performing well in the time just prior to the performance evaluation as that is what his boss is most likely to remember.

Which of the following occurs when the rater's overall negative impression or evaluation strongly influence the rating of specific attributes? a. Halo effect b. Horns effect c. Contrast effect d. Recency effect

b. Horns effect

Which of the following questions can help individuals overcome some of the perceptual biases that can hinder effective decision making? a. What is the source of information used to make the decision? b. How can I minimize the amount of information used to make this decision? c. Is this decision based on information you see frequently? d. What motivated the person that provided this information used to make the decision?

b. How can I minimize the amount of information used to make this decision?

Which of the following occurs when people infer that an event or a person's behavior is due to his or her own character traits or abilities? a. External attribution b. Internal attribution c. Self-serving bias d. Just world hypothesis

b. Internal attribution

Ruth believes the statement "You never get a second chance to make a good first impression." Ruth may be subject to which perceptual bias? a. Hindsight bias b. Primacy effect c. Belief updating d. Stereotype

b. Primacy Effect

Which of the following is defined as the perseverance of beliefs based upon what is observed first? a. Recency effect b. Primacy effect c. Fundamental attribution error d. Belief updating

b. Primacy Effect

Buford's manager told him that he has a unique capability to be a high performer at his job. Buford goes on to perform very well compared to his peers, even though he has no such unique capability above and beyond his coworkers. Buford is a living example of the ___________. a. self-serving bias b. Pygmalion effect c. Golem effect d. fundamental attribution error

b. Pygmalion effect

When Joe's college football team wins a game, he attributes the win to their great players and coaching. However, when the team loses a game, he attributes the loss to the referees' poor officiating or the other team cheating. Joe is demonstrating which attribution bias? a. Fundamental attribution error b. Self-serving bias c. Just world hypothesis d. College football effect

b. Self-serving bias

Which of the following is a way to explain how people view their own place in society through membership in various groups? a. Implicit leadership schemas b. Social identity c. Impression management d. Just world hypothesis

b. Social identity

Which of the following is not a reason why perceptual errors matter in the workplace? a. They affect interpretations of leaders' and coworkers' behavior. b. They are unable to be changed. c. Perceptual errors affect how job applicants are seen in interviews. d. They affect performance appraisals.

b. They are unable to be changed.

Leaders in organizations can communicate high expectations to followers in all of the following ways, except ___________. a. creating a warmer emotional climate b. coaching less c. inviting follower to ask questions of clarification d. providing feedback on performance

b. coaching less

Simone has been told that she falls prey to the availability bias in her decision making. She can guard against making this mistake by all of the following, except: a. making the things that are desired for decision making vivid and very easy to bring to mind b. concentrating on things that are readily available in her memory c. trying to minimize things that she does not want to influence decision by making them more difficult to recall d. increasing the number of counter-explanations

b. concentrating on things that are readily available in her memory

In organizational settings, attributions are particularly important when events are ___________. a. important b. expected c. novel d. negative

b. expected

Hayden's school's basketball team just beat their in-state rival. Afterwards Hayden feels a strong sense of belonging to his university and purchases a new shirt with the team's logo to show off that he is a member of that university. Hayden is demonstrating ___________. a. Galatea effect b. social identity c. stereotype d. impression management

b. social identity

Monica is completing performance evaluations for her employees. She is set to evaluate Tom's performance. He has performed average throughout the evaluation period. All of the employees she has evaluated today were poor performers. Under the contrast effect, Monica is likely to evaluate Tom's performance as _______________. a. very poor b. very high c. average d. poor

b. very high

According to the text, the romance of leadership approach explains all of the following except _____________. a. why people recognize and give credit to leaders for their influence to change organizations b. why leaders tend to be involved in workplace romantic relationships c. why leaders are the most favored explanation for both positive and negative outcomes in an organization d. why some leaders exercise so much power in organizations

b. why leaders tend to be involved in workplace romantic relationships

Alicia recently graduated with a management degree and she wants to demonstrate her employability to organizations she is interviewing with. She can do so by showing that she is all of the following, except ___________. a. rewarding to deal with b. willing to work for less c. able to do the job d. willing to work hard

b. willing to work for less

According to a recent survey what percentage of time do people with incomes below $20,000 per year spend in a bad mood? a. 72% b. 52% c. 32% d. 12%

c. 32%

All of the following are explanations for the halo effect in organizations except ______________. a. A manager might form a general impression after having seen a few successful instances of task accomplishment, and subsequent judgments may be heavily influenced by this first impression b. A manager may be too busy and will stop paying attention to a follower's performance c. A manager knows that if a person is good at one thing, they must be good at all things d. A manager may strive to make later ratings consistent with earlier rating to prove they are right

c. A manager knows that if a person is good at one thing, they must be good at all things

Hiring managers can overcome the contrast effect when interviewing job candidates by adhering to the following suggestions, except: a. Be aware of the contrast effect. b. Undergo training to eliminate biases. c. Compare the current interviewee with the person who was just interviewed. d. Use a structured interview.

c. Compare the current interviewee with the person who was just interviewed.

Which of the following is defined as an evaluation of a characteristic of an object or person affected by comparisons with other objects or people ranking higher or lower on the characteristic? a. Elaborative interrogation b. Recency effect c. Contrast effect d. Comparison effect

c. Contrast effect

Which of the following occurs when people are asked to generate their own explanations of factual statements presented to them? a. Imaginative interrogation b. Restrictive interrogation c. Elaborative interrogation d. Biased interrogation

c. Elaborative interrogation

Craig does not expect much out of his new employee Matt. Craig did not assign challenging tasks or spend much time in providing Matt with instructions on how to do his job. Matt's subsequent poor performance could be explained by the ___________. a. Pygmalion effect b. Galatea effect c. Golem effect d. just world hypothesis

c. Golem effect

Which of the following occurs when the rater's overall positive impression or evaluation strongly influence the rating of specific attributes? a. Horns effect b. Contrast effect c. Halo effect d. Self-serving bias

c. Halo effect

Which of the following is defined by how initial information affects the conclusion one draws, and this conclusion then impacts later judgments? a. Stereotype b. Recency effect c. Primacy effect d. Belief updating

d. Belief Updating

Armon really dislikes his management professor, Dr. Paul, because he is getting a bad grade in the class. When it comes time for student evaluations of professors' performance, Armon rates Dr. Paul low on the category "knows the subject of management well", even though Armon agrees that Dr. Paul knows that material well. This is an example of which of the following perceptual biases? a. Halo effect b. Fundamental attribution error c. Horns effect d. Contrast effect

c. Horns Effect

Which of the following is defined as verbal information linked to visual images? a. Rehearsal b. Coding c. Imaging d. Availability bias

c. Imaging

Which of the following is defined as a set of behaviors that people use to protect their self-image or change the way they are seen (or both)? a. Organizational citizenship behaviors b. Self-fulfilling prophecy c. Impression management d. Pygmalion effect

c. Impression management

The romance of leadership approach is characterized by all of the following, except: a. It places the emphasis on the follower and the situation. b. Leadership is viewed as an attribution by the followers rather than a trait or behavior of the leader. c. It fails to challenge the notion that leaders are portrayed as heroes and heroines even though there is no real evidence to support this. d. It is not anti-leadership.

c. It fails to challenge the notion that leaders are portrayed as heroes and heroines even though there is no real evidence to support this.

Which of the following is not a characteristic of an individual's perception? a. It is their reality. b. It is how they interpret their leaders' actions. c. It is always the true state of affairs. d. It is how they interpret things that happen at work.

c. It is always the true state of affairs

Which of the following is defined as the need to believe that the world is fair and that people get what they deserve? a. Fundamental attribution error b. Self-serving bias c. Just world hypothesis d. Karma effect

c. Just world hypothesis

What is defined as flaws in perception due to mental shortcuts? a. Attribution b. Judgment bias c. Perceptual errors d. Hindsight bias

c. Perceptual errors

Which of the following is characterized by one person's expectations of another person causing that person to behave in ways that are consistent with those expectations? a. Self-serving bias b. Attribution bias c. Self-fulfilling prophecy d. Halo effect

c. Self-fulfilling prophecy

Shelly is aware of a phenomenon known as the recency effect. How can she use this to her advantage in a job interview? a. She can focus on making a good first impression. b. She can remember the middle of the interview is just as memorable as the first and last actions. c. She can end on a positive note by showing interviewer she appreciates his or her time. d. The recency effect does not apply to job interview situations.

c. She can end on a positive note by showing interviewer she appreciates his or her time.

Which of the following is defined as judging a person based on their membership in a group? a. Diversity b. In-group bias c. Stereotype d. Halo effect

c. Stereotype

All of the following are characteristics of attributions, except ___________. a. attributions represent a person's attempt to assign a cause to a behavior they observe b. attributions can bias how we process information and make decisions c. attributions are the same regardless of who the observer is d. attributions play a role in how leader-member relationships develop

c. attributions are the same regardless of who the observer is

Cheryl is completing performance evaluations for her employees. She is set to evaluate Ray's performance. Ray has performed very high throughout the evaluation period. All of the employees she has evaluated today were very high performers. Under the contrast effect, Cheryl is likely to evaluate Ray's performance as _______________. a. poor b. very high c. average d. high

c. average

Tom has been told that he succumbs to the primacy affect at times. In order to offset this perceptual bias when making a decision, Tom can do all of the following, except: a. imagine that he would have to justify his decision to his boss or in public b. be willing to hit the reset button c. avoid additional information that may contradict first impressions d. be careful to process all available information

c. avoid additional information that may contradict first impressions

Renee has been told that by creating an acronym of a list of items might help her remember the items more easily (such as OCEAN for the Big 5 personality traits). This memory improvement technique is referred to as: a. rehearsal b. imaging c. coding d. onomatopoeia

c. coding

According to the text, all of the following are ways to avoid attribution bias, except: a. considering consensus information b. considering distinctiveness information c. considering obvious information d. considering consistency information

c. considering obvious information

Charles recently learned about the Golem effect, and he is concerned that he may have unwittingly set this into motion with his employee Beth. All of the following are ways for Charles to help offset the Golem effect with Beth, except ___________. a. increasing his expectations of Beth and let her know of these higher expectations b. providing Beth with more challenging work tasks c. having Beth work out her low performance on her own d. spending more time providing Beth with instruction on how to do her job

c. having Beth work out her low performance on her own

Damon is late to class. His professor, Dr. Goldberg, believes the tardiness happened because of Damon's lack of motivation to attend class. Dr. Goldberg is making a(n) ___________. a. self-serving bias b. external attribution c. internal attribution d. just world hypothesis

c. internal attribution

Wilma is trying to incorporate impression management techniques to protect her self-image at work by maximizing good impressions others have of her. All of the following are impression management strategies he could employ to maximize good perceptions by others, except ___________. a. exemplification b. ingratiation c. justifications d. self-promotion

c. justifications

Another term for "belief perseverance" is _______________. a. belief updating b. rehearsal c. primacy effect d. imaging

c. primacy effect

Which of the following can be defined as the tendency to overestimate the effect of a single factor on one's life satisfaction? a. Planning fallacy b. Pygmalion effect c. Horns effect d. Focusing illusion

d. Focusing Illusion

Which of the following occurs when lower expectations lead to lower performance? a. Pygmalion effect b. Horns effect c. Galatea effect d. Golem effect

d. Golem effect

Emma really enjoys her Organizational Behavior professor, Dr. Laird. When it comes time for student evaluations of professors' performance, Emma rates Dr. Laird high on the category "provides feedback in a timely manner", even though Dr. Laird took weeks to give feedback on tests and assignments - sometimes providing no feedback at all. This is an example of which of the following perceptual biases? a. Horns effect b. Recency effect c. Contrast effect d. Halo effect

d. Halo effect

Kennedy recently got laid off at work due to downsizing. Her coworkers attribute the layoff to Kennedy being lazy and argumentative rather than the business situation or the bad economy. Kennedy's former coworkers are displaying which attribution bias? a. Self-serving bias b. Stockholm syndrome c. Left behind effect d. Just world hypothesis

d. Just world hypothesis

Which of the following is defined as perceptions of performance expectations playing a significant role in improving performance? a. Galatea effect b. Golem effect c. Romance of leadership d. Pygmalion effect

d. Pygmalion effect

Which of the following occurs when people remember the most recently presented items of experiences? a. Primacy effect b. Availability bias c. Attribution errors d. Recency effect

d. Recency Effect

An interviewer who wants to conduct a structured interview should do all of the following except _______________. a. use standard and numerical score sheets b. use behavioral and situation questions c. ask the same questions in the same order for each applicant d. ask questions that are unrelated to the position you are interviewing for

d. ask questions that are unrelated to the position you are interviewing for

Julie has been told that she often is guilty of committing the recency effect. She can overcome this by all of the suggestions following except _______________. a. rehearsal b. coding c. imaging d. community service

d. community service

Lars is late to class. His professor, Dr. Jackson, believes the tardiness happened because Lars probably could not find a parking space in the overcrowded university lots. Dr. Jackson is making a(n) ___________. a. self-serving bias b. internal attribution c. just world hypothesis d. external attribution

d. external attribution

. Mark is trying to incorporate impression management techniques to protect his self-image at work by minimizing bad impressions others have of him. All of the following are impression management strategies he could employ to minimize bad perceptions by others, except ___________. a. apologies b. excuses c. justifications d. ingratiation

d. ingratiation

Elaborative interrogation _______________. a. increases students' willingness to hold onto preconceived notions. b. decreases students' willingness to learn material that challenges their beliefs. c. is something to avoid. d. requires students to generate their own explanations of factual statements presented to them.

d. requires students to generate their own explanations of factual statements presented to them